links.lww.com/QAD/B906

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Appendix

Model equations.

Main Effect Model:

Logit(Pr(outcome))=β0 + β1 maternal HIV status + β2 2010+ β3 2015+β4 child sex + β5

child age + β6 maternal BMI + β7 maternal height + β8 household wealth index_2 + β9

household wealth index_3+ β10 household wealth index_4+ β11 household wealth index_5 + β12 mother' s age + β13 parity.

Interaction with Time Model:

Logit(Pr(outcome))=β0 + β1 maternal HIV status + β2 2010+ β3 2015 + β4 maternal HIV status*2010 + β5 maternal HIV status*2015 + β6 child sex + β7 child age + β8 maternal BMI + β9 maternal height + β10 household wealth index_2 + β11 household wealth

index_3 + β12 household wealth index_4 + β13 household wealth index_5 + β14 mother' s age + β15 parity.

Interaction with Time and Child’s Sex Model:

index_3 + β12 household wealth index_4 + β13 household wealth index_5 + β14 mother' s age + β15 parity + β16 maternal HIV status* child sex + β17 2010* child sex + β18 2015*

child sex + β19 maternal HIV status*2010* child sex + β20 maternal HIV status*2015*

child sex.

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Interaction with Time and Child’s Age Model:

index_3 + β12 household wealth index_4 + β13 household wealth index_5 + β14 mother' s age + β15 parity + β16 maternal HIV status* child age + β17 2010* child age + β18 2015*

child age + β19 maternal HIV status*2010* child age + β20 maternal HIV status*2015*

child age.

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Table 1. Prevalence and 95% CI of Children Stunted, Underweight, and Wasted by Mother’s HIV Status and Child’s Gender from 2005-2015

DHS Year 2005-06 2010-11 2015-16

Number of

Children 3,421 3,882 4,569

Stunted*

HIV-positive 0.34 (0.31-0.38) 0.31 (0.28-0.36) 0.25 (0.21-0.30) Male 0.38 (0.32-0.43) 0.37 (0.32-0.43) 0.27 (0.22-0.33) Female 0.31 (0.27-0.36) 0.25 (0.21-0.31) 0.23 (0.18-0.29) HIV-negative 0.28 (0.26-0.31) 0.25 (0.23-0.27) 0.20 (0.19-0.22)

Male 0.29 (0.26-0.32) 0.26 (0.24-0.29) 0.21 (0.19-0.24) Female 0.27 (0.24-0.30) 0.24 (0.22-0.26) 0.19 (0.17-0.22) Underweight*

Male 0.15 (0.14-0.17) 0.14 (0.12-0.16) 0.11 (0.10-0.13) Female 0.16 (0.13-0.19) 0.13 (0.11-0.15) 0.11 (0.09-0.13) Wasted*

Male 0.06 (0.04-0.07) 0.03 (0.02-0.04) 0.04 (0.03-0.05) Female 0.06 (0.05-0.07) 0.03 (0.02-0.04) 0.03 (0.03-0.04)

Table 2. Prevalence Odds Ratios (POR) and 95% CI of Children Stunted,

Underweight, and Wasted by Mother’s HIV Status from 2005-2015 using three-way interaction models

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Stunting Underweight Wasting Covariates Interaction

with child’s sex

Interaction with child’s age

Interaction with child’s

sex

age

sex

age POR

(95% CI) POR

(95% CI)

Mother HIV positive ^1.46 ^1.82 ^1.54 ^1.31 ^1.28 ^1.02

(1.12,1.90) (1.04,3.19) (1.13,2.09) (0.84,2.05) (0.76,2.17) (0.54,1.91) Year (ref =2005)

2010 ^0.94 ^0.85 ^1.03 ^0.85 ^0.56 ^0.79

(0.75,1.17) (0.66,1.09) (0.82,1.28) (0.65,1.11) (0.36,0.86) (0.49,1.28)

2015 ^0.77 ^0.90 ^0.90 ^0.98 ^0.83 ^1.12

(0.62,0.95) (0.70,1.16) (0.73,1.12) (0.76,1.26) (0.55,1.25) (0.75,1.65) Mother HIV positive * Year (ref =2005)

2010 ^1.15 ^0.96 ^0.79 ^0.94 ^1.01 ^0.57

(0.78,1.69) (0.50,1.84) (0.49,1.28) (0.50,1.79) (0.43,2.37) (0.19,1.70)

