Manufacturing And Mechanical Properties Of Titanium Carbide Particulate Reinforced Aluminium-11.8% Silicon Alloy Matrix Composite Castings

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i

Proceedings

Conference on Advanced Processes and Materials at

World Engineering Congress 2010

August 2 – 5, 2010

Hilton Hotel, Riverside Majestic Hotel and Grand Margherita Hotel Kuching, Sarawak, Malaysia

 Engineering & Technology for Global Stability and Security 

Jointly organised by

Federation of Engineering Institutions of Islamic Countries

Malaysian Society for Engineering & Technology Universiti Putra Malaysia

Co-organised by MIMOS Berhad

Department of Polytechnic Education, Ministry of Higher Education, Malaysia Sponsored by

Sarawak Convention Bureau

Board of Engineers

Malaysia

Ministry of Science, Technoogy &

Inovation, Malaysia

Ministry of Green Technoogy, Enegy and Water, Malaysia

StatWorks Computation

al Analytics

Al Zamil Group Chair for Electrical and Water

Conservation, King Saud University, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

i

Proceedings

Conference on Advanced Processes and Materials at

World Engineering Congress 2010

August 2 – 5, 2010

 Engineering & Technology for Global Stability and Security 

Jointly organised by

Federation of Engineering Institutions of Islamic Countries

Malaysian Society for Engineering & Technology Universiti Putra Malaysia

Co-organised by MIMOS Berhad

Department of Polytechnic Education, Ministry of Higher Education, Malaysia Sponsored by

Malaysia

al Analytics

i

Proceedings

Conference on Advanced Processes and Materials at

World Engineering Congress 2010

August 2 – 5, 2010

 Engineering & Technology for Global Stability and Security 

Jointly organised by

Federation of Engineering Institutions of Islamic Countries

Malaysian Society for Engineering & Technology Universiti Putra Malaysia

Co-organised by MIMOS Berhad

Department of Polytechnic Education, Ministry of Higher Education, Malaysia Sponsored by

Malaysia

al Analytics

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ii

MESSAGE FROM TECHNICAL CONFERENCE CHAIRPERSON

Welcome to the Conference on Advanced Processes and Materials (CAPM) for the 4

^th

World Engineering Congress 2010 (WEC2010)!

CAPM was organized to address the advancements in biochemical, chemical and food processes as well as advancements in materials and nanomaterials that are becoming an important area of research in universities and institutions worldwide. I am delighted that we have received tremendous interest and support from local and international participants with CAPM receiving the highest number of papers for WEC2010.

This proceeding is a compilation of peer-reviewed papers arising from the research and development work being carried out by researchers as well as best industrial practices. We are pleased to announce that selected papers will be published in special issues of selected citation indexed journals. I take the opportunity here to thank all of our reviewers for their contribution towards ensuring the quality of our papers.

We are honored to have the presence of two renowned professors, Professor Dr. Ng Ka Ming from Hong Kong University of Science and Technology and Professor Dr. Yoshihito Shirai from Kyushu Insitutite of Technology who will be giving keynote lectures pertaining to the areas of nanotechnology and bioprocess engineering; in line with the WEC2010 theme of

‘Engineering & Technology for Global Stability and Security’. Due to the strong support

from the materials engineering community we have invited plenary speakers Professor Dr.

Fazal Ahmad Khalid from the GIK Institute of Engineering Science and Technology, Pakistan and Professor Dr. Hanafi Ismail from University Sains Malaysia who will talk about their research on advanced composite and nanocomposite materials.

I would like to take this opportunity to thank the CAPM technical committee members for their dedication and commitment in ensuring the success of this conference. It has been an honour to work alongside such devoted colleagues. Sincere appreciation also goes out to our national and international advisory committee for their support.

Finally I hope this conference being held in the charming city of Kuching will provide you another venue for networking, sharing of knowledge and exchanging of ideas for the continuous development of advanced processes and materials. On behalf of the organizing committee, we look forward to your participation in future WEC series.

Best wishes,

Dr. Suraya Binti Abdul Rashid Technical Chairperson

Conference on Advance Processes and Materials

ii

MESSAGE FROM TECHNICAL CONFERENCE CHAIRPERSON

Welcome to the Conference on Advanced Processes and Materials (CAPM) for the 4

^th

World Engineering Congress 2010 (WEC2010)!

CAPM was organized to address the advancements in biochemical, chemical and food processes as well as advancements in materials and nanomaterials that are becoming an important area of research in universities and institutions worldwide. I am delighted that we have received tremendous interest and support from local and international participants with CAPM receiving the highest number of papers for WEC2010.

This proceeding is a compilation of peer-reviewed papers arising from the research and development work being carried out by researchers as well as best industrial practices. We are pleased to announce that selected papers will be published in special issues of selected citation indexed journals. I take the opportunity here to thank all of our reviewers for their contribution towards ensuring the quality of our papers.

We are honored to have the presence of two renowned professors, Professor Dr. Ng Ka Ming from Hong Kong University of Science and Technology and Professor Dr. Yoshihito Shirai from Kyushu Insitutite of Technology who will be giving keynote lectures pertaining to the areas of nanotechnology and bioprocess engineering; in line with the WEC2010 theme of

from the materials engineering community we have invited plenary speakers Professor Dr.

Fazal Ahmad Khalid from the GIK Institute of Engineering Science and Technology, Pakistan and Professor Dr. Hanafi Ismail from University Sains Malaysia who will talk about their research on advanced composite and nanocomposite materials.

I would like to take this opportunity to thank the CAPM technical committee members for their dedication and commitment in ensuring the success of this conference. It has been an honour to work alongside such devoted colleagues. Sincere appreciation also goes out to our national and international advisory committee for their support.

Finally I hope this conference being held in the charming city of Kuching will provide you another venue for networking, sharing of knowledge and exchanging of ideas for the continuous development of advanced processes and materials. On behalf of the organizing committee, we look forward to your participation in future WEC series.

Best wishes,

Dr. Suraya Binti Abdul Rashid Technical Chairperson

Conference on Advance Processes and Materials

ii

MESSAGE FROM TECHNICAL CONFERENCE CHAIRPERSON

Welcome to the Conference on Advanced Processes and Materials (CAPM) for the 4

^th

World Engineering Congress 2010 (WEC2010)!

CAPM was organized to address the advancements in biochemical, chemical and food processes as well as advancements in materials and nanomaterials that are becoming an important area of research in universities and institutions worldwide. I am delighted that we have received tremendous interest and support from local and international participants with CAPM receiving the highest number of papers for WEC2010.

This proceeding is a compilation of peer-reviewed papers arising from the research and development work being carried out by researchers as well as best industrial practices. We are pleased to announce that selected papers will be published in special issues of selected citation indexed journals. I take the opportunity here to thank all of our reviewers for their contribution towards ensuring the quality of our papers.

We are honored to have the presence of two renowned professors, Professor Dr. Ng Ka Ming from Hong Kong University of Science and Technology and Professor Dr. Yoshihito Shirai from Kyushu Insitutite of Technology who will be giving keynote lectures pertaining to the areas of nanotechnology and bioprocess engineering; in line with the WEC2010 theme of

from the materials engineering community we have invited plenary speakers Professor Dr.

Fazal Ahmad Khalid from the GIK Institute of Engineering Science and Technology, Pakistan and Professor Dr. Hanafi Ismail from University Sains Malaysia who will talk about their research on advanced composite and nanocomposite materials.

I would like to take this opportunity to thank the CAPM technical committee members for their dedication and commitment in ensuring the success of this conference. It has been an honour to work alongside such devoted colleagues. Sincere appreciation also goes out to our national and international advisory committee for their support.

Finally I hope this conference being held in the charming city of Kuching will provide you another venue for networking, sharing of knowledge and exchanging of ideas for the continuous development of advanced processes and materials. On behalf of the organizing committee, we look forward to your participation in future WEC series.

