Mapping the Reproductive Support Capacity of Beef Cattle as an Effort to Intensify Rearing in the Baluran National Park Area
Achadiah Rachmawati*1), Rositawati Indrati2), Anie Eka Kusumasti3), Mas Ayu Ambayoen4), Siti Azizah3) and Leni Sri Pangesti1)
1) Deparment of Animal Reproduction and Breeding, Faculty of Animal Science, Universitas Brawijaya, Jalan Veteran, Malang-65145, Indonesia
2) Deparment of Animal Production, Faculty of Animal Science, Universitas Brawijaya, Jalan Veteran, Malang-65145, Indonesia
3) Department of Livestock Socioeconomic, Faculty of Animal Science, Universitas Brawijaya, Jalan Veteran, Malang-65145, Indonesia
4) Department of Agriculture, Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Brawijaya, Jalan Veteran, Malang-65145, Indonesia
Submitted: 29 March 2023, Accepted: 21 August 2023
ABSTRACT: Since the 1960s, or for four generations, farmers who live close to Baluran National Park have been grazing or raising beef cattle extensively illegally. Since there is not enough forage for beef cattle, their presence in the Baluran National Park area interferes with the preservation of wildlife. This is brought on by the shortage of forage. Farmers continue to use the traditional rearing method, which was self-taught and is not supported by systematic recording. As a result, there is a high risk of inbreeding, difficult calving, and disease contracting, particularly in cases of cattle collapses and outbreaks of FMD in even hoofed animals like cows. The absence of livestock extension staff in the region contributes to farmers' lack of understanding about reproduction, particularly estrus detection and illness prevention.
The Animal Husbandry and Fisheries Service, Situbondo Regency, and the Community and Livestock Research Group (CLRG) Team of the Faculty of Animal Science, Universitas Brawijaya, Malang, have worked together to aid in the form of Indigofera sp. seeds as forage for animal feed, forage processing technology into silage, the concept of communal pens (groups) for farmers, and facilitate the formation of the Lembu Brawijaya. Direct observation of beef cattle and interviews with farmers and Baluran National Park personnel will be the research methods employed in the project. The outcomes of this study can serve as a guide for figuring out the best course of action for increasing livestock productivity and intensive rearing.
It is also expected that cattle will not grazed in the Baluran National Park area and restore its function as a biosphere conservation area. Farmers can monitor their cattle better when they raise them intensively, which is supported by systematic recording and disease prevention.
Keywords: Beef cattle; Wild grazing; Reproduction; Disease; Biosphere reserve
*Corresponding Author: [email protected]
INTRODUCTION
One of the Indonesian territory's animal conservation sites is Baluran National Park. National Parks are one of the natural resources that offer hope for securing the continuation of human life in the present and the future since they are protected zones with a variety of flora and wildlife (PHKA, 2008). The 25,000-ha size of the Baluran National Park is officially fourth in the Decree of the Minister of Forestry No. 279 of 1997. Based on the Decree of the Director General of PKA Number 187 of 1999, the area of Baluran National Park is divided into several zones consisting of a core zone of 12,000 ha, a jungle zone of 5,537 ha (waters of 1,063 ha and land of 4,574 ha), an intensive utilization zone of 800 ha, a special utilization zone of 5,780 ha, and a rehabilitation zone of 783 ha. Agung and Marsono (2013) discovered that the core zone and study zone differ in size by 965.1 ha, the jungle zone differs by 762.79 ha, the other zones differ by 1,727.45 ha, the zoning area differs because the Baluran National Park manager is interested in meeting the needs of the local community, and there are differences in data analysis and zoning determination methods.
Based on information from Baluran (2014) and Teguh, et al. (2019), it was reported that forest threats and disturbances in Baluran National Park, including forest fires, land clearing activities for agriculture, timber theft, and illegal grazing, are the most significant problems in the 3,450 ha Karangtekok, Labuhan Merak, and Balanan areas, with Ongole cross bred or Peranakan Ongole (PO) cattle and goats accounting for an average of 1,447 heads of livestock every day. This may disturb Baluran National Park's native wildlife, including bulls (Bos javanicus), wild buffalo (Bubalus bubalis), deer (Cervus timorensis), antelopes (Muntiacus muntjak), and carnivorous species like ajags (Cuon alpinus) and leopards (Panthera pardus) while they are out hunting.
The community engages in substantial and semi-extensive livestock rearing,
specifically by releasing animals into grazing fields as a source of feed to meet the demands of cattle. Grazing fields should ideally be planted with fodder forage in an extensive and semi-extensive rearing system, however the Baluran National Park portion of grazing land is in the conservation zone. In Baluran National Park, extensive rearing is feared to have negative effects on conservation, including feed competition between cows and wildlife living in conservation areas, disruption of wildlife due to grazing livestock in the area, compaction of soil structures, transmission of dangerous diseases from livestock to wildlife in the area, and water pollution because livestock pens are situated along the coast without waste treatment, which can have a negative impact on conservation (Marta, 2016).