2015 ^0.87 ^0.86 ^0.63 ^1.08 ^0.73 ^0.86

(0.58,1.30) (0.44,1.66) (0.38,1.03) (0.58,2.02) (0.29,1.81) (0.32,2.32) Child sex

(ref=male)

0.93 0.86 1.07 0.96 1.06 0.93

(0.76,1.14) (0.78,0.95) (0.83,1.38) (0.84,1.08) (0.74,1.51) (0.75,1.15) Mother HIV positive

* Child sex (ref=male)

0.86 - 0.92 - 0.74 -

(0.57,1.30) (0.59,1.43) (0.22,2.50)

Year (ref =2005) * Child sex (ref=male)

2010 ^0.94 ^- ^0.80 ^- ^0.95 ^-

(0.72,1.23) (0.57,1.13) (0.57,1.58)

2015 ^0.94 ^- ^0.87 ^- ^0.80 ^-

(0.71,1.24) (0.62,1.22) (0.47,1.35)

Mother HIV positive * Year (ref =2005) * Child sex (ref=male)

2010 ^0.76 ^- ^0.90 ^- ^0.70 ^-

(0.42,1.37) (0.45,1.79) (0.13,3.75)

2015 ^1.11 ^- ^1.66 ^- ^1.82 ^-

(0.61,2.03) (0.81,3.38) (0.39,8.55)

P value of joint test ^0.4537 ^- ^0.2476 ^- ^0.4349 ^-

Child age ^1.12 ^1.17 ^1.04 ^1.05 ^0.81 ^0.92

(1.09,1.16) (1.08,1.28) (0.99,1.08) (0.96,1.15) (0.75,0.86) (0.82,1.03) Mother HIV positive

* Child age

- 0.87 - 1.06 - 1.04

(0.68,1.10) (0.88,1.27) (0.84,1.28)

Year (ref =2005) * Child age

2010 ^- ^1.05 ^- ^1.05 ^- ^0.76

(0.94,1.16) (0.93,1.18) (0.61,0.95)

2015 ^- ^0.91 ^- ^0.92 ^- ^0.76

(0.82,1.00) (0.83,1.04) (0.64,0.92)

Mother HIV positive * Year (ref =2005) * Child age

2010 ^- ^1.01 ^- ^0.89 ^- ^1.39

(0.77,1.33) (0.69,1.15) (0.88,2.18)

2015 ^- ^1.03 ^- ^0.87 ^- ^1.12

(0.78,1.37) (0.69,1.11) (0.75,1.69)

P value of joint test ^- ^0.9708 ^- ^0.5193 ^- ^0.3598

Mother’s BMI ^0.95 ^0.95 ^0.89 ^0.89 ^0.90 ^0.90

(0.93,0.96) (0.93,0.96) (0.87,0.91) (0.87,0.91) (0.87,0.93) (0.87,0.94)

Mother’s height ^0.93 ^0.93 ^0.94 ^0.94 ^0.99 ^0.99

(0.92,0.94) (0.92,0.94) (0.93,0.95) (0.93,0.95) (0.98,1.01) (0.98,1.01) HH Wealth Index (ref = Poorest)

Poorer ^0.96 ^0.96 ^1.05 ^1.05 ^0.92 ^0.92

(0.82,1.13) (0.82,1.13) (0.87,1.27) (0.87,1.27) (0.69,1.24) (0.68,1.23)

Middle ^0.97 ^0.98 ^0.84 ^0.84 ^0.91 ^0.91

(0.82,1.16) (0.82,1.17) (0.69,1.02) (0.69,1.02) (0.64,1.30) (0.64,1.28)

Wealthier ^0.88 ^0.88 ^0.89 ^0.89 ^1.01 ^1.00

(0.74,1.04) (0.74,1.05) (0.74,1.08) (0.73,1.08) (0.72,1.41) (0.72,1.39)

Wealthiest ^0.73 ^0.74 ^0.69 ^0.70 ^0.62 ^0.62

(0.60,0.90) (0.60,0.90) (0.54,0.89) (0.54,0.90) (0.40,0.96) (0.40,0.96)

Mother’s age ^0.99 ^0.99 ^1.00 ^1.00 ^1.00 ^1.00

(0.98,1.00) (0.98,1.00) (0.98,1.01) (0.98,1.01) (0.97,1.03) (0.97,1.03)

1.08 1.08 1.09 1.09 1.00 1.00

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Parity* (1.02,1.14) (1.02,1.13) (1.03,1.16) (1.03,1.16) (0.91,1.11) (0.90,1.11)