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Citation Aim/Purpose Design, Sample

and Settings Variables and

Measurement Finding Conclusion

Anthopolos et al., (2012)

To estimate the proportion of the total effect of racial isolation on preterm birth explained by poor-quality built

environment.

Retrospective N = 5,327 Age:

25 + 6 years Race:

75% non-Hispanic Black

25% non-Hispanic White

Education:

13 + 3 years Employment:

N/A

Household Income:

N/A

Marital status:

68% not married Birth outcomes:

N = 657(12%) PTB 29 central Durham North Carolina neighborhoods.

Variables for built environment:

Housing damage, property disorder, occupancy, vacancy, nuisances

Measures:

North Carolina Birth Records

2000 US Census at the census block level

Tax parcels measured by the 2008 Children’s Environmental Health Initiative at Duke University

2008 Durham County tax assessor data to measure renter occupancy tenure

The risk difference in PTB associated with an increase in poor-quality neighborhood

Holding racial isolation fixed at the 25^th

percentile, an increase in poor- quality built environment resulted in an extra 10 PTB per 1000 births.

Poor quality environment accounted for 35% of the total effect of racial segregation on PTB.

The total effect of racial segregation on PTB was partially mediated by poor-quality built

environment.

Giurgescu et al., (2012)

To examine the

relationship among

Retrospective N = 72 Age:

Mean = 23 years

Variables for built environment:

Perceived and objective physical disorder (vacant

For every 1-unit increase in objective physical

Objective measures of the built environment

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objective and perceived measures of neighborhood environment, racial

discrimination psychological distress, and PTB

Race:

100% African American Education:

38% Graduated HS 39% Attended some college Employment:

53% Employed Household Income:

42% <$10,000 Marital Status:

82% Single Births n = 33 PTB

housing, vacant land, industrial land use available, vandalism) Measures:

Gestational age at birth from medical records

Physical Environmental Stress Scale, 6 items, 3 point- scale, range 6-18, higher scores represent higher levels of

perceived physical disorder, Cronbach’s α=.80

2001 Northeastern Illinois Planning Commission’s Land Use Inventory

disorder there was a 2.6 times increase in risk of PTB.

Perceived physical

disorder did not predict PTB.

predicted risk of PTB.

Kruger, et

al., (2011) To propose the Life History Theory as the organizing

Retrospective N = N/A Sample

characteristics N/A

Variables for built environment:

Structural deterioration Measures:

Birth records from

PTB and LBW related to degree of structural deterioration for African

The degree of structural deterioration was associated with the

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conceptual- ization for perinatal research examining influences on adverse birth outcomes

The results are reported for 169 units of analysis/

areas of .25 miles Flint, Michigan

Michigan Department of Public Health

Flint Environmental Block Assessment:

60,000 parcels were rated by trained filed staff on a scale of 0 - 25 based on condition of the building. Inter-rater reliabilities for total scores were .70 for residential structures and .94 for commercial structures. Structures with scores 5-9 were defined as being in

“major disrepair” and those with scoring of 0- 4 were defined as “not salvageable”

Americans.

PTB

significantly related to degree of structural deterioration for whites.

Structural deterioration had a stronger relationship with PTB and LBW for African

Americans than whites.

Structural deterioration predicted PTB (p = .025) and LBW (p = .003) for African Americans after controlling for insurance and education.

concentration of PTB and LBW infants.

Messer et al., (2012)

To assess the consistency of association between neighborhood

28.6 + 6.10 years Race:

Physical incivilities were measured by residential structural deterioration,

The fourth quartile of physical incivilities was associated with

Physical incivilities were associated with negative

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characteristics and

pregnancy- related behaviors

n1=8,162 (35%) African American n2=15,371 (65%) non-Hispanic White

Education:

13% <HS 19.54% =HS 66.82% >HS Employment: N/A Household

Income:

N/A

Marital status:

69% married Birth outcomes:

n1 = 497 (2.33%) term LBW

n2 = 2,182 (9.28%) PTB

fair/poor condition of residential grounds, abandoned/

burned/boarded up houses, litter Measures:

Birth certificates from the North Carolina State Center for Vital

Statistics (2001-2005)

Neighborhood-level indices were

constructed from directly observed street- level data within .25 miles of women in the Pregnancy, Infection, and Nutrition (PIN3) study cohort.

term LBW (p = .017) and PTB (p = .006) for white women only.

There was no association between physical incivilities and birth outcomes for African American women.

birth

outcomes for white women only.

Miranda et

al., (2012) To investigate the

relationship between seven indices of residential

25.58 + 6 years Race:

43% non-Hispanic

Housing damage,

property disorder, tenure, vacancy, and nuisance Measures:

Tenure status increased odds of PTB after adjustment for confounders (race, age,

Tenure status predicted PTB. Housing damage predicted SGA infants.