Azizah and Kawendar (2020) added that the negative impacts caused by wild grazing are as follows: (1) Social impacts cause conflicts arising between pastoralists and managers of Baluran National Park, (2) Economic impacts, conservation areas can be damaged by the presence of livestock that eat plants in conservation areas, this is the residents who benefit, because they are not obliged to consider the cost of feed for livestock grazed in conservation areas, while Baluran National Park suffers losses, such as damage to conservation areas (3) Ecological impacts, impacts caused by wild grazing activities, such as fragmentation of wild animal habitats, soil turns into dense, threatens the authenticity of wild cattle as nutfah plasma and threatens natural vegetation.
Baluran National Park conservation efforts would suffer if wild grazing was permitted in the protected zone. It is possible to lessen the detrimental effects on the preservation of Baluran National Park by implementing intensive raising programs in the farming community. Using the intensive raising strategy, livestock breeding and all of the demands of the animals in the pen are met. The program's likelihood of success can be impacted by breeders' involvement in the intended intensification effort. The success
of activities is largely determined by the accuracy of planning, the institutional readiness of the community, as well as the support of local governments. Community readiness assessment is a basic step in compiling several actions to take several steps or approaches that are in accordance with the socioeconomic aspects of the community. Readiness is a whole condition of a person or individual that makes it ready to give a response or answer in a certain way to the situation and conditions faced (Kurniati et al., 2014).
One of the reasons is there are no records of livestock rearing operations, particularly reproductive history and diseases that affect cows, is because of the cattle grazing activities in Baluran National Park. The possibility of cow inbreeding is made possible by this situation. Only 2% of farmers utilize artificial insemination (AI), the majority preferring natural mating. The large raising system, which makes AI applications challenging and cows propensity for wild behavior, has an impact on this as well. The only known symptoms of illnesses that frequently affect beef cows are cows collapsing while grazing. Based on information from the head of the livestock group in Karangtekok Hamlet, Sumberwaru Village, high cases of dystocia, low birth weight of calves and newborn calves preyed upon by wild animals are farmers' complaints.
The cows that are about to give birth go to the forest, making it difficult for farmers to supervise their cows. The incident of cows that collapse when grazed is also a complaint from farmers which results in losses from the farmer's business. The collapse of a cow leading to death is not yet known for certain.
MATERIAL AND METHOD Materials
The sample for this study consisted of two hundred beef cows that belonged to farmers and members of the Lembu Brawijaya Farmers Group and were grazed near the Baluran National Park.
Methods
Interviews with farmers and direct observation of cows were used in this study's observational methodology. To create a complete picture, descriptive research concentrates intently on one thing and examines it as a case (Nazir 2003). Both primary and secondary sources of data were employed to create the study's data.
Using a structured questionnaire, primary information was gathered from interviews with beef cattle farmers in Sumberwaru Village, Banyuputih District (including members of the Lembu Brawijaya farmers organization), animal health officers, and the head of Section II of Baluran National Park. The secondary data was obtained from a summary of the surveillance findings from the Situbondo Regency's Livestock and Fisheries Service.
The Slovin formula was used to take samples using a straightforward random sampling technique. The sampling procedures were as follows:
a. Examining information on the population, reproduction, health, and pedigree of descendants of beef cattle ranchers in Karangtekok Village, Banyuputih
b. Utilizing the formula, calculate the total of the complete research sample.
𝑛 = 𝑁 1 + 𝑁 (𝑒2) Description:
n=sample size N=total population
e2 =percentage of desired sampling (1%)
Research Variables
The following are the variables that were examined in this study:
a. The population, mating, calving, and death of cattle were recorded as part of a generalized area that includes objects or people that met the study's defined numbers and qualities.
b. Body weight recording was the process of keeping track of the weight that cattle had attained while they were still alive and being grown.
c. The feeding schedule and quantity serve as records of the feed requirements for cattle during rearing.
d. The documentation of animals during the rearing phase was known as medical history.
e. The stock of goods was the total amount of products required by livestock throughout a specific period.
Other supporting information included the number of cattle in the area, the number of cattle in each family, the length of rearing, the farmer education, the number of family members active in cow rearing, and the farmer's age.
RESULT AND DISCUSSION
Overview of Farmers at the Research Site With a total of 46.67%, or seven farmers out of fifteen responses, the data revealed that many farmers only had an elementary school or similar education.
