Management and Utilization of Biological Resources Control of Important Plant Disturbing Organisms on Chilli Pepper

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Management and Utilization of Biological Resources

Control of Important Plant Disturbing Organisms on Chilli Pepper

Neni Gunaeni^1* and Astri W. Wulandari¹

1Indonesia Vegetable Research Institute Jln. Tangkuban Perahu / No. 517 Lembang- West Bandung (40391)

*Corresponding Author: [email protected]

Abstract

The management of chili pepper plants has a high risk because of the high attack of pests and diseases that can cause crop failure. The loss of chili pepper yields due to pest and disease attacks reaches 100%, which results in excessive use of pesticides, namely between 35% - 50% of the total production costs. One effort to reduce excessive synthetic pesticides that tend to be less prudent is by managing and utilizing biological resources. The purpose of the study was to determine the effectiveness of utilizing the control power of biological resources. The research was conducted at Rancaekek Bandung Regency in June to December 2015. Do not use experimental design. Treatment : (A). Amaranthus spinosus + Bacillus substillis. (B).

Mirabillis jalapa + Bacillus substillis. (C). Predator Menochilus sexmaculatus + active ingredient imidacloprid 200 SL. (D). Amaranthus spinosus + Bacillus substillis + Predator Menochilus sexmaculatus. (E). Mirabillis jalapa + Bacillus substillis + Predator Menochilus sexmaculatus. (F). Amaranthus spinosus + Bacillus substillis + Predator Menochilus sexmaculatus + active ingredient imidacloprid 200 SL. (G). Mirabillis jalapa + Bacillus substillis + Predator Menochilus sexmaculatus + active ingredient imidacloprid 200 SL. (H). Synthetic pesticides. (I). Control (without treatment). The results of the study show that: (1). The effect of treatment does not affect plant growth (canopy height and width). (2). The combination treatment of predator administration at the beginning of planting and the active ingredient imidacloprid 200 SL, the combination of Amaranthus spinosus and Mirabillis jalapa with Bacillus substillis + Predator Menochilus sexmaculatus + active ingredient imidacloprid 200 SL increased the efficacy of chili pepper pest and its impact on crop yields.

Keywords: biological resources, Capsicum annuum, management, pest

1. Introduction

The management of chili plants has a high risk because of the high attack of pests and diseases that can cause crop failure. The loss of chili yield due to pests and diseases can reach 100%, which results in excessive use of pesticides between 35% -50% of total production costs. The negative impacts that occur are pest resistance, resurgence and even the phenomenon of the emergence of secondary pests. Besides that excessive use of pesticides will also increase production costs so that selling prices become more expensive, and no longer competitively and result in a decrease in species diversity in agricultural ecosystems and reduce environmental quality.

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Proceeding The International Seminar on Tropical Horticulture 213 Horticulture for The Quality of Life

Bogor, December 10^th, 2018

Pests that are rather difficult to overcome are leaf sucking pests such as thrips, mite, and aphids. While the diseases that still need to be sought for safe controls are anthrax and viruses. A safe way of controlling is by utilizing biodiversity resources.

Pest and disease control by means of management and utilization of biological resources is an alternative method of control which is a component of IPM (Integrated Pest Management) and safe for the environment. Utilization of biological resources such as Bacillus substillis can inhibit the development of pathogenic spores (Gunawan et al. 2005 and Duriat et al. 2005). Soemowiyarjo (2001) succeeded in activating CMV in Chenopodium amaranticolor plants with extract of Mirabillis jalapa (four o'clock flower). Hersanti (2005) succeeded in prolonging the CMV incubation period in chili plants and making plants tolerant to plant extracts.