Best wishes,

Dr. Suraya Binti Abdul Rashid Technical Chairperson

Conference on Advance Processes and Materials

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iii

KEYNOTE SPEAKERS

Professor Dr. Ng Ka Ming is Chief Executive Officer of Nano and

Advanced Materials Institute Ltd. (NAMI), Chair Professor of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, and Director of the Consortium of Chemical Products and Processes at the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology. He has a vast experience in the design, development and commercialization of chemical based products in particular nano and advanced materials. He serves as a consultant, technical advisor and independent non-executive director for various companies and government bodies around the world. At present he is also the Corporate Science and Technology Advisor of Mitsubishi Chemical Corp.

Professor Dr. Yoshihito Shirai is a professor in the Graduate School

of Life Science and Systems Engineering, Department of Biological

Functions and Engineering, Kyushu Institute of Technology (KIT),

Japan and he holds a director position in the Eco-Town Research and

Development Center. In 1980, Yoshihito Shirai received his B.S. in

Agriculture (Food Science and Technology) from the Kyoto

University, Japan. His M.S. and Ph.D. degrees in Agriculture (Food

Science and Technology) were granted by the same university in 1982

and 1988, respectively. His scholarly efforts are devoted to

sustainability, and his published works include several chapters in books and over 100

scholarly articles. He has lectured locally, regionally, nationally, and internationally, and

frequently delivers addresses on waste treatment issues to the general public. He is currently

working in collaboration with Universiti Putra Malaysia and National Institute of Advanced

Industrial Science and Technology, Japan (AIST) for research and development (R&D) in the

field of biomass. This collaborative team, AIST-UPM-KIT R&D team is jointly captained by

Dr. Kinya Sakanishi from AIST, Dean from the Faculty of Biotechnology and Bimolecular

Sciences UPM, Prof. Mohd. Ali Hassan. This research has demonstrated the links between

waste and wealth issues, which has attracted considerable interest both locally and

internationally.

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iv

PLENARY SPEAKERS

Professor Dr. Fazal Ahmad Khalid has extensive experience of industry, teaching and research. His research interests are in the phase transformations, microstructure and properties of automotive and engineering materials, in the interfacial and nanostructures in composites and alloys, development of orthopedic implants and prostheses and Fe base shape memory alloys, in the deformation and mechanical behaviour of tungsten, metallic alloys and composites at high strain rate, and high temperature oxidation behaviour of stainless steels and superalloys and processing of Al-diamond, Al-C60 Cu- CNT nanocomposites and Al-TiO2 mechanically alloyed nanomaterials. Currently he is involved in R&D work related to nanomaterials and consultancy projects related to quality evaluation, and processing, properties and characterization of engineering materials and their application for wind energy and power plants.

Professor Dr. Hanafi Ismail is a professor in the Polymer Division,

School of Materials & Mineral Resources Engineering, Universiti

Sains Malaysia (USM). He is the President of Institute of Materials

Malaysia for the northern region, Life Member of The Electron

Microscopy Society Malaysia, Member of The Plastic and Rubber

Institute of Malaysia and The Malaysian Counselling Association. He

has published over 200 papers of national and international journals,

over 200 papers in conferences/seminars and over 10 books, chapter in

book and magazines/bulletin. His area of research interests includes

Polymer Science and Technology (Rubber, Plastic, Rubber-Rubber Blends, Rubber-Plastic

Blends, Plastic-Plastic Blends, Thermoplastic Elastomer (TPE’s), Polymer Recycling and

Polymer Composites). He also has reviewed over 100 papers for refereed journals. In

addition, Professor Hanafi is a committee member of many society clubs at the university and

is also actively involved in sports. He is the recipient of numerous awards such as the

Khwarizmi International Award (Iran), Islamic Development Bank Merit Scholarship

Programme Award, Japanese Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) Fellowship

(Kyoto), and Sanggar Sanjung (Hall of Fame) Award (USM).

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v

ADVISORY COMMITTEE

International Advisory Committee

Prof. Dr. Yoshihito Shirai (Kyushu Institute of Technology)

Prof. Dr. Paul Luckham (Imperial College London)

Prof. Dr. Milo Shaffer (Imperial College London)

Prof. Dr. Barry Azzopardi (University of Nottingham)

Prof. Dr. Colin Webb (University of Manchester)

Prof. Dr. Gerard Markx (Heriot-Watt University)

Prof. Dr. Fakhru'l Razi Ahmadun (King Saud University) National Advisory Committee

Prof. Dr. Mohd Ali Hassan (Universiti Putra Malaysia) Prof. Dr. Wan Ramli Wan Daud (Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia) Prof. Dr. Abdul Wahab Mohammad (Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia) Prof. Dr. Abdul Latif Ahmad (Universiti Sains Malaysia)

Prof. Dr. Hanafi Ismail (Universiti Sains Malaysia)

Prof. Dr. Ahmad Fauzi Ismail (Universiti Teknologi Malaysia)

Prof. Dr. Nik Meriam (Universiti Malaya)

Assoc. Prof. Dr. Zulkafli Hassan (Universiti Malaysia Pahang) Assoc. Prof. Dr. Chung Lim Law (Nottingham University Malaysia) Assoc. Prof. Dr. Suzana Yusup (Universiti Teknologi Petronas) Assoc. Prof. Dr. Norani Muti Mohamed (Universiti Teknologi Petronas)

Dr. Azmi Idris (AMREC)

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vi

TECHNICAL CONFERENCE COMMITTEE

Chairman:

Dr. Suraya Abdul Rashid (Universiti Putra Malaysia)

Co-Chair:

Associate Professor Dr. Siti Mazlina Mustapa Kamal

(Universiti Putra Malaysia)

Secretary:

Dr. Farah Saleena Taip (Universiti Putra Malaysia)

Co-Secretary: Dr. Norashikin Abdul Aziz (Universiti Putra Malaysia) Publicity Manager: Dr. Chin Nyuk Ling (Universiti Putra Malaysia) Publicity Committee:

Assoc. Prof. Dr. Thomas Choong (Universiti Putra Malaysia) Assoc. Prof. Dr. Robiah Yunus (Universiti Putra Malaysia) Dr. Dayang Radiah Awang Biak (Universiti Putra Malaysia) Dr. Siti Aslina Hussain (Universiti Putra Malaysia)

Dr. Syamsul Rizal Abd Shukor (Universiti Sains Malaysia) Dr. Mohamad Hekarl Uzir (Universiti Sains Malaysia) Dr. Ida Idayu Muhamad (Universiti Teknologi Malaysia) Dr. Hairul Anuar Tajuddin (Universiti Malaya)

Dr. Rozita Yusoff (Universiti Malaya)

Dr. Azura Amid (Universiti Islam Antarabangsa)

Cik Nurdiyana Husin (Universiti Kuala Lumpur Malaysia) En Mohd Ammar Akhir (Universiti Teknologi Mara) Dr. Zaulia Othman (MARDI)

Dr. Chantara Thevy A/P Ratnam (MINT)

Technical Paper Manager: Dr. Rosnita A. Talib (Universiti Putra Malaysia) Co-Manager: Dr. Zurina Zainal Abidin (Universiti Putra Malaysia)

Technical Paper Committee:

Dr. Intan Salwani Ahamad (Universiti Putra Malaysia) Dr. Yus Aniza Yusof (Universiti Putra Malaysia) Dr. Hamdan Mohd Yusof (Universiti Putra Malaysia)

Secretariat:

WEC2010 Secretariat

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vii

Message from Technical Conference Chairperson iv

Keynote Speakers v

Plenary Speakers vi

Advisory Committee vii

Technical Conference Committee viii

Table of Contents ix

No. Titles and Authors 1 CAPM_01

EFFECTS OF COUPLING AGENTS AND FIBRE PRE-TREATMENT ON OIL PALM EMPTY FRUIT BUNCH REINFORCED POLYPROPYLENE COMPOSITES

S. S. Suradi, R. M. Yunus, A. K. Lovely and M. D. H. Beg 1 2 CAPM _02

COMPOSITE FILMS FROM KENAF DERIVED CELLULOSE (KDC) FIBERS AND POLYLACTIC ACID (PLA)