From a total of fifteen responses, three farmers, or 20%, fall into the second order of education levels for breeders: junior high school graduates or equivalent and high school graduates or equivalent. From a total of fifteen responders, the number of farmers with a bachelor's degree was equal to the number of breeders who did not attend school, or 6.67%, or one farmer. The information leads to the conclusion that many of the farmers in Karangtekok Hamlet remain with little formal education.
Zulkarnaen and Handoyo (2019) claimed that there are numerous ground realities demonstrating that Indonesia's human resource quality is still below expectations
supports this. As noted by Hakim, et al (2010), Indonesia's livestock system is a small-holder farming system with a still low average level of farmer education, making it less sensitive to crucial elements in breeding management.
Although many residents in Karangtekok Hamlet reared cows, the majority of which were PO cows, as illustrated in Figure 2, farmers in the village also work as side jobs. This was consistent with the interview data, which revealed that only 6.67%, or one farmer out of a total of fifteen respondents, made raising cattle his or her primary occupation, while 93.33%, or fourteen out of a total of fifteen respondents, did so. Because of the farmers' lack of interest in keeping cows, it was difficult for community-owned livestock businesses in Karangtekok Hamlet to advance.
Hendrawati (2018) outlined the rationale behind why farmers were chosen as a side business, explaining that since keeping livestock takes up most of the free time, agricultural operations were supported by side enterprises that focus on farming. In Karangtekok Hamlet, the community has engaged in livestock activities for many generations. For instance, Sabarno (2002) noted that the community has occasionally raised cattle for many generations, with a rising quantity of livestock. This was corroborated by the claim made by Azizah et al. (2021), who claimed that residents of the Baluran National Park buffer settlement have been exploiting the region as grazing land for decades.
In this study, the distribution of rearing length was divided into four groups: those who bred for less than ten years, those who bred for ten to twenty years, those who bred for twenty-one to thirty years, and those who bred for more than thirty years. From a total of fifteen respondents, the group with a rearing period of less than 10 years attracted 13.33%, or two farmers. Six farmers out of a total of fifteen responders, or 40%, belonged to the group with a breeding time of 10–20 years. Out of a total of fifteen answers, four farms, or 26.67%, had a rearing period of 21
to 30 years. Then, the group with a rearing period of more than 30 years was 20% or three farmers from a total of fifteen respondents.
Based on this data, most farmers have raised cows in a period of 10-20 years, namely as many as six farmers from a total of fifteen respondents.
The length of breeding is calculated from how long the farmer does livestock business or raises livestock and is calculated in units of years (Kurnia, Riyanto and Kristanti, 2019). The success of the livestock business is not only seen from the development of the number of livestock raised, but also in the care and supervision.
The experience of raising livestock will affect what actions will be taken by farmers towards the business that is being carried out to avoid losses (Hendrawati, 2018).
A total of 163 cows were grown by farmers, coming from fifteen different farmers and 100 different cows. There were 20 bulls, which was one bull for every five bulls and young cattle. Many farmers raised both their own and other people cows in terms of livestock ownership. Ten farmers out of a total of fifteen respondents, or as many as 66.67% of farmers, raised their own and other people cows. From a total of fifteen answers, two farmers, or 13.33%, only reared their own animals. Farmers who only
raised cows owned by others were 20% or three farmers of fifteen respondents. In Karangtekok Hamlet, the majority of residents raised their own, other people, and/or "rowdy" cows; farmers did this to generate income through a profit-sharing scheme. According to Putranto (2016), the community raucous cattle industry is anticipated to be able to support farmers and be used to meet their necessities.
Reproductive Potential of Beef Cattle in Baluran National Park Area
Farmers often began grazing their cows in Baluran National Park at around 11 a.m, and the cows returned to the pen at around 5 p.m., according to observations and studies conducted while in the field. Many farmers just send cows to Baluran National Park; when it is the time to go home, the cows automatically return to their separate pens. This kind of rearing system made the farmers have lack supervision of the livestock they raise, so the productivity of the livestock cannot be optimized. In addition, seasonal factors greatly affected the quality, quantity, and continuity of feed availability in grazing fields which also affected the productivity of grazing livestock (Rauf, et al , 2015).
Figure 1. Grazing Trail to Baluran National Park
Source: Personal Documentation
The study was implemented during the dry season, when many farmers managed feeding by grazing and were provided with supplemental feed in the form of fodder once daily. The BCS value was recognized to be two to three based on the findings of the research and field observations. The direct appearance of beef cattle owned by farmers in the Baluran National Park area, with the characteristics of the hip and
shoulder bones apparent, the ribs somewhat visible, and the skeletal line still visible, demonstrated the significance of how low the BCS was. The low BCS value was a result of the cattle not receiving enough nutrients, which decreased the output of beef cows. This was corroborated by the claim made by Lestari, et al. (2014) that feed influences daily body weight gain, the productivity benchmark for beef cattle .
