Study Title Author Sample Size
Cleft Types Control Group Gender Distribution
Age Range (years)/Average Range
Surveys Used Construct Measured Country
1. Coping With a Cleft:
Psychosocial Adjustment of Adolescents With a Cleft Lip and Palate and Their Parents
Berger et al. 134 Cleft palate: 54; cleft lip: 20, CLCP: 71
Normative groups:
SDQ: 5000 British patients KIDCOPE: 731 British adolescents CEQ: 743 adolescents)
Cleft: 67 male, 65 female
11-16/ 13.20 Strengths and Difficulties KIDCOPE Childhood Experience Questionnaire Satisfaction With Appearance
Psychosocial adjustment, coping strategies, positive and negative life experiences, satisfaction with appearance
United Kingdom
2. Coping With a Cleft II:
Factors Associated With Psychosocial Adjustment of Adolescents With a Cleft Lip and Palate and Their Parents
Berger et al. 91 Cleft lip, Cleft palate, CLCP
Normative group:
SDQ: 5000 British patients KIDCOPE: 731 British adolescents CEQ: 743 adolescents)
11-16 Strengths and
Difficulties, KIDCOPE, Childhood Experience
Questionnaire
Psychosocial adjustment, coping strategies, positive and negative life experiences, satisfaction with appearance
United Kingdom
3. Social function in boys with cleft lip and palate: Relationship to ventral frontal cortex morphology
Boes et al. 73 Cleft lip: 8; Cleft palate: 7; CLCP: 15
Specific group:
43 healthy normal boys, age and gender matched
Cleft: 30 male Control: 43 male
7-12 Strengths and
Difficulties-1
Self-concept and peer relation perceptions
USA
4. Psychosocial Functioning and Sleep Patterns in Children and Adolescents With Cleft Lip and Palate (CLP) Compared With Healthy Controls
Brand et al. 66 Cleft lip, Cleft palate, CLCP
Specific group:
34 children and adolescents without a cleft (age and gender matched)
Cleft: 23 male, 9 female Control: 23 male, 11 female
Cleft: 6-16/10.53 Control: 6-16/9.95
Strengths and Difficulties, Participation in Everyday Life Communication Questionnaire
Psychological functioning, interactional competencies, self- concept
Switzerland
5. Self-concept of Early Primary School Age Children with Visible or Invisible Defects
Broder et al. 58 Cleft lip: 13, Cleft palate: 13, CLCP: 14
Specific group:
first graders in North Carolina (age and gender matched)
Cleft: 20 male, 20 female
6-9 Primary Self-Concept
Inventory
Self- concept in intellectual, personal, social, and self domains
USA
6. The Early Psychological Adjustment of Cleft Patients After Maxillary Distraction
Osteogenesis and Conventional Orthognathic Surgery: A Preliminary Study
Cheung et al. 18 Cleft lip, Cleft palate, CLCP
Specific group:
normal patients undergoing orthognathic surgery for maxillofacial deformities
Cleft: 4 male, 5 female Normal: 2 male, 7 female
Cleft: 15-40/18 Normal: 15- 40/22.56
Social Avoidance and Distress Scale, Satisfaction with Life Scale, Cultural-Free Self-Esteem Inventory
Amount of anxiety, subjective well-being, self-esteem in parental, social, and academic domains
China
7. Psychological Profile of Chinese With Cleft Lip and Palate Deformities
Cheung et al. 210 Cleft lip:
Adolescent: 2, Adult: 1; Cleft lip/alveolus:
Adolescent: 5, Adult: 4; Cleft lip/alveolus/palate:
Adolescent: 36,
Specific group:
normal patients scheduled to undergo third molar extraction Normative values based on
Cleft:
Adolescent: 25 male, 26 female, Adult:
18 male, 25 female Control: 45 male, 71
Cleft: 10-40/
(Adolescent group 10-16/12.65; Adult 17-40/25.85) Control: 17-40/
26.12
Social Avoidance and Distress Scale, Satisfaction with Life Scale, Cultural-Free Self-Esteem Inventory, Chinese Miller Behavioral Style Scale
Amount of anxiety, subjective well-being, self-esteem in parental, social, and academic domains, use of psychological coping strategies
China
Adult: 38; Cleft palate: Adolescent:
8, Adult: 0
previously cited studies
female
8. The comparison of psychological adjustment of patients with cleft