Rahman, S.H.A., Talib, R.A., Abdan, K., Chin, N.L., Yusof, Y.A. and Yunos K.F.M. 6 3 CAPM _03

PERFORMANCE OF FRESH STATE PROPERTIES OF NORMAL AND BLENDED CEMENT CONCRETE CONTAINING USED ENGINE OIL

S.C. Chin, N. Shafiq, M.F. Nuruddin 11

4 CAPM _08

DECOMPOSITION STUDY OF CALCIUM CARBONATE IN COCKLE SHELL

Mustakimah M., Suzana Y., Saikat M. 16

5 CAPM _09

2D NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF FLUID FLOW BEHAVIOUR ON SCALE UP OF OSCILLATORY BAFFLED COLUMN

Wah Keng Sern, Mohd Sobri Takriff, Meor Zainal Meor Talib and Siti Kartom Kamarudin 23 6 CAPM _10

REHYDRATION CAPACITY OF MICROWAVE-VACUUM DRIED PAPAYA

Nurul Asyikin Md Zaki1, Ida Idayu Muhamad 33

7 CAPM _13

MICROWAVE ASSISTED HOT AIR CONVECTIVE DEHYDRATION OF FISH SLICE:

DRYING CHARACTERISTICS, ENERGY ASPECTS AND COLOUR ASSESSMENT

Mohd Rozainee T., Ng P. S. 41

8 CAPM _14

INVESTIGATION ON THE EFFECT OF LUBRICATION TO THE MECHANICAL

PROPERTIES OF GREEN COMPACTS FORMED THROUGH WARM COMPACTION ROUTE

M. M. Rahman, S. S. M. Nor & H. Y. Rahman 47

9 CAPM _15

INVESTIGATION ON THE EFFECT OF CARBON CONTENT TO THE MECHANICAL PROPERTIES AND MICROSTRUCTURE OF GREEN COMPACTS FORMED THROUGH WARM COMPACTION ROUTE

M. M. Rahman, S. S. M. Nor & H. Y. Rahman 54

10 CAPM _20

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF SUGARCANE BAGASSE-FILLED POLY (VINYL CHLORIDE) COMPOSITES

Riza Wirawan, SM Sapuan, Robiah Yunus, Khalina Abdan 61 11 CAPM_31

ENVIRONMENTAL FRIENDLY KENAF CORE POWDER REINFORCED 66

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viii

HIGH DENSITY POLYETHYLENE/SOYA POWDER COMPOSITES A. Hamid Abdullah, H. Ismail, A. Abu Bakar

12 CAPM_34

REMOVAL OF 2, 4-DICHLOROPHENOL FROM AQUEOUS SOLUTION USING AGRICULTURAL BASED ACTIVATED CARBON

F. W. Shaarani, F. Ghafar, R. N. Hakim, B. H. Hameed, A. L. Ahmad 74 13 CAPM_40

FEASIBILITY OF ULTRASONIC WAVES AMPLITUDE COMBINED WITH HEAT FOR ENHANCING MASS TRANSFER DURING OSMOTIC DEHYDRATION OF SEEDLESS GUAVA

Ali Ganjloo, Russly Abdul Rahman, Jamilah Bakar, Azizah Osman, Mandana Bimakr 81 14 CAPM_41

EFFECT OF CO-SOLVENT FLOW RATE ON SUPERCRITICAL CARBON DIOXIDE EXTRACTION OF BIOACTIVE COMPOUNDS FROM SPEARMINT (Mentha spicata L.) LEAVES

Mandana Bimakr , Russly Abdul Rahman, Farah Saleena Taip , Ali Ganjloo , Jinap Selamat ,

Azizah Hamid 88

15 CAPM_42

THERMAL CHARACTERIZATION, TENSILE PROPERTIES AND MORPHOLOGY OF LLDPE/PVA BLENDS THROUGH INSITU CROSSLINKING APPROACH

Razif Nordin, H. Ismail, Z. Ahmad, and A. R. Rashid 93 16 CAPM_44

THREE IN ONE W-BRONZE COMPOSITE DENSIFICATION PROCESS

M. S Kahtan, R. Azmi, Azizan Aziz and Laith M. Jasim 98 17 CAPM_45

THE EFFECTS OF CARBON BLACK/SILICA (CB/SIL) HYBRID FILLERS ON CURE CHARACTERISTICS AND FATIGUE PROPERTIES OF STYRENE BUTADIENE RUBBER/RECYCLED ACRYLONITRILE BUTADIENE RUBBER (SBR/NBRR) COMPOSITES

N.Z. Noriman, H. Ismail, A.A. Rashid 102

18 CAPM_46

SUSCEPTIBILITY OF PROTEIN-BASED LLDPE WITH THE PRESENCE OF PRO- OXIDANT TO NATURAL WEATHERING

S.T. Sam, H. Ismail, Z. Ahmad 110

19 CAPM_47

PROXIMATE ANALYSIS OF RED SEEDLESS AND YELLOW BABY WATERMELON (Citrullus Lanatus)

Rosnah Shamsudin, Yau Ee Wen, Noraziah Muda, Osman Hassan, Noraishah Ibrahim 123 20 CAPM_54

DRYING KINETICS, BIOCHEMCIAL, PHYSICAL APPEARANCE AND RHEOLOGY PROPERTIES OF COMBINED HYBRID HEAT PUMP VACUUM-MICROWAVE DRYING OF CIKU

Chien Hwa Chong, Adam Figiel, Aneta Wojdyło, Chung Lim Law 129 21 CAPM_55

PREPARATIVE ELECTROPHORETIC COLUMN FOR THE PURIFICATION OF INTRACELLULAR GREEN FLUORESCENT PROTEIN FROM INTACT CELLS

Few ne Chew, Wen siang Tan, Tau chuan Ling, Beng ti Tey 139

22 CAPM_57

THE EFFECT OF FILLER AL-5%SI AND AL-5%MG OF POROSITY DISTRIBUTION OF

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ix AA6061 ALUMINIUM ALLOY JOINTS

Muhammad Faizol Ahmad Ibrahim, Aendraa Azhar Abdul Aziz, Azman Jalar, Syarif Junaidi,

Zainudin Kornain, Mohd Nasrizal Rashdi and Muhamad Nubli Zulkifli 143 23 CAPM_58

THEORETICAL STUDY OF THE CORROSION INHIBITION OF SOME BIPYRAZOLIC DERIVATIVES.DFT APPROACH

Nouria Boussalah, Rachid Touzani,Sghir El Kadiri,Said Ghalem

148 24 CAPM_61

EXTRACTION OF VITAMIN E FROM PITHECELLOBIUM JIRINGAN (JACK) PRAIN USING SOXHLET EXTRACTION

H. Manzurudin, A. Nur Husnina, A.H. Arsad, S. H Mohd-Setapar, Mustapa A. N.and C.Y. Mohd

Azizi 152

25 CAPM_62

CHARACTERIZATION OF CLEAN FLUX FOR CHIP ATTACHMENT IN FLIP CHIP PACKAGING

Zainudin Kornain, Azman Jalar, Rozaidi Razid, Ang Ye Cheah, Muhammad Faizol Ahmad

Ibrahim, Aendraa Azhar Abdul Aziz 159

26 CAPM_63

FLOW PROPERTIES OF ACDISOL AND MICROCRYSTALLINE CELLULOSE

Mohd Salleh F.S., Yusof Y.A., Chin N.L. & Anuar M.S. 164 27 CAPM_65

EFFECT OF EPOXIDIZED NATURAL RUBBER ON MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF EPOXY REINFORCED KENAF FIBRE COMPOSITES

M A Abu Bakar, S Ahmad and W Kuntjoro 173

28 CAPM_66

CLONING OF GENE ENCODING YEAST ALCOHOL DEHYDROGENASE 1 (YADH 1) IN Escherichia coli TOP10 FOR FURTHER USE IN BIOCATALYSIS

Mohd Rezuan M Aspar, Rashidah Abdul Rahim, Mohamad Hekarl Uzir 179 29 CAPM_70

COMPRESSION CHARACTERISTICS OF Eucheuma Cottonii POWDER.