Figure 2. Display of Beef Cow Body Condition
Source: Personal Documentation
Dystocia was a type of infertility that most frequently impacted farmers' beef cattle in the Baluran National Park region. The low BCS of the beef cow was one of the reasons of dystocia. According to Masir, et al (2020), BCS, which is detectable from visual observation, is one of the elements that influence the reproductive performance of cattle. Low BCS in cattle can reduce the body capacity to produce reproductive hormones and interfere with ovulation. The claim made by Hendrawan et al. (2019) that dystocia can be brought on by hormonal issues in cows supports this.
Farmers in Karangtekok Hamlet had always used natural mating, but over time they had started to use artificial insemination (AI). This occurred as the number of bulls
held by farmers declines. This fact has both advantages and disadvantages. The implementation of the mating system through AI has the advantage of lowering the incidence of inbreeding cases in animals.
The farmers in Karangtekok Hamlet faced a new issue with the AI they had implemented:
identifying estrus cues. Few farmers today have a deeper understanding of the cow’s estrus signals.
The association between the rearing system, season, feed availability, BCS value, history of reproductive diseases, and the mating strategy used by farmers can be used to determine the reproductive potential of beef cattle in the Baluran National Park area.
The existence of scientific data demonstrating the extremely low mortality
rate of beef cows grown by farmers served to further boost this potential. Farmers can increase the productivity of livestock connected to reproduction and production from beef cows reared by farmers in the Baluran National Park conservation area by taking advantage of the current reproductive potential.
CONCLUSION
Based on the study findings, it was determined that the fertility of beef cows in the Baluran National Park conservation area was quite good. This was shown by the low annual mortality rate, or 60%, or the nine farmers out of a total of fifteen respondents who said that no cows had died in the previous year due to dystocia. Cows only receive forage when on pastures, had a BCS value of two to three during the dry season, and received supplemental forage feed once day with 86.66%.
This suggested that if an appropriate (intensive) rearing system was put in place to facilitate regulation of the condition of beef cows so that there were no fluctuations in body weight with the change of seasons, beef cows in the Baluran National Park area would had strong reproductive and production potential. The amount of dystocia in beef cows can also be decreased by maintaining a stable body weight.
The large population of beef cattle was further evidence that an intensive system of beef cattle farming was feasible in the Baluran National Park conservation region.
However, this cannot be separated from the awareness of the farmer himself to increase the existing potential, therefore it was necessary to approach the farmer to increase the awareness of the farmer himself regarding the importance of implementing an intensive cow rearing system.
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
In order to implement an intensive rearing system and have a positive impact on the businesses owned by local farmers in the Baluran National Park conservation area, it would be preferable if more research were
conducted regarding the reproductive potential in the Baluran National Park conservation area. Farmers should be able to gain more knowledge on how to raise good beef cows and the importance of participating with relevant organizations to offer farmers advice on how to maintain good beef cows sustainably.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The Livestock and Fisheries Service of Situbondo Regency, Lembu Brawijaya Livestock Group, and farmers in Karangtekok Hamlet, Sumberwaru Village, Banyuputih District, Situbondo Regency, as well as the Community and Livestock Studies Research Group were all acknowledged by the author. The author also thanks Baluran National Park, Universitas Brawijaya, and strategic research grants.
REFERENCES
Abdurrazak, A., Putra, D. E., & Subagja, H.
(2021). Analisis efektivitas penggunaan kartu E-Nak terhadap keberhasilan IB sapi potong di kabupaten Banyuwangi. Jurnal Ilmiah Inovasi, 21(3), 199-207.
Ahmad, A. A., & Sugiharto, M. (2014). Peta pengembangan sapi potong di Kabupaten Banjarnegara. Eko- Regional: Jurnal Pembangunan Ekonomi Wilayah, 9 (1), 106-115.
Aisuwarya, R., Hersyah, M. H., Putri, R. E., Ferdian, R., & Fatimah, F. (2020).
Implementasi teknologi NFC untuk recording data sapi perah kelompok tani Lembu Alam Serambi kota Padang Panjang. Journal of Appropriate Technology for Community Services, 1(2), 74-81.
Alamanda, Z. F., Azizah, S., & Nugroho, H.
(2022). Analysis of factors affecting the population of grazed cattle in Baluran National Park. Age, 12 (2,509), 0-015.
Anggraeni, Y. (2015). Pola Pemanfaatan dan Kontribusi Hasil Hutan Terhadap Pendapatan Masyarakat Desa Penyangga Taman Nasional Baluran.
Anggraini, S., Sulastri & S. Suharyati (2016).