lip and palate after maxillary distraction osteogenesis and conventional orthognathic surgery
Chua et al. 30 Cleft lip/palate, Cleft palate
Specific group:
normal patients scheduled to undergo orthognathic surgery
Cleft: 8 male, 7 female Control: 9 male, 6 female
>16 Social Avoidance and
Distress Scale, Satisfaction with Life Scale, Cultural-Free Self-Esteem Inventory
Self-esteem and satisfaction with life
China
9. Psychiatric assessment of children with nonsyndromic cleft lip and palate
Demir et al. 60 Cleft lip: 1, Cleft palate: 1, Cleft lip/palate: 18
Specific group:
age and sex- matched to cleft group
Male and female not specified
6-16 Child Depression
Inventory, State-Trait Anxiety Inventory for Children, Piers–Harris Children's Self- Concept Scale:
Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School-Age Children- Present and Lifetime Version, Ankara Articulation Test, Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children- Revised, Beck Anxiety Inventory, Beck Depression Inventory
Severity and symptoms of depression, response to anxiety to stressors, self-concept, assessment of current and past episodes of mental disorders, phoneme acquisition during pictorial representation, intelligence
Turkey
10. Social Experience in 10- Year-Old Children Born With a Cleft: Exploring Psychosocial Resilience
Feragan et al. 268 Cleft palate: 83, Cleft lip/palate: 157, Submucous cleft palate: 15
Compared sub- groups within cleft population
Cleft: 164 male, 104 female
9.4-12 Childhood Experience
Questionnaire, Satisfaction with Appearance, Personality Inventory for Children
Child’s perception of social experience, satisfaction with appearance, satisfaction with cleft- related and non-cleft related parts of the face, speech, psychological adjustment
Norway
11. Peer harassment and satisfaction with appearance in children with and without a facial difference
Feragan et al. 661 Cleft lip/alveolus:
121, Cleft palate:
184, Submucous cleft palate: 43, Cleft lip/palate: 313 Divided into visible (CLP and CLA; 434) and nonvisible cleft (CP/SMCP: 227)
Compared sub- groups within cleft population
Male and female not specified
10 and 16 Satisfaction with Appearance, Self- Perception Profile for Adolescents, Childhood Experience Questionnaire
Levels of peer harassment,
satisfaction with appearance Norway
12. Adolescents with and without a facial difference: The role of friendships and social acceptance in perceptions of appearance and emotional resilience
Feragan et al. 289 Cleft lip/alveolus or CLCP: 196, Cleft palate or Submucous cleft palate: 93
Normative group: 1832 normal adolescents
944 male, 888 female
16 Hopkins Symptom
Checklist (HSCL-25), Self-Perception Profile for Adolescents
Emotional resilience, self- perceptions of social acceptance, physical appearance, close friendships
Norway
13. Toward a Reconsideration of Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria in Cleft Lip and Palate:
Implications for Psychological
Feragan et al. 754 CLCP: 346, Cleft lip/alveolus: 114, Cleft palate: 241, Submucous cleft
Compared sub- groups within cleft population
453 male, 301 female
10 Strengths and
Difficulties Questionnaire
Psychosocial adjustment, self- concept
Norway
Research palate: 52 14. When There Is More than a
Cleft: Psychological Adjustment When a Cleft Is Associated with an Additional Condition
Feragan et al. 205 Cleft lip/alveolus or CLCP: 132, Cleft palate/syndromic cleft palate: 73
Compared sub- groups within cleft population Normative group: 8154 normal children from the population between the ages of 10 and 13 years
Male and female not specified
10 Strengths and
Difficulties Questionnaire, Childhood Experience Questionnaire
Self-concept, perception of positive and negative experiences, psychosocial adjustment
Norway
15. General Health-Related Quality of Life and Oral Health Impact Among Australians With Cleft Compared With Population Norms; Age and Gender Differences