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built

environment quality and adverse reproductive outcomes

Black

17% non-Hispanic White

39% Hispanic Education:

26.80% <HS 25.95% =HS 48.25% >HS Employment: N/A Household

Income: N/A Marital status:

32% married Birth outcomes:

n1 = 365 (8.53%) PTB

n2 = 354 (8.27%) LBW

n3 = 501 (11.71%) SGA

North Carolina Detailed Birth Records

Data collected from direct observation by trained field staff from the Children’s

environmental Health Initiative at Duke University.

2000 US Census at the census block level

2008 Tax parcel-level data for Durham County comparing addresses with an algorithm to determine vacancy.

17,239 residential tax parcels combined with tax assessor, US Census data used to construct indices of residential built environment

education, birth order, marital status, and infant sex) (OR

= 1.23; 95% CI

= 1.00, 1.52).

Other variables did not predict PTB.

Housing damage

increased odds of SGA births after adjustment for confounders (OR = 1.27;

95% CI: 1.08, 1.51). The other variables did not predict SGA.

LBW was not associated with any variables after adjustment for confounders.

Reagan &

Salsberry (2005)

To examine the effect of social context in explaining racial/ethnic differences in

Retrospective N = 5,892 For the 3 racial groups:

Age: Means of 24.16 to 25.92

Housing vacancy rate Measures:

Survey data from the National Longitudinal

Housing vacancy rates were significant predictors of PTB for Black women only.

Housing vacancy rates were related to PTB for Black women only.

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preterm

births. Race:

31.3% African American 50.4% Whites 18.2% Hispanic Education: Means of 12 yrs for African

Americans:12.9 yrs Whites

Employment: N/A Income:

Means $22,346 African Americans

$43,953 for Whites

$28,067 for Hispanics Birth outcomes:

10% moderate PTB (33-36 weeks) 3% very PTB (<33 weeks)

Survey of Youth 1979 cohort included singleton births in the US to native-born women who delivered between 1979-1998

 1980, 1990 and 2000 US Census tract of residence data to measure housing vacancy rate

Wei, et al., (2005)

To provide reliability information for a brief index of neighborhood physical

Retrospective N = 82

neighborhoods Age: N/A Race:

67.6% White 27.1% African

Physical disorder, vacant households

Measures:

Birth certificate data from the Allegheny

Neighborhood physical

disorder was not significantly associated with percentage of LBW after

Neighborhood physical disorder was not related to LBW.

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disorder, and to compare the utility of the index to census based neighborhood poverty for predicting rages of crime, firearm injuries and association between physical disorder and neighborhood level crime and health

Americans 1.3% Hispanic 4% N/A

Education: N/A Employment:

10.7% unemployed Income:

Median income

$28,588

Marital Status:

N/A

Birth Outcomes:

10.1 + 7.7 (1999) 10.5 +7.8 (2000) (rate of LBW per 1000 residents)

County birth statistics

Observations of street face blocks from 1998- 2000 for a population based study of problem behaviors in girls.

Trained enumerators collected data from a block observation log where observers rated street patterns and conditions for physical disorder

2000 US Census data for resident data and % of vacant homes

controlling for poverty and minority concentration.

Zuberi, et

al., (2015) To gain a more nuanced understanding of the racial inequality in neighborhood distress to help explain

Retrospective N = 87

neighborhoods Age: N/A

Race: 25% African American

66% White 9% N/A

Vacancy, housing conditions, property sales, crime, tax delinquency Measures:

2006-2010 Allegheny

Percentage of vacant or uninhabitable address (LBW:

0.112; SE = . 062; p < .10), and properties ranked with fair

Physical characteristics tied to

abandonment explained portion of the variance in adverse birth

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adverse birth

outcomes. Education: 4.84%

+9.65% HS dropouts

Employment:

35.59%+15.77%

Male

unemployment Household Income: N/A Marital Status:

23.87% + 18.17%

Single mothers Birth Outcomes:

11.8 + 4.8% PTB 10.7 + 4.6 % LBW (mean percentage across all

neighborhoods)

county Health Department birth records 2006-2009 Pittsburgh

Neighborhood and Community

Information System (PNCIS) via the United States Postal Service and the US Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD)

PNCIS data via the Allegheny County Assessment to measure housing conditions.

to worse housing conditions (PTB: 0.058; SE

= .025; p < .05;

AB Index:

0.004; SE =.

002; p < .10) were all positively related to adverse birth outcomes but the relationships were not

consistent across outcomes.

outcomes.

Abbreviations: PTB = preterm birth; LBW= low birthweight; SGA = small for gestational age; HS = high school; US = United States