Status reproduksi dan estimasi output berbagai bangsa sapi di Desa Sriwedari, Kecamatan Tegineneng, Kabupaten Pesawaran. Jurnal Ilmiah Peternakan Terpadu, 4(1), 47-54.
Aprylasari, D., Azizah, S., Siswijono, S, B &
Mamduh, M, F, I. (2022). Historical study of baluran national park conflict.
International Research Journal of Advanced Engineering and Science, 7(3), 104-106.
Aprylasari, D., Azizah, S., Man, N., Siswijono, S. B., Djunaidi, I. H., Wati, A. M., & Rachmawati, A. (2022).
Peasant women empowerment as a conflict resolution strategy in Sidomulyo Hamlet, Baluran National Park. Jurnal Ilmu-Ilmu Peternakan (Indonesian Journal of Animal Science), 32(3), 437-451.
Ardiansyah, R. S., Varianti, V. I., Kurniaji, P. O., Musyaffa, N. M. N., & Santoso, M. S. M. (2017). Pendampingan progam penguatan pakan induk sapi potong di Kabupaten Blora. INFO, 18 (3), 81-86.
Astiti, L. G. S. (2010). Manajemen Pencegahan dan Pengendalian Penyakit Pada Ternak Sapi. Balai Pengkajian Teknologi Pertanian NTB.
Azizah, S., & Kawedar, Y. B. (2020). The Effects of farming beef cattle on baluran national park conservation (Case Study in Karang Tekok, Banyuputih District, Situbondo Regency). Env. & Cons, 26, 1-8.
Azizah, S., Djunaidi, I. H., Rachmawati, A., Indrati, R., Putritamara, J. A., Alamanda, Z. F., & Pradana, D. O.
(2021). Wild grazing of beef cattle in the buffer village of SPTN Region II Sumberwaru Baluran National Park. Eduvest-Journal of Universal Studies, 1(12), 1442-1450.
Azizah, S., Djunaidi, I. H., Putritamara, J. A., Siregar, K. T., & Aprylasari, D. Social capital of beef cattle farmers in sumberwaru village at Baluran National Park, Situbondo, Indonesia.
International Journal of Research an Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS).
5(9): 603-606.
Baluran, B. T. N. (2015). Profil Taman Nasional Baluran.
Baluran, T. N. (2014). Statistik Balai Taman Nasional Baluran. Bantuan:
Pengembangan Usaha Ekonomi Masyarakat Dalam Rangka Kegiatan Pembinaan Daerah Penyangga.
BNP (2007). “Taman Nasional Baluran
‘Secuil Afrika di Jawa’ (Sekilas Potensi Wisata Taman Nasional Baluran),” no. September, pp. 1–14.
Cameron, A. (2011). Pedoman surveilans penyakit hewan tingkat dasar. Uni Afrika, Biro Inter-Afrika.
Daulay, D. N. O., & Hidayat, J. W. (2017).
Persepsi masyarakat terhadap pengelolaan Taman Nasional Batang Gadis, Kabupaten Mandailing Natal, Provinsi Sumatera Utara.
In Proceeding Biology Education Conference: Biology, Science, Enviromental, and Learning (Vol. 14, No. 1, pp. 233-240).
Dinas Pariwisata Kabupaten Situbondo.
(2022). Taman Nasional Baluran.
Duila, D., Souhoka, D. F., & Labetubun, J.
(2021). Pertambahan alami (natural increase) ternak sapi bali di Kecamatan Waesama Kabupaten Buru Selatan. Agrinimal Jurnal Ilmu Ternak dan Tanaman, 9(2), 59-66.
Fitria, N. N., Pisestyani, H., & Wicaksono, A. (2020). Kejadian bruselosis pada sapi potong dan pemetaan wilayah berisiko di Kabupaten Barru Provinsi Sulawesi Selatan Tahun 2015- 2017. Jurnal Kajian Veteriner, 8(2), 111-120.
Gultom, N. F., & Wahyuni, R. (2022).
Faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi pendapatan usaha ternak sapi potong di Desa Rejodadi Kecamatan Sembawa Kabupaten Banyuasin. Societa: Jurnal Ilmu-Ilmu Agribisnis, 10(2), 59-65.
Gunawan, H., Anwar, P., & Jiyanto, J.
(2020). Keberadaan sebaran populasi sapi kuantan plasma nutfah Riau di
Kecamatan Kuantan Tengah Kabupaten Kuantan Singingi.
JOURNAL OF ANIMAL CENTER (JAC), 2(1), 29-31.
Hakim, L., Ciptadi, G., & Nurgiartiningsih, V. A. (2010). Model rekording data performans sapi potong lokal di Indonesia. TERNAK TROPIKA Journal of Tropical Animal Production, 11(2), 61-73.
Hakim, L., Suyadi, S., Nurgiartiningsih, V.
