List of Publications

3] Theoretical investigations of spin splittings and optimization of the Rashba coefficient in asymmetric AlSb/InAs/GaSb heterostructures, X. Theoretical studies of the role of structural inversion symmetry (SIA) and major version symmetry (BIA) in the band structure and tunneling properties of zincblende heterostructures were performed.

Introduction

Thesis overview

Characterization of a new class of spurious solutions for the finite difference method in the context of effective mass approximation and derivation of a test to predict their presence. An adaptation of this k·p formalism to the tunneling processes described in Chapter 7 was then carried out.

Motivation

Spin injectors/filters
Detection of spin injection

It basically consists of analyzing the polarization of light that comes from radiative recombination between an electron and a hole. This and the understanding of the light emission process for arbitrary situations led to the study in Chapter 8.

Figure 1.1: Intel’s CPUs and Moore’s law. Data taken from Intel’s web site.

Summary of results

Theoretical methods
Applications

Experiments support the theoretical predictions of this thesis regarding the magnitude of the Rashba coefficients. The knot and the phase change of the oscillations are signatures of the presence of the Rashba effect.

Figure 1.2: Shubnikov-de Haas oscillations for a (InAs/AlSb SL)/InAs/(InAs/AlSb SL) structure showing spin splitting

Chapter overview

On the other hand, I must thank David Ting for making available to me his EBOM code, used to do the calculations in Chapters 2 and 3 and modified to obtain the numerical results in Chapter 4.

Introduction

Theoretical methods

The EBOM method takes into account the very different nature of the different interfaces, although it cannot adequately describe the lack of inversion symmetry inherent in the zinc blende structure. Some research has been done on BIA effects, starting with the work of Lommeret al.[33] and Cardona et al.

Results

Band structure and spatial part of the wavefunction
Spin part of the wavefunction
Spatial variation of the wavefunction

Thez component of the expected value of the spin is found to be zero within the numerical range. The electric fields of the interface are transformed in the rest frame of the electron into magnetic fields in which the electron pairs.

Figure 2.1: Flat band diagram (right scale) of the heterostructure under consideration.

Physical explanation for the results

2.5, this easily explains why the spins are directed in the plane and perpendicular to the direction of electron propagation. Therefore, it appears that the value of the Rashba coefficient should not depend on the expected value of the electric field, contrary to the argument shown in this section.

Figure 2.5: Schematic of the process by which the Rashba spin splitting arises. A moving electron in an electric field sees a magnetic field in its rest frame and its spin couples to it in a Zeeman-like manner.

Electric field induced magnetic moment

The sum of the spins coming from the white areas will have a non-zero component perpendicular to the applied electric field. This produces a net magnetic moment and spin polarization of the current due to electrons in that subband.

Figure 2.6: The hatched portion of k space S denotes the integration region of un- un-compensated states where the magnetic moment of each electron will be added.

Summary

Optimization of the Rashba coefficient in asymmetric

Introduction
Rashba coefficient as a function of the layer thicknessesthicknesses
Rashba coefficient for wide wells
Summary

The calculations of the Rashba coefficient (see Chapter 2) are carried out under the same conditions as in Chapter 2. It is found that the Rashba coefficient is independent of the thicknesses of AlSb and GaSb within a wide range.

Figure 3.1: The Rashba coefficient as a function of AlSb and GaSb thicknesses for InAs thickness fixed to 9 ML

Description of bulk inversion asymmetry in the effective bond orbital

Introduction
Review of the EBOM method
Inclusion of bulk inversion asymmetry effects in EBOMin EBOM
Bulk GaSb
Bulk inversion asymmetry effects in symmet- ric superlatticesric superlattices
Summary

The inset shows the separation in the conduction band along the Σ line for CB, and a fit using It is this coupling of C to the spin-orbit interaction that makes it impossible to include its effects in the EBOM method.

Table 4.1: Relationship between the EBOM parameters and the k · p parameters.

Bulk inversion asymmetry effects on the bands of zincblende

Introduction

The validity of the constructed Hamiltonian is tested by obtaining analytical expressions for the dispersion relation and then comparing them with known expressions.

Background

In the case of bulk zinc alloys, the splitting resulting from the lack of inversion symmetry is commonly referred to as the k3 splitting due to its dependence near the center of the zone [10]. Traditionally, the term in the Hamiltonian leading to this splitting has been omitted in k·p calculations [12, 13]. However, in the case of quantum wells, other sources of inversion asymmetry may be present.