Duriat et al. (2008 and Gunaeni et al. 2015), extended the incubation period of the Gemini virus in chilli plants and inhibited the development of the disease with four o'clock flower extract and spinach thorns making chili plants less desirable Bemisia tabaci vector yellow curly virus with an emphasis of 92.86%. Gunaeni et al. 2004, reduced the intention of CMV virus attacks on red chili with four o'clock flower extract and spinach thorns. The release of predator Menochillus sexmaculatus in chili plantations at the beginning of planting (2 weeks after planting) combined with insecticide active ingredient imidacloprid can reduce the development of Mosaic, Gemini virus disease and Bemisia tabaci vector (Gunaeni et al. 2005 dan Setiawati et al. 2007).

The purpose of this study is to reduce excessive synthetic pesticides which tend to be less prudent is the management and utilization of the biological resources mentioned above so that the control power of the main pest and the effectiveness of its control can be improved if a combination is carried out.

2. Materials and Method

The study was conducted at Rancaekek, Bandung Regency. Do not use experimental design. The variety used by TM-99. Treatment tried: (A). Amaranthus spinosus + Bacillus substillis. (B). Mirabillis jalapa + Bacillus substillis. (C). Predator Menochilus sexmaculatus + active ingredient imidacloprid 200 SL. (D). Amaranthus spinosus + Bacillus substillis + Predator Menochilus sexmaculatus. (E). Mirabillis jalapa + Bacillus substillis + Predator Menochilus sexmaculatus. (F). Amaranthus spinosus + Bacillus substillis + Predator Menochilus sexmaculatus + active ingredient imidacloprid 200 SL. (G). Mirabillis jalapa + Bacillus substillis + Predator Menochilus sexmaculatus + active ingredient imidacloprid 200 SL. (H). Synthetic pesticides active ingredient imidacloprid 200 SL. (I). Control (without treatment).

Experimental plot area of 2000 m2 with area per trial plot 40 m2 per treatment, number of plants per treatment 160 chili plants with a spacing of 50 cm x 60 cm.

Planting chili using plastic mulch. Around the treatment plot treated with Menochillus sexmaculatus was planted 6 rows of corn. Mirabillis jalapa and Amaranthus spinosus extracts were applied to the seedlings of chili which had true 3-4 leaves by inoculation at a concentration of 25%. Biopesticides were applied at a week interval 2 times at 30 days after planting in the field. The predator is released at the beginning of planting (2 weeks after planting) and treatment using the active ingredient imidacloprid once a week. Spraying between synthetic pesticides and biopesticides is done at different times (not at the same time). Chili seeds before

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seeding are soaked in Previcur N fungicide solution (1cc / l) for 1 hour). Balanced fertilizer was applied to all treatment plots with doses: 30 t / ha manure, N fertilizer (110 kg / ha urea, 350 kg / ha ZA, P fertilizer (SP-36) 300 kg / ha, K fertilizer (KCl) 300 kg / ha Maintenance and precautionary measures against pests and diseases are carried out intensively according to the conditions in the field, changes are observed: (1) plant growth (height and width of the canopy) (2) pests and diseases (3) harvest.

3. Result and Discussion Plant growth

Observations on plant growth were observed for canopy height and width.

Observations were carried out at 10-day intervals with initial observations at the age of 15 days after planting until the plants were 65 days after planting. The effect of treatment on canopy height and width can be seen (Graph 1).

Figure 1. Average Plant Height

Explanation : (A). Amaranthus spinosus + Bacillus substillis. (B). Mirabillis jalapa + Bacillus substillis. (C). Menochilus sexmaculatus + imidacloprid 200 SL. (D). Amaranthus spinosus + Bacillus substillis + Menochilus sexmaculatus. (E). Mirabillis jalapa + Bacillus substillis + Menochilus sexmaculatus. (F). Amaranthus spinosus + Bacillus substillis + Menochilus sexmaculatus + imidacloprid 200 SL. (G). Mirabillis jalapa + Bacillus substillis + Menochilus sexmaculatus + imidacloprid 200 SL. (H). Synthetic pesticides. activeingredient imidacloprid 200 SL (I). Control (without treatment).

Average plant height at the end of the observation was not significantly different between treatments and was above the average control plant height.

Mirabilis jalapa and Amaranthus spinosus can increase plants height in the field (Duriat 2008). This indicates that the positive treatment of the growth of chili plants.