Foo et al. 88 Unilateral CLCP:
52, Bilateral CLCP:
32, Isolated cleft palate: 2, Unilateral cleft lip: 1, Submucous cleft palate: 1
Normative group: 4170 participants, age- matched
Cleft: 48 male, 40 female
18-65/31 SF-36, Oral Health Impact Profile
Health-related quality of life, perceptions of adverse impacts of oral conditions on well-being
Australia
16. The self-concept of adolescents with cleft lip and palate: a pilot study using a multidimensional/hierarchical measurement instrument
Gussy et al. 23 CLCP: 23 Normative
group: 5494 students in Australia
Cleft: 14 male, 9 female Control: 2658 male, 2836 female
12-16.75/14.1 Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire II
Self-concept in young adolescents Australia
17. Self-Reports of Psychosocial Functioning Among Children and Young Adults With Cleft Lip and Palate
Hunt et al. 273 Cleft lip and/or palate
Specific group:
113
patients recruited from members of staff
Cleft: 104 male, 56 female Control: 51 male, 62 female
Cleft: 8-21/13.6, Control: 8-21/13.0
State Trait Anxiety Inventory or State Trait Anxiety Inventory for Children, Beck Depression Inventory or the Children’s Depression Inventory, Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale or the Self- Esteem Index, Youth Self-Report or the problem scales of the Young Adult Self- Report
Number and state of depressive/anxiety symptoms, behavioral problems, rates of teasing, self-esteem levels
Ireland
18. Self-Concept of Primary- School-Age Children with Cleft Lip, Palate, or both
Kapp-Simon et al.
222 Cleft lip; 4, Cleft palate: 15, CLCP: 31
Specific group:
normal children in elementary school
Cleft: 29 male, 21 female Control: 87 male, 85 female
5-9 Primary Self-concept
Inventory
Self-concept USA
19. Quality of Life in School- Age Children With Orofacial Clefts and Their Families
Kramer et al. 132 Cleft lip: 38, Cleft palate: CLCP: 38
Normative group: 1500 German schoolchildren between 8 and 12 years of age
Cleft: 81 male, 51 female
8-12/9.6 KINDL Health-related quality of life Germany
20. Quality of Life Varies With Gender and Age Among Adults
Mani et al. 86 Unilateral cleft lip and palate
Normative group: 1384 age-
Cleft: 48 male, 38 female
Cleft: 20-47/35 Norm: male: 757,
SF-36 Health-related quality of life Sweden
Treated for Unilateral Cleft Lip and Palate
and gender- matched data retrieved from the national SF- 36 database
females: 628
21. Quality of Life in Adults With Repaired Complete Cleft Lip and Palate
Marcusson et al.
134 Unilateral CLP: 56, Bilateral CLP: 12
Specific group:
66 adults without a cleft, age and gender matched
Cleft: 44 men, 24 women Control: 49 male, 17 women
Cleft: 24.2 Control:
25.5
Quality of Life Survey Quality of life Sweden
22. Different Cleft Conditions, Facial Appearance, and Speech:
Relationship to Psychological Variables
Millard et al. 65 Unilateral CLP: 25 (15 boys, 10 girls), mean age 11.62, Bilateral CLP: 21 (13 boys, 8 girls) mean age: 11.89;
Cleft palate: 19 (7 boys, 12 girls) mean age: 11.64
Compared with subgroups in the population
Cleft: 35 male, 30 female Control
Unilateral CLP:
11.62, Bilateral CLP: 11.89; Cleft palate: 11.64
Pediatric Behavior Scale, Revised Children's Manifest Anxiety Scale, Reynolds Child Depression Scale/Adolescent Depression Scale
Adjustment problems, levels of anxiety and depression and associated symptoms
USA
23. The effect of cleft lip on socio-emotional functioning in school-aged children
Murray et al. 161 Total Clefts: 86 Specific group:
75 randomly selected patients from a hospital
Male and female not specified
Cleft: 7.7
Control: 7.3 Pictorial Scale of Perceived Competence and Social Acceptance for Young Children
Self-perceptions and social
adjustment factors United
Kingdom
24. Satisfaction with treatment outcome in bilateral cleft lip and palate patients
Oosterkamp et al.