These sources include the different composition of the confining layers, an asymmetric doping profile, an applied external electric field. There have been some conflicting statements in the literature regarding the relative contribution of SIA versus that of BIA in asymmetric heterostructures.

Invariant expansion of the Hamiltonian
Parameters of the model
Analytic expressions of the energy values near the zone centercenter
Numerical calculation of the energy bands

A list of parameters used in the implementation of the Hamiltonian in Appendix A [15] and their meaning are shown in Table 5.4. As in the case [100], the inclusion of C 6= 0 changes the characteristics of the bands very close to the Γ point with respect to the more usual assumption of C = 0. In this section the k·p Hamiltonian will be diagonalized numerically, paying attention to particular to the spin behavior of the conduction band states.

This is indeed obtained with the numerical diagonalization of the Hamiltonian including the BIA effects, as shown in Figure. The expectation value of the spin is calculated using the following spin operator, given in the.

Table 5.2: Matrix basis set for the block of the Hamiltonian coupling the conduction band states to themselves (adapted from [15])

Eight-band effective mass theory for superlat- tices and quantum wellstices and quantum wells

EMA Hamiltonian
The finite difference method
Interface conditions and hermiticity in the FDM

This is the system of equations that must be solved to obtain the energies and eigenstates of the system. Now, applying the above equations to Eq. 5.44) gives the following system of N algebraic equations: It is also clearly seen that the introduction of BCs as defined in the previous section does not affect the hermiticity of the Hamiltonian.

Most of them require continuity of the envelope function and a quantity that has the general form: To preserve the Hermiticity of the discretized Hamiltonian, one would have to. 5.64) are not satisfied with the discretized version.

Figure 5.7: Schematic of the structure under study, with points separating the mono- mono-layers, and mesh used when solving the effective mass approximation equations

Bulk inversion asymmetry effects on symmet- ric quantum wellsric quantum wells

Symmetry group of the discretized Hamiltonian
SQWs without BIA terms
SQWs with BIA terms

As shown in Figure 5.10 b), a simple rearrangement of the material boundaries reproduces the asymmetry in the bonds and allows to take into account, at least qualitatively, the effects of the lower symmetry. With the control that the proposed model allows over the symmetry of the calculated heterostructures, it is possible to use the EMA in investigations of the spin splitting occurring in heterostructures, aimed at delineating the role of bulk inversion asymmetry vs. asymmetry effects are included, the bands show Kramers degeneracy throughout the Brillouin zone and the quantization axes of the spins are not unambiguously defined.

The linear behavior and isotropicity near the center of the spin separation region between the conduction subbands is manifested in Fig. electron traveling in the plane with vector valorkx, this, the energy change caused by the HSplit Sym perturbation will be given by.

Table 5.7: Symmetry requirements on spin splitting and directions for points in the k x − k y plane in a D 2d structure.

Bulk inversion asymmetry effects on asymmet- ric quantum wellsric quantum wells

AQWs without BIA terms
AQWs with BIA terms

The effects of inversion asymmetry are largely highly anisotropic [10], which is reflected in the directional dependence of the bands. 5.15 it can be seen that BIA effects are necessary to obtain accurate bands in the [110] direction. The interplay of SIA and BIA effects in asymmetric quantum wells (AQWs) adds a level of diversity to the analysis of the behavior of spins in the conduction band.

In this way the BIA effects are quantified and it must be concluded that they must be taken into account for an accurate description of the tires. For a quantum well where the 2-band model is valid, the BIA splitting coefficient for the CB can be estimated. where γcW and L2W are the k3 splitting coefficient of the CB and the thickness of the layer where the electrons are trapped, respectively.

Figure 5.15: Bands without BIA effects for an AlSb/InAs/GaSb/AlSb AQW grown along the [001] direction compliant with a GaSb substrate

W/ BIA [100]

W/ BIA [110]

Summary

In summary, an implementation of the 8-band effective mass approximation (EMA) method for the calculation of band structures has been obtained. As a result, all symmetry effects near the center of the zone are correctly described, including band spin splitting. When the method is applied to symmetric heterostructures, linear k splittings are predicted as a result of reduced symmetry.

The bonds of asymmetric heterostructures are also studied and described in the context of the BIA Hamiltonian obtained for heterostructures. It turns out that in the studied case the contributions of SIA and BIA to the spin splitting are of the same order of magnitude.