Zafirah Zainal Abidin, Yus Aniza Yusof, Chin Nyuk Ling, Suhaila Mohamed 184 30 CAPM_74

HYBRID OF CARBON BLACK AND MULTIWALL CARBON NANOTUBE AS REINFORCING FILLERS IN NATURAL RUBBER NANOCOMPOSITES

A.F. Ramly, H.Ismail, and N. Othman 189

31 CAPM_75

SIZE CONTROLLED SYNTHESIZED OF COBALT NANOPARTICLES VIA A POLYOL METHOD

C.S Khe, A.Azizan, Z. Lockman 197

32 CAPM_79

MIXTURE DESIGN STUDIES OF KITCHEN WASTE FORMULATION FOR COMPOSTING

N. Abdullah and N. L. Chin 206

33 CAPM_80

OZONE GENERATOR PERFORMANCE AND CHARACTERISTICS TOWARDS MILLED RICE

Shah, N.N.A.K, Rahman, R.A., Hashim, D.M., Lin, T.C. 213

34 CAPM_81

PHYSICAL AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF SINTERED STAINLESS STEEL 316L

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x

USING SUPERCRITICAL CARBON DIOXIDE (CO2) DEBINDING TECHNIQUE THROUGH METAL INJECTION MOLDING PROCESS

R. Ibrahim, M. A. Selamat, M. Azmirruddin, M. J. Suleiman, M. M. Diah, N. M. Sarmin, M. Muhamad, R. Awang and S. Muhamad

218 35 CAPM_84

MOLD PREPARATION FOR STIR CASTING OF ALUMINIUM MATRIX COMPOSITE BRAKE ROTOR: A REVIEW

A. A. Adebisi, M. A. Maleque 224

36 CAPM_85

EMULSION LIQUID MEMBRANE EXTRACTION OF RHODAMINE 6G USING BIS (2- ETHYLHEXYL) PHOSPHATE

Norasikin Othman, Erni Zuliana Zulkifli, Siti Nazrah Zailani, Norlisa Mili 231 37 CAPM_86

LONG TERM STABILITY AND REDISPERSIBILITY OF MAGNETORHEOLOGICAL FLUIDe 10>

Mahmud Iskandar Seth A. Rahim, Judith Picken , Asyraf Ismail 238 38 CAPM_87

BIOCOMPATIBILITY OF IN HOUSEβ-TRICALCIUM PHOSPHATE CERAMICS WITH NORMAL HUMAN OSTEOBLAST CELL

Nurshuhada Mohd Nazir, Dasmawati Mohamad, Md. Azman Seeni Mohamad, Nor Shamsuria

Omar, Radzali Othman 243

39 CAPM_89

EFFECT OF COMPATIBILIZER AND ORGANOCLAY ON MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF POLYAMIDE 6/HIGH DENSITY POLYETHYLENE

Suffiyana Akhbar , Mat Uzir Wahid and Nadia Kamarrudin 248 40 CAPM_90

EXFOLIATION-ABILITY AND PROCESSABILITY OF HIGH PERFORMANCE EPOXY/GLASS FIBER/NANOCLAY HYBRID NANOCOMPOSITES

L.N.Chang, W.S.Chow 256

41 CAPM_91

PICS3D SIMULATION OF GaInNAs BROAD AREA EDGE EMITTING LASER:

TEMPERATURE DEPENDENCE OF 1.3- MRANGE GaInNAs LASER DIODE

Farha Maskuriy, Mohd Sharizal Alias, Sufian Mousa Mitani, Nor Azlian Abdul Manaf, Samsiah

Ahmad 261

42 CAPM_92

EDM: SURFACE INTEGRITY OF ASSAB 718HH MACHINED WITH AND WITHOUT VIBRATION

Norliana Mohd Abbas, Aniza Alias, Darius G. Solomon, Mohd. Hamdi Abd. Shukor,

Gunawan Setia Prihandana 269

43 CAPM_93

THERMAL PROPERTIES AND FRACTURE TOUGHNESS OF POLY (LACTIC ACID) (PLA) PLASTICIZED WITH ETHYLENE ACRYLATE COPOLYMER

Zaid Aws Ali, Razaina Mat Taib, Zainal Arifin Mohd. Ishak 278 44 CAPM_94

FIRST PRINCIPLE CALCULATIONS OF STRUCTURAL AND ELECTRONIC PROPERTIES OF GANXAS1-XALLOY

Y. Al-Douri, H. Baaziz, Z. Charifi 282

45 CAPM_95

PARTICLE SHAPE AND SIZE MODIFICATION AND RELATED PROPERTY IMPROVEMENTS FOR INDUSTRIAL COPPER POWDER

Ebrahim Akbarzadeh, Mohsen Khezripour 288

46 CAPM_96

MOBILITY AND EFFICIENCY STUDY OF A POLYMERIC LIGHT-EMITTING DIODE

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xi WITH A BLEND SYSTEM

B. K. Yap, S. P. Koh, S. K. Tiong, C. N. Ong 295

47 CAPM_97

CURRENT-VOLTAGE CHARACTERISTICS WITH Mn DOPING CONCENTRATION DEPENDENCE IN ZnS

Noor Azie Azura Mohd Arif, Mohammad Syuhaimi Ab Rahman, Sahbudin Shaari 302 48 CAPM_102

THE EFFECT OF COATING CONDITION ON THE PERFORMANCE OF THIN FILM COMPOSITE (TFC) MEMBRANE

Faridah Kormin, Ani Idris, Iqbal Ahmed 306

49 CAPM_104

CHARACTERISATIONS OF DODOL PROPERTIES

F. Nasaruddin, N.L. Chin, and Y.A. Yusof 321

50 CAPM_105

EFFECTS OF DIFFERENT OPERATING PARAMETERS IN PAPAYA HALWA DRYING

Lau, F. F., Taip, F. S k 327

51 CAPM_106

THE PERFORMANCE OF SODA LIGNIN EXTRACTED FROM OIL PALM EMPTY FRUIT BUNCH AS CORROSION INHIBITOR OF MILD STEEL

Ebrahim Akbarzadeh, Mohamad Nasir Mohamad Ibrahim, Afidah Abdul Rahim 333 52 CAPM_107

TOOL WEAR MORPHOLOGY AND CHIP SEGMENTATION IN END MILLING TITANIUM ALLOY TI–6AL–4V

Turnad L. Ginta, A.K.M. Nurul Amin 342

53 CAPM_108

DEVELOPMENT OF ETHYLENE VINYL ACETATE/EPOXIDIZED NATURAL RUBBER/CARBON NANOTUBES BLEND.