While the average width of the canopy shows that the treatment does not significantly affect the width of the canopy. Widest canopy seen in treatment (A.

spinous + predator + imidacloprid active ingredient). According to (Kannan et al.

2004, Gunanei et al. 2014), Imidacloprid has an effect on the growth and height of

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

A B C D E F G H J

Plant height (cm)

Treatment

15 DAP 25 DAP 35 DAP 45 DAP 55 DAP 65 DAP

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chilli’s canopies and can increase nitrogen and chlorophyll content in cotton plants because each Imidaclporid molecule is composed of five N atoms which are important elements in growth plant. During the observation no phytotoxic symptoms were found and the plants grew well

Figure 2. Average Canopy Width

Explanation : (A). Amaranthus spinosus + Bacillus substillis. (B). Mirabillis jalapa + Bacillus substillis. (C). Menochilus sexmaculatus + imidacloprid 200 SL. (D). Amaranthus spinosus + Bacillus substillis + Menochilus sexmaculatus. (E). Mirabillis jalapa + Bacillus substillis + Menochilus sexmaculatus. (F). Amaranthus spinosus + Bacillus substillis + Menochilus sexmaculatus + imidacloprid 200 SL. (G). Mirabillis jalapa + Bacillus substillis + Menochilus sexmaculatus + imidacloprid 200 SL. (H). Synthetic pesticides active ingredient imidacloprid 200 SL. (I). Control (without treatment).

Symptoms of Disease Attack

Observation of symptoms of viral attack is distinguished between two symptoms that appear, namely the symptoms of mosaic and yellow virus. The symptom of the mosaic is green yellow patches evenly distributed on all leaf surfaces, while the curly yellow virus symptoms are bright yellow leaves or bright chlorosis mosaics followed by sunken or wrinkled young leaves. The mosaic symptoms are caused by potato virus Y (PVY), cucumber mosaic virus (CMV), tobacco or tomato mosaic virus (TMV or ToMV), leaf vein virus (ChiVMV), and tobacco eath virus (TEV) both singly and in combination (Zitter and Florini 2004).The cumulative symptoms of mosaic virus attack and curly yellow virus from the start of observation 15 days after planting to 85 days after planting showed a low incidence of symptoms below 0.3%. This is probably due to the pests that become the virus symptom vectors of the two symptoms mentioned above, namely aphids which are vector of mosaic symptom viruses and Bemisia tabaci vector yellow virus with a low population of 0.03 - 1.10 and 0 - 0.66 tails per plant, respectively.

The observation of the cumulative incidence of cercospora and anthracnose disease symptoms 15-85 days after planting does not appear to be significantly different. The incidence of symptoms of a low anthracnose attack is below 0.03%.

While the symptoms of cercospora appear to be evenly distributed in all treatment plots with an intensity of 17% - 20%. Other diseases found were bacterial wilt and 1% low intensityi Phytoptora capsici (Table 1)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

A B C D E F G H J

Canopy witdth (cm)

Treatment

15 DAP 25 DAP 35 DAP 45 DAP 55 DAP 65 DAP

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Table 1. Effect of treatment on the average percentage of symptoms of disease attacks

Treatment

Average percentage attacks of cumulative diseases symptoms (15 – 85 DAP)

Cercos -pora

Antrak -nosa

Wilting bacteria

Phytoptora

Capsici Mosaic Yellow virus A. A. spinosus + B. substillis 19.90 0.25 0.33 0.17 0.24 0.03 B. M. jalapa + B. substillis 18.64 0.16 0.48 0.00 0.06 0.03 C. M. sexmaculatus +

imidacloprid 200 SL.

17.40 0.09 0.49 0.00 0.00 0.03

D. A. spinosus + B. substillis + Menochilus sexmaculatus.

17.15 0.21 0.25 0.17 0.06 0.00

E. M. jalapa + B. substillis + M. sexmaculatus.

19.73 0.13 0.49 0.00 0.00 0.00

F. A. spinosus + Bacillus substillis + M. sexmaculatus + imidacloprid 200 SL.

19.60 0.21 0.91 0.33 0.11 0.03

G. M. jalapa + B. substillis + M.

sexmaculatus + imidacloprid 200 SL.