86 Bilateral CLP: 43 Specific group:
43 age, socioeconomic, gender matched people recruited from population
Cleft: 30 male, 13 female Control: 30 male, 13 female
Cleft: 28.2 Control: 28.5
Rand-36 Health-related quality of life and deficits in function
Netherlands
25. Self-Esteem, Coping Styles, and Quality of Life in Polish Adolescents and Young Adults With Unilateral Cleft Lip and Palate
Pisula et al. 96 Unilateral cleft lip
and palate: 48 Specific group:
48 age, location, socioeconomic status, marital status, education level, gender matched participants without CLP and with a Polish ethnic background
Cleft: 31 male, 17 female Control: 28 male, 20 female
Cleft: 16-23/19.2
Control: 16-23/18.4 Multidimensional Self- Esteem Inventory, Coping Inventory for Stressful Situations, WHOQOL-BREF Questionnaire
Identity and level of integration, use of defensive strategies in response to stress, self-perception of position in life, methods of coping
Poland
26. Prevalence of psychiatric morbidity using GHQ‐28 among cleft lip patients in Sokoto
Yunusa et al. 200 Cleft lip: 100 Specific group:
100 healthy subjects
133 (66.5%) females, 67 (33.5%) males
Cleft:
20-39/27.75
General Health Questionnaire-28, Taylors’ Manifest Anxiety Scale, Eysencks Personality Inventory, Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory
Characteristics of anxiety and insomnia, social dysfunction, severe depression, somatic symptoms
Nigeria
27. Social Acceptance and Facial Behavior in Children With Oral Clefts
Slifer et al. 49 Cleft lip: 3, Cleft palate: 6, CLCP: 5
Specific group:
25 children with no known
Cleft: 9 male, 15 female Control: 12
Cleft: 7-16/10.1 Control: 8-16/11.7
Harter Self-Perception Profile
Self-perception in relation to social, behavioral, physical characteristics
USA
physical abnormality
male, 13 female 28. Self-Concept and
Satisfaction With Physical Appearance in Youth With and Without Oral Clefts
Slifer et al. 68 CLCP: 34 Specific group:
34 children with no known physical abnormality
Cleft: 15 male, 19 female Control: 15 male, 19 female
Cleft: 10.6 Control:
11.6
The Child Behavior Checklist; Carter Self- Perception Profile for Children/Adolescents;
The Social Support Scale for Children and Adolescents; Quality of Life Assessment—The Children’s Health and Illness Profile (CHIP- AE), Social Skills Rating System Questionnaire, Satisfaction with Physical Appearance Scale
Self-perception, Scholastic Competence, Social Acceptance, Athletic Competence, Physical Appearance, Behavioral Conduct, and global self-worth, social support systems
USA
29. Self-Concept of Children and Adolescents with Cleft Lip and/or Palate
Leonard et al. 105 Cleft lip: 2, Cleft palate: 30, CLCP: 73
Compared with subgroups in the sample
Cleft: 67 male, 38 female:
Cleft: 8-18/12 Piers-Harris Self- Concept Scale
Behavior, intellect, anxiety, popularity, satisfaction, personal attributes and physical appearance.
USA
30. Cleft Type, Age, and Sex Differences in Teen-agers Ratings of Their Own Behavior, Self-esteem, and Attitude Toward Clefting
Starr 94 Cleft palate: 40,
CLCP: 54
Compared with subgroups in the sample
Cleft palate: 21 males, 19 females CLP: 40 male, 14 female
13-18 Missouri Children's
Behavior Checklist
Behavior USA