Norazlina Mohamad Yatim, Faridah Yusof , Chantara Thevy Ratnam, Iis Sopyan 348 54 CAPM_110

CORROSION BEHAVIOUR AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF ELECTROLESS Cu-P- SiC COMPOSITE COATINGS

Soheila Faraji, Afidah Abdul Rahim, Norita Mohamed, Coswald Stephen Sipaut 354 55 CAPM_111

OVERLIMING EFFECTS ON XYLITOL RECOVERY FROM SAGO TRUNK HYDROLYSATE

N.L Mohamad, S.M. Mustapa Kamal, and A.G Liew Abdullah 362 56 CAPM_112

REACTION TEMPERATURE AS THE IMPORTANT FACTOR TO OPTIMIZE THE

SYNTHESIS OF SINGLE WALLED CARBON NANOTUBES USING RESPONSE SURFACE METHODOLOGY

Wei-Wen Liu, Azizan Aziz, Ching-Thian Tye, Abdul Rahman Mohamed 369 57 CAPM_115

COMPARISON OF BIOACTIVITY OF CALCINATED AND NON-CALCINATED

NANOBIOGLASS-TITANIA COMPOSITE COATING ON STAINLESS STEEL SUBSTRATE AND THEIR ADHESION PROPERTIES

Mojtaba Nasr Esfahani, Reza Ebrahimi, Mohammad Saleh Dadash 384 58 CAPM_116

SARA FRACTIONATIONS OF SWEET CRUDE OILS USING HIGH PERFOAMCE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY

N.M. Nor, M.Z. Ahmad, C.M. Sinnathambi, M. Ramasamy 390 59 CAPM_119

STUDY OF NATURAL FIBERS REINFORCED THERMOPLASTIC COMPOSITES AND

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xii

THEIR COMPARATIVE STUDY

A.K. M. M. Alam, M.D.H. Beg, Quazi T. H. Shubhra and Mubark A. Khan 398 60 CAPM_121

CONCEPTUAL STUDY OF A NOVEL SLUG SUPPRESSION AND SEPARATION SYSTEM

Zamir Rashid 403

61 CAPM_122

WATER SOLUBLE LIGHT-EMITTING POLYMERS

C. N. Ong, B. K. Yap, S. P. Koh, S. K. Tiong, S. F. Abdullah 411 62 CAPM_123

WATER ABSORPTION STUDY ON PULTRUDED JUTE/GLASS FIBRE REINFORCED UNSATURATED POLYESTER HYBRID COMPOSITES

Hazizan Md Akil, Hafiz Zamri, Leong Wei Cheng, Azhar Abu Bakar, Zainal Arifin Mohd Ishak 418 63 CAPM_125

WATER ABSORPTION STUDY ON PULTRUDED E-GLASS FIBRE REINFORCED UNSATURATED POLYESTER COMPOSITES

Hazizan Md Akil, M. H. Affzan, Leong Wei Cheng, A. Abu Bakar, Z.A. Mohd Ishak 427 64 CAPM_126

LOW VELOCITY IMPACT RESPONSE ON THERMOPLASTIC HONEYCOMB CORE SANDWICH STRUCTURE WITH ALUMINUM SKIN

Sawal Nurashikin, Md. Akil Hazizan 437

65 CAPM_128

EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON THERMOPLASTIC HONEYCOMB CORE SANDWICH STRUCTURE UNDER IMPACT LOADING

Sawal Nurashikin, Md. Akil Hazizan, A.M. Muhammad Abrar 449 66 CAPM_130

DYNAMIC PERFOMANCE STUDY OF ULTRAFILTRATION MEMBRANE IN THE SEPARATION FATTY ACID FROM GLYCERIN RICH SOLUTION

Shee Keat Mah, C.P. Leo, Siang Piao Chai, Indok Nurul Hasyima Mohd Amin, Abdul Wahab

Mohammad 461

67 CAPM_135

TURNING PERFORMANCE OF TiAlN COATED INSERT

R.J. Talib, M. A. Haryati, M. S. Asri, A. Zakuan 470 68 CAPM_141

MANUFACTURING AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF TITANIUM CARBIDE PARTICULATE REINFORCED ALUMINIUM-11.8% SILICON ALLOY MATRIX COMPOSITE CASTINGS

Sayuti, M, Sulaiman, S, Vijayaram, T.R, B.T.H.T. Baharudin, Arifin, M.K.A and Suraya, S 475 69 CAPM_142

FOULING AND CLEANING OF PLATE HEAT EXCHANGER AFTER PASTEURIZATION OF PINK GUAVA JUICE

Ong Cng Chin An, Norashikin Ab. Aziz, Farah Saleena Taip, Mohd. Nordin Ibrahim 481 70 CAPM_144

FINISH-PRODUCT APPEARANCE AND COLOUR AS WELL AS SENSORY ASSESSMENT ON COLOUR OF DEHYDRATED FRUITS

Chien Hwa Chong, Adam Figiel, Chung Lim Law 487

71 CAPM_146

ACID HYDROLYSIS CONDITIONS OF SAGO STARCH FOR YOGURT PREPARATION

M.K. Siti Mazlina, Soh J. Y., M.S. Intan Shaidatul Shima, A.G. Liew Abdullah and M. Noraziah 497 72 CAPM_147

RESIDENCE TIME DISTRIBUTION OF TAPIOCA STARCH-POLY(LACTIC ACID)-

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xiii CLOISITE 10A NANOCOMPOSITE FOAMS IN AN EXTRUDER

S. Y. Lee 506

73 CETE_02

EFFECT OF PHYSICO-CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF SILVER INDUCED Iota-carrageenan FROM Eucheum denticulatum

Reddy Prasad, Duduku Krishnaiah, Awang Bono, Chin Sim Yee, Rosli bin Mohd Yunus,

Ramesh 511

74 CETE_03

OPTIMIZATION OF POLYSULFONE/POLY(VINYL ALCOHOL) MEMBRANES INCORPORATED WITH SILICON DIOXIDE NANOPARTICLES

Law Yong NG, Abdul Wahab MOHAMMAD 518

75 CETE_06

PRESSURE REDUCTION ON BLOOD FLOW IN AORTA CORONARY SINUS CONDUIT Siti Aslina Hussain, Tan Hong Tat, Mohd Ismail Abdul Hamid, Norhafizah Abdullah, Azni Idris 526 76 CETE_10

SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF POLYANILINE-BASED NANOPARTICLES Nor Faizah RAZALI, Abdul Wahab MOHAMMAD, Javed ALAM 531 77 CETE_16

A PRELIMINARY STUDY: A COMPARISON BETWEEN WHEAT GERM AND YEAST PEPTONE DEXTROSE (YPD) MEDIA IN BIOETHANOL PRODUCTION

Atikah Abu Bakar, Miradatul Najwa bt Muhd Rodhi, Mohibah Musa, Juferi Idris & Prof Dr Ku

Halim Ku Hamid 537

78 CETE_44

SIMULATION MODEL FOR FRESH FRUIT BUNCHES MATURITY PREDICTION

Wan Ishak Wan Ismail, Mohd. Hudzari Razali 543

79 CETE_45

OPTICAL PROPERTIES FOR REAL TIME OIL PALM FRUIT MATURITY PREDICTION Mohd. Hudzari Razali, Wan Ishak Wan Ismail, Abd. Rahman Ramli,

Md. Nasir Sulaiman and Mohd. Haniff Harun 554

80 CETE_58

USING PDA AS A PORTABLE OIL PALM MATURITY PREDICTION DEVICE

Nader Kavandi, Prof Wan Ishak Wan Ismail 570

81 CETE_60

THE EFFECT OF VARIOUS CHEMICAL ACTIVATORS ON POZZOLANIC REACTIVITY:

A REVIEW

A. Asiah, Y. H. Taufiq-Yap, M. S. Jaafar, J. Noorzaei, A. Alhozaimy and A. Al-Negheimish 575 82 CETE_81

COMPARISON OF ELECTRODE CONFIGURATION OF A WIRE CLOTH FOR DIELECTROPHORESIS APPLICATION

Zurina Z. Abidin, Fadhila Nadzri, Thomas Choong S.Y., Robiah Yunus, Jamil Salleh 589 83 CETE_84