M. A., Nuryadi, N., & Susilawati, T.
(2017). Model rekording dan pengolahan data untuk program seleksi sapi Bali. Sains Peternakan: Jurnal Penelitian Ilmu Peternakan, 5(2), 39- 46.
Hamdani, M., Husni, A., & Setyawan, A.
(2018). Performa kuantitatif sapi peranakan ongole pasca sapih di sentra peternakan rakyat maju sejahtera Kabupaten Lampung Selatan. Jurnal Peternakan, 15(2), 68-73.
Hardiono, R., & Saili, T. (2016). Respon pertumbuhan dan mortalitas pedet sapi bali dari induk yang diberi pakan tambahan dan obat cacing. None, 3(2), 39-47.
Hendrawan, V. F., Firmawati, A., Wulansari, D., Oktanela, Y., & Agustina, G. C.
(2019). Pemberian vitamin sebagai penanganan gangguan reproduksi sapi kelompok ternak Desa Babakan, Kecamatan Karangploso, Kabupaten Malang. Jurnal Nutrisi Ternak Tropis, 2(1), 63-69.
Hendrawati, I. G. A. O. (2018). Curahan tenaga kerja peternak sapi bali sebagai usaha sampingan dan dampaknya terhadap pendapatan keluarga di Kecamatan Penebel, Kabupaten Tabanan. DwijenAGRO, 8(1), 63-72.
Hurek, D. T., Rihi, D. M., & Simarmata, Y.
T. (2021). Sistem pemeliharaan ternak babi di Desa Tapenpah. Jurnal Veteriner Nusantara, 4(Supl. 2), 9-9.
Indonesia, S. N. (2015). Bibit sapi potong-
Bagian 5: Peranakan
ongole. SNI, 7651, 2015.
Iqbal, M. (2011). Strategi penguatan kinerja
pelayanan kesehatan hewan dalam mendukung sistem kesehatan hewan nasional. Analisis Kebijakan Pertanian, 9(1), 53-71.
Ismaya, Y. E., Sasongko, H., Ariyadi, B., Widi, T. S. M., Umami, N., Noviandi, C. T., & Hardaningsih, I. (2016).
Integrated farming system dalam pengentasan kawasan rawan pangan. CV Kolom Cetak. Yogyakarta.
Isyanto, A. Y., & Sudrajat, S. (2019).
Keragaan usaha penggemukan sapi potong di Kabupaten Ciamis. Mimbar Agribisnis: Jurnal Pemikiran Masyarakat Ilmiah Berwawasan Agribisnis, 5(1), 33-45.
Jurame, S., & Womsiwor, I. (2018).
Kemampuan peternak dalam mendeteksi berahi (Estrus) pada sapi Bali, mendukung pelaksanaan inseminasi buatan (Ib) di Kampung Mantedi Distrik Masni Kabupaten Manokwari Provinsi Papua Barat. Jurnal Triton, 9(1), 81-88.
Karunia, S., Wardie, J., & Taufik, E. N.
(2020). Strategi pemberdayaan masyarakat miskin melalui pengembangan kelompok usaha bersama (Studi kasus pada KUBE fakir miskin “Sama Handi’ di Kecamatan Kurun, Kabupaten Gunung Mas). Journal of Environment and Management, 1(1), 23-30. Kabupaten Gunung Mas). Jurnal of Environment and Management. 1(1): 23-30.
Kawedar, Y. B. (2019). Dampak Usaha Ternak Sapi Potong Pada Usaha Konservasi Taman Nasional Baluran (Studi Kasus di Dusun Karang Tekok Kecamatan Banyuputih Kabupaten Situbondo) (Doctoral dissertation, Universitas Brawijaya).
Kurnia, E., Riyanto, B., & Kristanti, N. D.
(2019). Pengaruh umur, pendidikan, kepemilikan ternak dan lama beternak terhadap perilaku pembuatan mol isi rumen sapi di Kut Lembu Sura. Jurnal Penyuluhan Pembangunan, 1(2), 40- 49.
Kurnia, E., Riyanto, B., & Kristanti, N. D.
(2019). Pengaruh umur, pendidikan, kepemilikan ternak dan lama beternak terhadap perilaku pembuatan mol isi rumen sapi di Kut Lembu Sura. Jurnal Penyuluhan Pembangunan, 1(2), 40- 49.
Kuspriyanto, K. (2015). Upaya konservasi keanekaragaman hayati dikawasan lindung di Indonesia. Metafora:
Education, Social Sciences and Humanities Journal, 1(4), 134-142.
Kusuma, S. B., Ngadiyono, N., & Sumadi, S.
(2017). Estimasi dinamika populasi dan penampilan reproduksi sapi peranakan ongole di Kabupaten
Kebumen Provinsi Jawa
Tengah. Buletin Peternakan, 41(3), 230-242.