19.31 0.21 0.42 0.42 0.12 0.06

H. Synthetic pesticides active ingredient imidacloprid 200 SL

18.73 0.21 0.16 0.00 0.20 0.06

I. Control (without treatment). 17.06 0.25 0.24 0.00 0.06 0.00 DAP = Day after planting

Leaf Sucking Infestation and Damage Percentage

The main leaf sucking pests observed in the field are Bemisia tabaci, aphid and Thrips. Observation data can be seen in (Table 2). The average population of B. tabaci pests which are curly yellow virus vectors in each treatment plot is not evenly distributed. Cumulatively starting from the first observation 15 days after planting to 85 days after planting, the average population is below 0.2 per plant.

While the aphid population as a vector of mosaic viruses in each treatment plot appears to spread evenly with populations between 0.03 to 1.10 per plant. Likewise, the population of thrips pests appear to be evenly distributed in all treatment plots and the attacks are quite high in line with the increasing age of plants. Generally, the thrips population in plants that were treated was lower compared to the control plants without treatment.

The percentage of damage caused by pests in chili plants is seen in the treatment given predators, and the percentage of synthetic pesticides is lower than other treatments. Another pest found in addition to leaf sucking pests is Spodoptera litura where the highest population is seen in treatment B (M. jalapa + B. substillis) and control compared to other treatments. It appears that plants treated with synthetic pesticides and biopesticides alone or combined with the pest population are lower. Another pest, M. sexmacullatus, which was a B. tabaci predator, appeared uneven in all treatment plots. According to (Setiawati et al. 2012), the predator M. sexmaclatus can suppress whitefly (Bemisia tabaci). The population per plant was around 0.05 - 0.12 only found in the treatment plot F (A. spinous + Bacillus substillis + M. sexmaculatus + imidacloprid 200 SL), G (M. jalapa + B. substillis + M.

sexmaculatus + imidacloprid 200 SL) and H (synthetic pesticides active ingrediant Imidacloprid 200 SL). According to (Setiawati et al. 2007 and Zhang et al. 2011), Imidacloprid is an insecticide from the chlorotalonyl group and is very effective against aphids, systemic and safe for other organisms. The use of insecticides made

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from active Imidaclporid can control leaf sucking insects as attractive as attractors (attractant) natural enemy.

Table 2. Effect of treatment on the average insect population

Treatment

Average of cumulative insect (15 – 85 DAP) M. sex-

maculatus B. tabaci Aphid Thrips S. litura % Damage A. A. spinosus + B. substillis 0.00 0.17 0.06 18.14 1.27 22.36 B. M. jalapa + B. substillis 0.00 0.16 0.50 19.28 2.86 21.71 C. M. sexmaculatus +

imidacloprid 200 SL.

0.00 0.00 0.03 16.49 0.49 15.83

D. A. spinosus + B. substillis + Menochilus

sexmaculatus.

0.00 0.13 0.06 16.86 0.56 20.37

E. M. jalapa + B. substillis + M. sexmaculatus.

0.00 0.66 0.23 18.14 0.33 17.55

F. A. spinosus + Bacillus substillis + M.

0.12 0.00 0.20 16.09 1.20 20.09

G. M. jalapa + B. substillis + M. sexmaculatus + imidacloprid 200 SL.

0.09 0.09 0.03 20.90 0.70 21.99

0.05 0.03 1.10 17.22 1.17 16.94

I. Control (without treatment). 0.00 0.00 0.33 26.07 1.90 21.60 DAP = Day after planting

Harvest

The yields were observed for the average weight of chili fruit which was differentiated from total fruit weight, good fruit weight and not good fruit weight. Good fruit weights are fruits that visually smooth the surface of the fruit is not attacked by pests, while the fruit weight is not good is the fruit that is attacked by anthracnos, erwinia, pests and rot. Generally, the average number of treated plants showed that the number and weight of the fruits attacked by the two diseases above were low compared to those without treatment. Observation data can be seen in (Table 3).