SEPARATION OF CRUDE OIL EMULSION VIA MICROWAVE HEATING TECHNOLOGY

S. Nuurul Huda and Abdurahman H.Nour 597

84 CETE_85

OPTIMUM CONCENTRATION OF POLYETHYLENIMINE FOR IMMOBILIZATION OF BACTERIA ON WIRE CLOTH ELECTRODE

Norhafizah Hafifudin, Zurina Zainal Abidin and Jamil Salleh 604

85 CETE_98

EFFECT OF SOLID SOLUTION TREATMENT ON SEMISOLID MICROSTRUCTURE OF

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xiv

Zn-22Al ALLOY

M.A.M. Arif, M.Z. Omar and N. Muhamad 611

86 CAPM_04

MODEL AND EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF REACTIVE SPUTTERING PROCESS IN DEPOSITION OF TiAlN COATING

B. Esmar, M. Mohd. Razali, Y. Saifudin Hafiz, A.R. Md. Nizam 617 87 CAPM_05

COMPARATIVE STUDY ON ALUMINIUM ALLOY AND CARBON FIBER REINFORCED POLYMER (CFRP) FOR MILITARY BRIDGES

Agusril, Norazman Mohamad Nor 618

88 CAPM_19

STUDIES ON THE DYNAMIC MECHANICAL AND THERMAL ANALYSIS OF SHORT SUGAR PALM FIBRE REINFORCED HIGH IMPACT

POLYSTYRENE COMPOSITES

D. Bachtiar, S.M. Sapuan, E.S. Zainudin, A. Khalina, and K.Z.M. Dahlan 619 89 CAPM_21

Melt Production and Antimicrobial efficiency of Low Density Polyethylene(LDPE)-Silver Nanocomposite as An Active polymer

Maryam Jokar , Russly Abdul Rahman ,Nor Azowa Ibrahim , Chin Ping Tan Luqman Chuah

Abdullah 620

90 CAPM_35

STUDY OF WASTE COOKING OIL BIO-POLYMER COMPOSITES (TOP) AS SURFACE COATING ON LIGHTWEIGHT ROOF TILE (LRT)

Anika Zafiah M. Rus, Noraini binti Marsi 621

91 CAPM_39

STUDY ON TRIBOLOGY PROPERTIES OF RAIL TRACK MATERIAL USING TRIBOMETER

M. Bin Sudin, Windarta, Khairul Fuad 622

92 CAPM_43

DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF HOT WIRE-PROBE BEAM DISPLACEMENT FOR CHROMIUM (Cr) NANOFLUID IN ETHYLENE GLYCOL

W. Mahmood Mat Yunus, Faris Mohammed Ali 623

93 CAPM_51

THE EFFECT OF NATURAL WASTE MATERIALS AS SOUND ABSORPTION APPLICATIONS BASED ON WASTE OIL POLYMER

Anika Zafiah M. Rus, Nurulsaidatulsyida Sulong 624

94 CAPM_59

FABRICATION AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF RECYCLED HEMP FIBER COMPOSITE

Saad A. Mutasher, Rata S. P. Muda 625

95 CAPM_67

EFFECTS OF CATALYTIC PARTICLES MASS ON FLUIDIZED BED CHEMICAL VAPOR DEPOSITION SYNTHESIS OF CARBON NANOTUBES

Firoozeh Danafar, Fakhru’l Razi Ahmadun, Dayang Radiah Awang biak, Mohd amran mohd

Salleh 626

96 CAPM_68

ANODISATION OF TITANIUM AND TUNGSTEN IN VISCOUS FLUORINE CONTAINED BATH FOR THE FORMATION OF NANOTUBULAR ANODIC OXIDE

Zainovia Lockman, Syahriza Ismail 627

97 CAPM_82

DYNAMIC OPTIMIZATION FOR CONTROLLER TUNING WITH EMBEDDED SAFETY

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xv AND RESPONSE QUALITY MEASURES

I.S. Ahamad, T.S.Y. Choong, R. Yunus, T.G. Chuah and V.S. Vassiliadis 628 98 CAPM_83

DEVELOPMENT OF ALUMINA REINFORCE METAL MATRIX COMPOSITE WITH NANO SIZED PARTICLES ADDITION

Jamaliah Md Said, Mohamad Nor Berhan and Mohd Asri Selamat 629 99 CAPM_101

PRELIMINARY STUDY: PEROXIDE RADICAL ASSISTED FUNCTIONALIZATION ON MULTIWALL CARBON NANOTUBES SURFACE.

Junidah Abdul Shukor, Azizan Aziz

630 100 CAPM_109

USE OF RHEOLOGICAL MODEL TO STUDY THE FORMATION OF VERTICAL DENSITY PROFILE IN MEDIUM DENSITY FIREBOARD

Arun Gupta, Zulkafali Bin Hassan and Ritu Gupta 631 101 CAPM_113

EFFECT OF BIS-GMA MONOMER RATIOS ON THE PROPERTIES OF CONVENTIONAL DENTAL COMPOSITE RESTORATION

Saad Omar Alsharif, Zainal Arifin Mohd Ishak, Azlan bin Ariffin 632 102 CAPM_114

EFFECT OF STRAIN-COMPENSATING AND STRAIN-MEDIATING LAYER ON GaInNAs QUANTUM WELL LASERS

Nor Azlian Abdul Manaf, Mohd Sharizal Alias, Sufian Mousa Mitani 633 103 CAPM_117

BENDING AND COMPRESSION PROPERTIES OF POLYPROPYLENE PLASTIC COMPOSITE FROM SEMANTAN BAMBOO (Gigantochloa Scortechinii)

Juliana, A.Mansur

634 104 CAPM_129

PERFORMANCE OF TiCN PVD COATED CUTTING TOOLS

F. Razlai, M.F. Fazira, S. Istikamah, R.J. Talib 635 105 CAPM_131

DRILLING HOLES IN HYBRID FIBER COMPOSITES

Faiz Ahmad, M.Azuwan Mansoir , Puteri Sri Melor Magat Yussoff and Farah Ainie Ahmad 636 106 CAPM_132

TiAlN PVD COATINGS FOR HIGH SPEED MACHINING APPLICATIONS

M.F. Fazira, F. Razlai, S. Istikamah, R.J. Talib 637 107 CAPM_137

DETERMINATION OF HEAT TRANSFER COEFFICIENTS IN HEAT EXCHANGERS BY GENETIC ALGORITHM

Tan Boon Tat, Vijay R Raghavan 638

108 CAPM_138

THE EFFECT OF THERMAL EXPANSION PROPERTIES OF PULTRUDED KENAF FIBER REINFORCED POLYESTER COMPOSITES AFTER EXPOSURE TO SEVERAL

ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS

Norlin Nosbi , Hazizan Md Akil, Z.A. Mohd Ishak, A. Abu Bakar 639 109 CAPM_140

THE EFFECT OF CARBON BLACK STRUCTURES ON THE RUBBER VULCANIZATES Mohd Bijarimi, Zulkafli H., M.D.H. Beg, Azemi Samsuri 640

110 CAPM_141

MANUFACTURING AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF TITANIUM CARBIDE

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xvi

PARTICULATE REINFORCED ALUMINIUM-11.8% SILICON ALLOY MATRIX COMPOSITE CASTINGS

Sayuti, M, Sulaiman, S, Vijayaram, T.R, B.T.H.T. Baharudin, Arifin, M.K.A and Suraya, S 641 111 CAPM_143

CONJUGATION OF POLYAMIDOAMINE-METHOTREXATE USING GLUTARIC ACID AS SPACER FOR POTENTIAL DRUG DELIVERY APPLICATION

Norhidayah Abu, Siti Farhana Hisham, Siti Noorzidah Mohd Sabri, Azreena Mastor, Mas

Rosemal Hakim Mas Haris, Kartini Noorsal 642

112 CAPM_145

STUDY ON THE ANTIBACTERIAL PROPERTIES OF CHITOSAN-SILVER COMPOSITE AGAINST STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS ATCC 25923

Siti Farhana Hisham, Azreena Mastor, Fatimah Suhaily Abdul Rahman, Nor Shahidah Kader