Labatar, S. C., & Aswandi, A. (2017). Sistem pemeliharaan, struktur populasi sapi Bali di peternakan rakyat Kabupaten Manokwari. Provinsi Papua Barat. Jurnal Triton, 8(1), 93-107.
Lestari, C. M. S., Purbowati, E., Dartosukarno, S., & Rianto, E. (2014).
Sistem produksi dan produktivitas sapi Jawa-Brebes dengan pemeliharaan tradisional (studi kasus di kelompok tani ternak cikoneng sejahtera dan lembu lestari Kecamatan Bandarharjo Kabupaten Brebes). Jurnal Peternakan Indonesia (Indonesian Journal of Animal Science), 16(1), 8- 14.
Mangunjaya, F., Prabowo, H. S., Tobing, I.
S., Abbas, A. S., Saleh, C., Sunarto, M.
H., & Mulyana, T. M. (2014).
Pelestarian satwa langka untuk keseimbangan ekosistem. Jakarta:
Lembaga Pemuliaan Lingkungan Hidup dan Sumber daya alam Majelis Ulama Indonesia.
Masir, U., & Fausiah, A. (2020). Paritas dan body condition score (BCS) ternak Sapi Bali di Wilayah Kanusuang, Sulawesi Barat. Jurnal Sains Dan Teknologi Peternakan, 1(2), 55-59.
Muhsinin, M., Maskur, M., Lestari, L., Jan, R., & Kasip, L. M. (2021).
Pemanfaatan aplikasi IB breeding
untuk recording sapi di Kecamatan Pujut Lombok tengah. Prosiding PEPADU, 3, 273-278.
Mulyono, A., & Mukarromah, A. (2015).
Analisis tekstur dan warna citra vulva sapi untuk deteksi masa kawin sapi menggunakan learning vector quantization. Jurnal Neutrino: Jurnal Fisika dan Aplikasinya, 8(1. Oktober), 21-30.
Nugrahini, Y. L. R. E., Nugraha, W. T., &
Zain, M. A. L. (2022). Introduksi sistem recording data reproduksi sapi perah indukan di peternakan sapi perah akademi militer (AKMIL) Magelang. KASTARA, 2(1), 20-23.
Nugroho, H. T. B. (2019). Pengembangan Taman Nasional Baluran sebagai Destinasi wisata Unggulan Berbasis Alam di Situbondo Jawa Timur (No.
njytd). Center for Open Science.
Nurdiansyah, A. Aplikasi sistem informasi geografis untuk pemetaan kesesuaian habitat banteng (Studi Kasus di Taman Nasional Baluran).
Pari, A. U. H. (2018). Pemanfaatan recording untuk meningkatkan manajemen ternak kerbau di kecamatan matawai la pawu kabupaten Sumba timur. Jurnal Sain Peternakan Indonesia, 13(1), 20-28.
PHKA, D. (2008). Direktorat Jenderal Perlindungan Hutan dan Konservasi Alam.
Pinardi, D., Gunarto, A., & Santoso, S.
(2019). Perencanaan lanskap kawasan penerapan inovasi teknologi peternakan prumpung berbasis ramah lingkungan. Jurnal Ilmiah Peternakan Terpadu, 7(2), 251-262.
Purwantiningsih, T. I., & Kia, K. W. (2018).
Identifikasi dan recording sapi perah di peternakan biara novisiat claretian benlutu, Timor Tengah Selatan. Jurnal Pengabdian Masyarakat Peternakan, 3(1), 42-56.
Putranto, R. (2016). Analisis keuntungan peternak sistem gaduhan di Desa pogalan Kecamatan Pakis Kabupaten Magelang. EcceS (Economics, Social,
and Development Studies), 3(2), 1-31.
Winaryanto, D. R. D. M. S., & Alim, R. S.
(2018). SMS gateway in strengthening of beef cattle recording system in West Java. JANHUS Jurnal Ilmu Peternakan Journal of Animal Husbandry Science, 1(2), 1-6.
Rauf, A., Priyanto, R., & Karti, P. D. M. H.
(2015). Produktivitas sapi Bali pada sistem penggembalaan di Kabupaten Bombana. Jurnal Ilmu Produksi dan Teknologi Hasil Peternakan, 3(2), 100-105.
Riyanto, J., Lutojo, L., & Barcelona, D. M.
(2015). Kinerja reproduksi induk sapi potong pada usaha peternakan rakyat di Kecamatan Mojogedang. Sains Peternakan: Jurnal Penelitian Ilmu Peternakan, 13(2), 73-79.
Christi, T. R. R. F. (2018). Reproductive performance of ongole cross heifers. JANHUS Jurnal Ilmu Peternakan Journal of Animal Husbandry Science, 1(2), 7-14.