According to (Naranjo et al. 2002 and Dandale et al. 2001), using of active insecticides Imidacloprid effectively reduces the attack of several species of leaf pests on cotton seeds up to 40 days after planting, even effectively reducing the population of pest infestation up to 61 days after planting and useful as (attractant) natural enemies.

The table above shows the highest total weight per plot seen in treatment D (A. spinous + B. substillis + Menochilus sexmaculatus) compared to other treatments and controls without treatment. Besides that, the weight of bad fruit is below 1 kg. While the total weight per ten samples was seen in treatment F (A.

spinous + Bacillus substillis + M. sexmaculatus + imidacloprid 200 SL).

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Table 3. Effect of treatment on the average yield of chili fruit

Treatment

Sample (10 plants) (gram) Per plot (160 plants)(kg) Total

weight

Good weight

Bad weight

Total weight

Good weight

Bad weight A. A. spinosus + B. substillis 1593.33 1498.33 95.00 18.85 18.06 0.78 B. M. jalapa + B. substillis 1623.33 1503.33 120.00 22.94 22.12 0.82 C. M. sexmaculatus + imidacloprid 200

SL.

1500.00 1431.66 68.33 18.25 17.33 0.92 D. A. spinosus + B. substillis +

Menochilus sexmaculatus.

157.33 1535.00 38.33 27.01 27.19 0.82 E. M. jalapa + B. substillis + M.

sexmaculatus.

1570.00 1515.00 55.00 23.97 23.01 0.95 F. A. spinosus + Bacillus substillis + M.

1683.33 1670.00 13.33 20.52 19.67 0.84 G. M. jalapa + B. substillis + M.

1603.00 1575 28.33 20.78 19.89 0.89 H. Synthetic pesticides active ingredient

imidacloprid 200 SL

1686.00 1643.33 43.33 20.16 19.29 0.86 I. Control (without treatment). 1663.33 1553.33 110.00 22.73 21.38 1.63

Table 4. Effect of treatment on observed variables

Treatment Hp WC Ms Bt A Th Sl D Cr An Wb Pc Im Ig H A. A. spinosus + B.

substillis

+ 1

B. M. jalapa + B.

substillis

+ + 2

C. M. sexmaculatus + imidacloprid 200 SL.

+ + + + + + + + + 9

D. A. spinosus + B.

substillis + Menochilus sexmaculatus.

+ + + + + + 6

E. M. jalapa + B.

substillis + M.

sexmaculatus.

+ + + + + + 6

F. A. spinosus + Bacillus substillis + M. sexmaculatus + imidacloprid 200 SL.

+ + 2

G. M. jalapa + B.

substillis + M.

+ + + 3

I. Control (without treatment).

+ + + + 4

Note: Hp = Height plant, Wc = Width canopy, Ms = Menochilus sexmaculatus , Bt = Bemisia tabaci, A = Aphis, Th = Thrips, SI = Spodoptera litura, D + % damage, Cr = cercospora, An antraknosa, Wb = Wilting bacteria, Pc = Phytoptora capsici, Im = Incident Mosaic, Ig = Incident Yellow Leaf Curl Virus, Er = Erwinia, H= Harvest

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4. Conclusion

The best positive effect of the two best treatments was selected from each observation and cumulative parameter. In fact, there were 3 best treatments, namely treatment: C (M. sexmaculatus + imidacloprid 200 SL), D (A. spinous + B. substillis + Menochilus sexmaculatus), E (M. jalapa + B. substillis + M. sexmaculatus) (Table 4). According to Duriat (2008), the effect of extracts of vegetable ingredients in inducing the resistance of chilli plants to vectors and curly yellow virus diseases can increase chili yields by 15% - 37% above control.

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