Bashah, Neelam Shahab, Ismail Zainol and Kartini Noorsal 643 113 CAPM_150

AN in situ TEM INVESTIGATION OF SPUTTER-DEPOSITED Ni0.8Al0.2ALLOY THIN FILMS

T.J.S. Anand, H.P. Ng and A.H.W. Ngan 644

114 CBIT_55

THE EFFECT OF VOLUME FRACTION ON THE MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF PULTRUDED JUTE FIBER REINFORCED UNSATURATED POLYESTER (PJFRC) Sahnizam Safiee, Hazizan Md Akil, Adlan Akram Mohammad Mazuki, Zainal Ariffin Mohd

Ishak, Azhar Abu Bakar 645

115 CETE_40

PREPARATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF FERRIC OXIDE NANOPARTICLES

Mostafa Ghasemi, Abdul Wahab Mohammad, Manal Ismail, Javed Alam 646 116 CAPM_120

SONOCHEMICAL SYNTHESIS OF AMORPHOUS Fe2O3NANOPARTICLES FROM FeCl3

N. M. Yusof, N. A. Abes, A. K. Masrom 647

117 CAPM 60

MULTI-WALLED CARBON NANOTUBES SYNTHESISED USING LAYERED DOUBLE HYDROXIDE AS CATALYST PRECURSOR

Mohd Zobir Hussein, Adila Mohamad Jaafar, Asmah Hj. Yahaya and Zulkarnain Zainal

648

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World Engineering Congress 2010, 2^nd – 5^th August 2010, Kuching, Sarawak, Malaysia Conference on Advanced Processes and Materials

475 CAPM141

MANUFACTURING AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF TITANIUM CARBIDE PARTICULATE REINFORCED ALUMINIUM-11.8% SILICON ALLOY MATRIX

COMPOSITE CASTINGS

Sayuti, M¹, Sulaiman, S¹, Vijayaram, T.R², B.T.H.T. Baharudin¹, Arifin, M.K.A¹ and Suraya, S¹

1

Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia;

Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Faculty of Engineering,

2

Ema

Faculty of Manufacturing Engineering, Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka, Durian Tunggal, 76109 Melaka, Malaysia

ABSTRACT

This research paper discusses on the manufacturing and mechanical properties of titanium carbide particulate reinforced aluminium-11.8% silicon alloy castings. The composite castings in the form of slab containing 0.2, 0.6, 1, and 2% weight fraction of particulate equally reinforced LM6 alloy are made by sand casting process.

The results shows that tensile strength and hardness of the composites increased with increasing of titanium carbide particulate content in the matrix. Fracture surface analysis and interfacial bonding characterization has been performed to study the failure and hence to predict the presence of any interfacial reaction products formed between the particulates and the matrix.

Keywords: titanium carbide particulate, composite castings, mechanical properties, manufacturing.

INTRODUCTION

Particulate reinforced composites, often called as discontinuously reinforced metal matrix composites are new advanced materials. Hybrid composites are usually used when a combination of properties of different types of particulates wants to be achieved, or when longitudinal as well as lateral mechanical performances are required [1]. Aluminium oxide and silicon carbide reinforced aluminum alloy matrix composites are applied in the automotive and aircraft industries as engine pistons and cylinder heads, where the tribological properties of these materials are considered important. Therefore, the development of aluminum matrix composites is receiving considerable emphasis in meeting the requirements of various industries. Metal matrix composites are materials that are attractive for a large range of engineering applications. It has also reduced the thermal insulation requirements because of its lower thermal conductivity. Precision components in the missile guidance systems demands dimensional stability and the geometries of the components cannot change during usage [2].

Today’s search is for composite materials with ever-higher service characteristics such as wear and heat resistance, high- temperature strength, antifriction, and cutting properties [3]. Different shapes of particulates are reinforced in the matrix alloy and they are characterized as acicular, irregular rod like, flake, dendritic, spherical, rounded, irregular, angular, sub angular, fibrous, granular, lamellar, nodular, crystalline and porous type.

Particle shape has a major influence on processing characteristics. The shape is usually described in terms of the aspect ratio or shape factor [4]. Aspect ratio is the ratio of the largest dimension to the smallest dimension of the particle. This ratio ranges from unity, for a spherical particle to about 10 for flake like or needle like particles.

Shape factor or shape index of the particulate is a measure of the ratio of the surface area of the particle to its volume, normalized by reference to a spherical particle of equivalent volume [4, 5]. The size distribution of particulates is an important consideration, because its affects the processing characteristics of the powder.

Normally the fibres have a definite aspect ratio, which is defined by Length/Diameter ratio.

Composite materials have found increasingly wider applications in aircraft, space vehicles, offshore structures, piping, electronic, automobiles, boats and sporting good. On a weight adjusted basis, many aluminium and aluminium alloy based composite materials can outperform the conventional ferrous and non-ferrous materials like cast iron, steel, aluminum, magnesium and virtually any other reinforced metal or alloy in a wide variety of applications [6,7]. Hence, probably, metal matrix composites will replace the conventional materials in many commercial and industrial applications in the near future. Special interest on particulate-reinforced metal matrix composites is due to the several merits offered by them.

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The interface between the matrix and the reinforcement plays an important role for deciding and explaining the toughening mechanism in the metal matrix composites. The interface between the matrix and the reinforcement should be organized in such a way that the bond in between the interface and the matrix should not be either strong or weak. While the load is acting on the composite, it has been distributed to the matrix and the reinforcement phase through the matrix interface. The reinforcement is effective in strengthening the matrix only if a strong interfacial bond exists between them [

8

]. The interfacial properties also influence the resistance to crack propagation in a composite and therefore its fracture toughness. The two most important energy- absorbing failure mechanisms in a composite are debonding and particle pull out at the particle matrix interface.

If the interface between the matrix and reinforcement debonds, then the crack propagation is interrupted by the debonding process and instead of moving through the particle, the crack move along the particle surface allowing the particle to carry higher load.

MATERIALS AND METHODS MATERIAL SELECTION

The materials selected in this research work are aluminium-11.8% silicon alloy containing 85.99% of aluminium, 11-13% of silicon for the matrix and titanium carbide as a particulate reinforcement phase. For preparing the composite, aluminium-11.8% silicon alloy is used because it has excellent castability and fluidity.

Titanium carbide is used as second phase reinforcement in the alloy matrix with different percentages added on it by weight fraction basis.

METHOD

Titanium Carbide Particulate Reinforced LM6 Alloy Composite Preparation

Only one type of pattern is used in this research work and the procedure for making the pattern involves the preparation of drawing, selection of pattern material, and making the mold. Carbon dioxide moulding process was used to prepare the specimens as per the standard moulding procedure. Titanium carbide-particulate reinforced MMCs were fabricated by sand casting technique. Four different weight fractions of TiC particle in the range from 0.2%, 0.6%, 1%, 2% were added in the matrix. An induction melting furnace was used to melt the aluminium alloy at 800⁰C and TiC was mixed in it after the alloy attains the liquid state. The main concern was to maintain the temperature while transferring the molten metal to the mould and hence to ensure the quality of the cast product. The metal handling equipment used to transfer the molten metal also depends on the mould size and quality of cast being cast. Figure 1 and 2 shows the casting processing steps.

Tensile Test

Tensile test specimens were made as per ASTM standards; B557 M-94 specifications as shown in Figure 3.

Fracture surface analysis by using SEM was conducted after tensile testing. Tensile tests were carried out by using a universal testing machine to determine the tensile properties of the material such as ultimate tensile strength.

Figure 1. Casting process Figure 2. Composite casting with runner system

Figure 3. Specimens after removed from the runner system

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477 Hardness measurement

The hardness testing was done on a Rockwell Hardness Tester. The hardness of composites were tested by using MITUTOYO ATK-600 MODEL hardness testing machine. For each sample, ten hardness readings were taken randomly from surface of the samples. Hardness values of different types of the processed composites are determined for different weight fraction % of titanium carbide particulate containing aluminium-11.8% silicon alloy and graphs are plotted between the hardness value and the corresponding type of particulate addition on weight fraction basis.