Rusman, R. F. Y., Hamdana, A., & Sanusi, A. (2020). Strategi pengembangan usaha ternak sapi potong di Kecamatan Lau Kabupaten Maros. JBMI (Jurnal Bisnis, Manajemen, dan Informatika), 17(2), 120-129.
Sabarno, M. Y. (2002). Savana Taman Nasional Baluran. Biodiversitas, 3(1), 207-212.
Sampurna, I. P. (2018). Ilmu Peternakan Ternak Besar. Fak. Kedokt. Hewan Univ. Udayana.
Desiarni, M. (2018). Manajemen pakan ternak sapi potong di peternakan rakyat di Desa Sejaro Sakti Kecamatan Indralaya Kabupaten Ogan Ilir. Jurnal Peternakan Sriwijaya, 7(1), 21-29.
Sanjaya, R. V., Banindro, B. S., & Yolianto, Y. H. (2019). Perancangan buku wisata eksotika Africa Van Java dengan media fotografi. Jurnal DKV Adiwarna, 1(14), 12.
Sari, D. A. P., & Said, S. (2020). Potensi dan performa reproduksi indukan sapi Bali dalam mendukung usaha pembiakan di Stasiun Lapang Sekolah Peternakan
Rakyat. Jurnal Ilmu Produksi dan Teknologi Hasil Peternakan, 8(2), 80- 85.
Sawo, K. (2017). Evaluasi efisiensi reproduksi ternak sapi Bali betina di Distrik Makimi. Jurnal FAPERTANAK: Jurnal Pertanian dan Peternakan, 2(2), 20-29.
Simamora, T., Fuah, A. M., Atabany, A., &
Burhanuddin, B. (2015). Evaluation of technical aspects on smallholder dairy farm in Karo Regency of North Sumatera. Jurnal Ilmu Produksi dan Teknologi Hasil Peternakan, 3(1), 52- 58.
Sohih, A. M., Wiyono, H. T., & Mahriani, M. (2018). Perilaku bermain anak sapi peranakan ongole (PO) di blok merak, kawasan resort labuhan merak taman nasional Baluran. BERKALA SAINSTEK, 6(2), 89-96.
Sujatmiko, D. (2012). Penguasaan tanah taman nasional baluran oleh transmigrasi lokal (Translok) TNI Angkatan Darat di Desa Wonorejo, Kabupaten Situbondo.
Sumadiasa, I. W. L., Arman, C., Dradjat, A.
S., & Yuliani, E. (2019). Manajemen reproduksi untuk memperpendek interval kelahiran pada ternak sapi. Prosiding PEPADU, 1, 97-104.
Supartini, N., & Darmawan, H. (2014).
Profil genetik dan peternak sapi peranakan ongole sebagai strategi dasar pengembangan desa pusat bibit ternak. Buana Sains, 14(1), 71-84.
Susanti, Y., Priyarsono, D. S., & Mulatsih, S.
(2014). Pengembangan peternakan sapi potong untuk peningkatan perekonomian Provinsi Jawa Tengah:
Suatu pendekatan perencanaan wilayah. Jurnal Agribisnis Indonesia (Journal of Indonesian Agribusiness), 2(2), 177-190.
Syam, J., Nur, Z., & Junaidi, J. (2018).
Mortalitas induk dan anak sapi saat partus pada program inseminasi buatan (Studi Kasus Program Inseminasi Buatan di Kecamatan Sinjai Barat). Jurnal Ilmu dan Industri
Peternakan, 4(2), 178-189.
Teguh, H., Setiawan, R., & Wulansari, N. A.
(2019). In population growth model of wild cattle pastured in resort of Labuhan Merak Baluran National Park. Jurnal Ilmiah Ilmu-Ilmu Peternakan, 22(1), 44-52.
Tophianong, T. C., Simarmata, Y. T., &
Nitbani, H. (2021). Identifikasi status reproduksi sapi akseptor (ISRA) pada kelompok ternak setetes madu Desa Camplong II Kecamatan Fatuleu Kabupaten Kupang Provinsi Nusa Tenggara Timur. Media Tropika:
Jurnal Pengabdian Kepada Masyarakat, 1(1), 81-87.
Wulansari, N. A. (2019). Model pertumbuhan populasi sapi yang digembalakan liar di Resort Labuhan Merak Taman Nasional Baluran.
Skripsi. Fakultas Matematika dan Ilmu Pengetahuan Alam. Universitas Jember. Jember.
Zulkarnaen, Z., & Dwi Handoyo, A. (2019).
Faktor-faktor penyebab pendidikan tidak merata di Indonesia. Menjadi Mahasiswa Yang Unggul Di Era Industri, 4, 20-24.