Spurious numerical solutions in the effective mass approximation

Introduction
Spurious solutions in an InP/In 0.53 Ga 0.47 As su- perlatticeperlattice
Method for the study of the spurious solutions
Spurious solutions in the k · p method

The InP/In 0.53 Ga 0.47 As SL revisited

Potential for spurious solutions in sets of Lut- tinger parameterstinger parameters
Summary

In bulk, the envelope functions of physical solutions at the point Γ must be flat. Also, it is found that, for kz = ∆zπ , the energy of the three branches (with set Ev. Finally, setting the branch with the minus sign before the square root in Eq. 6.6) (orbit spin band ) also has a negative energy atkz = ∆zπ results in demand. 6.14).

The first way is that the absolute value of the right side (RHS) is smaller than the absolute value of the left side (LHS). Another set of Luttinger parameters for In0.53Ga0.47As was found [39] and recalculated the band structure of the InP/In0.53Ga0.47As superlattice.

Table 6.1: Band structure parameters for InP and In 0.53 Ga 0.47 As.

Spin filters based on resonant tunneling

Introduction
Theoretical method

The MQTBM
Preparation of the incoming states
Transmission coefficients and transmitted spin for an ensemble of electronsensemble of electrons

Resonant tunneling in asymmetric double bar- riersriers

The calculation of the transmission coefficients begins with the construction of the Hamiltonian of the system. On the other hand, a general state at the left electrode with a given energy and kk will be a linear combination of the Bloch states found in the solution of Eq. These matrix elements are obtained in relation to the primitive cell at the left electrode just before entering the active region of the device.

The transmission coefficient will be given by the ratio of currents of the transmitted to the incident mode. A good measure of the filtering efficiency of a spin filter can be given by the ratio of transmitted spin polarized current to the incoming current.

Figure 7.1: Band diagram of a conduction band RTD under an applied bias V . The arrows represent the incoming (I), reflected (r) and transmitted (t) components

R)(L)AlSbInAsGaSbAlSb

Asymmetric resonant tunneling diode (aRTD)

The largest difference is due to the spins of the quasi-bound states being biased with respect to time when BIA is not taken into account (see, for example, Fig. 5.19). 7.7, this introduces additional peaks in the transmission curves if the input torques are left unchanged. The incoming electrons are assumed to have kk A−1 and the spin is directed in the ±y direction.

This direction is chosen in order for the electron to couple to only one of the two quasi-bound states. Even within a subband there is cancellation due to spins in the barrier states pointing in a circular fashion (cf.

Figure 7.4: Spin directions for the quasi-bound states in the aRTD (same as Fig. 2.3).

Asymmetric resonant interband tunneling diode (aRITD)diode (aRITD)

This effect can be used to minimize the contribution of the upper subband to the transmitted power. Thus, the impact of one of the previously mentioned difficulties for aRTD can be lessened. Plots (b) and (c) show the effect of the application of a lateral electric field on the states participating in the tunneling process.

The preferred spin directions of the holes in the barrier are more sensitive to the BIA terms than the conduction band (CB) counterparts. The desired position of the emitter's Fermi level relative to the bandgaps is indicated.

Figure 7.9: aRITD structure at zero bias. The AlSb and InAs layers are 8 monolayers (MLs) each (3.048 ˚ A/ML), the GaSb is 18 MLs thick and the electrodes are InAs.

Summary

Photon generation for a

Introduction
The interaction Hamiltonian and Fermi’s golden rulegolden rule

The Wigner-Eckart theorem for point groups applied to momentum matrix elementsto momentum matrix elements
Application to III-V zincblendes
Complications following the path of Fermi’s golden rule

Polarization of the emitted photon
Application to semiconductor structures

Bulk zincblende luminescence
Quantum well luminescence
Bulk wurtzite luminescence

Monte Carlo photon generation

Single event generation scheme
Equivalence of the Monte Carlo and the time- dependent perturbation picturesdependent perturbation pictures

Application to a bulk zincblende
Summary

8.2 shows how Fermi's golden rule does not specify the polarization of the emitted photon. Finally, all reference to the momentum operator can be eliminated by means of the Wigner-Eckart theorem as in Eq. The optimal location of the light detector with respect to the dominant spin can be found in this way.

8.3 (b), when the approximation that the VB peak has LH character holds, a similar analysis can be performed. In this case (or whenever transitions in HH can be resolved spectroscopically), the polarization of the emitted light can be determined in any direction.