Metallography

Metallography is the study of internal physical structure in metals and alloys. The surface of metallographic samples of the composites is prepared in accordance with standard procedures used for metallographic analysis.

This involved coarse polishing of the samples using 300, 600 and 1000-grit silicon carbide impregnated emery paper followed by fine polishing using 0.05µm colloidal silica as the lubricant. The as-cast composite samples were etched with Keller’s reagent containing 95% distilled water, 1.5ml hydrochloric acid, 1.5% hydrofluoric acid and 2.5% nitric acid. It is used to reveal the phases present in the composites. The specimens are shown in Figure 4 and the polishing machine is also shown in Figure 5.

Figure 4. Specimens after mounting Figure 5. Polishing process

With the aid of a metallurgical microscope, investigation has been performed. The sample of size 10mm x 10mm was cut from each specimen after tensile testing to fit in the specimen chamber for Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) test. SEM was used to study the fracture surface of the reinforced LM6 alloy composites.

The SEM test is performed by the HITACHI S-3400N variable pressure microscope with Inca 300 Energy Dispersive X-ray (EDX). The fracture surfaces of the tensile tested samples are observed at higher magnifications to characterize the features of the failure and the type of failure. Then further studies on the interphase and bonding are performed to observe the formation of any interfacial reaction products and hence to predict the type of bonding between the particulate surface and the matrix surface.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Results and data are obtained from the tested samples taken from the titanium carbide reinforced LM6 alloy slab composite castings made in sand molds. The values are reported for the mechanical properties, hardness and microstructural features of titanium carbide particulate distribution for each weight fraction percentage addition to the LM6 alloy matrix are explained. In this section, the above mentioned composites are analyzed and the results are presented in the corresponding graphs that are shown in Figure-6 and Figure-7.

Tensile Test

The tensile strength of titanium carbide particulate composites are determined. The tensile strength of 2% and 0.2% weight fraction of the above combined particulate composite is 135.8325 MPa and 116.0743 MPa respectively. From this, it is clear that the tensile strength value increase with the increase on the weight fraction

% of titanium carbide in the alloy matrix. The tensile strength value decreased gradually when above combination of particulate weight fraction addition of LM6 alloy matrix is increased and it is shown in the graph as Figure 6.

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Figure 6. Average tensile strength versus weight fraction of TiC

Hardness measurement

Data on the hardness of combined particulate reinforced composites made in sand mold is analyzed. It is found that the hardness value increases gradually with the increased addition % by weight and it is shown below in the graph as Figure 6. The maximum hardness value based Rockwell superficial 15N-S scale is 85.88 for 2% weight fraction addition.

Figure. 7 Average hardness Rockwell versus weight fraction of TiC

Based on the above figure, variation in hardness value of the composites corresponding to the variation in weight fraction of titanium carbide particulate can be known. It is clear in this figure that the hardness value of the processed composites increases with the increase in addition of titanium carbide particulate by weight fraction %.

Metallography of titanium carbide particulate reinforced LM6 alloy composites

The samples are viewed at different magnifications and photomicrographs are captured to predict the confirmation of the presence of the particulates in the alloy matrix. Then, it is further studied to identify the particulate distribution. From the in-depth research on this, it is confirmed the presence and distribution of embedded particulates in the matrix is uniform. The alloy matrix grains are finer and the bonding between particulate surface and the matrix material is satisfactory. It is found that, the morphological distribution of combined particulate for every weight fraction % addition increases. In this section, a number of captured photomicrographs are shown in the Figure-8 to 12 for better understanding.

115 120 125 130 135 140

0 0,5 1 1,5 2 2,5

wt % of TiC

Tensile strength (MPa)

76 78 80 82 84 86 88

0 0,2 0,6 1 2

w t % of TiC

HR

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Figure 8. Microstructure of LM6 alloy magnified at 100x

Figure 9. Microstructure of composite with 0.2% wt of TiC

(100x)

Figure 10. Microstructure of composite with 0.6% wt of TiC

(100x)

Figure 11. Microstructure of composite with 1% wt of TiC

(100x)

Figure 12. Microstructure of composite with 2% wt of TiC

(100x)

Fracture surface investigation of composite samples is performed by using HITACHI S-3400N variable pressure microscope with Inca 300 Energy Dispersive X-ray (EDX). By using it, fracture surfaces of the tensile tested samples are observed at higher magnifications to characterize the type of failure. Then, studies on the interphase and bonding are performed to observe the formation of interfacial reaction products and to predict the type of bonding between the particulate surface and the matrix surface. The examined fracture surface of an LM6 matrix composite surfaces exhibit a brittle cleavage fracture mechanism. The fracture surface of the grain refined composite showed broken Aluminium and TiC particles (Figure 13 to Figure-17) and well-attached particles within the dimples, indicating rather good interface cohesion between matrix and reinforcing particles.

Fractography

Figure 13. Fractograph of LM6 at 300X magnification

Figure 14. Fractograph of 0.2% TiC particulate at 300X

Figure 15. Fractograph of 0.6% TiC particulate at 300X

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Figure 16. Fractograph of 1% TiC particulate at 300X

Figure 17. Fractograph of 2% TiC particulate at 300X

The above displayed fractographs are the fracture surfaces of titanium carbide particulate composites after tensile testing. The failure mechanism consists of titanium carbide particulate cleavage, interfacial decohesion, and cleavage of the aluminium-silicon alloy matrix. The addition of titanium carbide toughens the matrix, the crack propagates by the toughening mechanism by the deflection of crack, and it is supported from the literature citation [9].

CONCLUSIONS

The split tensile strength and hardness values increased gradually as the TiC content in the composite increased from 0.2%, 0.6, 1% and to 2% by percentage weight fraction. The tensile behavior of the processed composite had a strong dependence on the weight fraction addition of the second phase reinforcement particulate on the alloy matrix. The reason for this tensile behavior is due to the dominating nature of the compressive strength of the TiC particulate reinforced in the LM6 alloy matrix. Particle cracking of the reinforcement particulate was seen on both MMC fracture faces under tensile test, implying that there is sufficient interfacial bonding between the reinforcement particles and LM6 alloy matrix.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The authors would like to express their deep gratitude and sincere thanks to the department of Mechanical and Manufacturing and Aerospace Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia for their help to complete this work.

REFERENCES

[1] Doru, Michael, Stefanescu, 1993. Issues in liquid processing of particulate metal matrix composites, Key Engineering Materials; 79-80:75-90.

[2] Donald F Adams, Leif A. Carlson, R Byron Pipes. 2003. Experimental characterization of advanced composite materials, 3rd edition, CRC Press LLC, Florida, USA.

[3] Froes, F.H., 1989. Aerospace Materials for the Twenty-First Century, Materials & Design. 10(3):110-120.

[4] Arthur E, and Hawkins, 1993. The shape of powder-particle outlines, Materials Science and Technology series, Research Studies Press Ltd, England, UK.

[5] F.L.Matthew and R.D.Rawlings, Composite Material; Engineering and Science, Imperial College of Science, UK; 1999.

[6] Murray G.T., Handbook of materials selection for engineering applications, Marcel Dekker Inc, USA;

1997.

[7] Ivana K Patridge, 1989. Advanced composites, Elsevier applied science, Elsevier Science Publishers Ltd, England, UK.

[8] John W.Weeton, Dean M.Peters, Karyn L.Thomas. 1988. Engineers’ Guide to Composite Materials, American Society for Metals, Metals Park, Ohio 44073, USA.

[9] Kennedy A.R and Wyatt, S.M,. 200. Characterising particle-matrix interfacial bonding in particulate Al-TiC MMCs produced by different methods, Composites: Part A: Applied science and Manufacturing, 32 pp.555-559.