Balasundaram was Professor in the Department of the History of Christianity , United Theological College, Bangalore, India. And, in the State, it could not tolerate its subjects refusing to sacrifice to the gods of the country.
Reason for martyrdom in the Twentieth Century
The third feature of martyrdom in the 20th century is that it takes the side of the oppressed. In the second period, it was speaking on behalf of the freedom of the spirit or conscience.
The Unity of Martyrdom: An Attempt at Interpretation and Systematization
Christ is present in each one of us, especially in the person of the poor. This broadening of the Christian vocation should not be treated as a break in the tradition of martyrdom.
Martyrs in the History of Christianity by Franklyn J. Balasundaram (ed.)
- Martyrs of the Early Era
- The Martyrdom of Polycarp -- Bishop of Smyrna, By
- The Martyrdom of St
- The Martyrdom of Prominent Martyrs of Lyons and
- The Martyrdom of
In the light of the above discussions we may be inclined to believe that the martyrdom of St. But upon the demand of the crowd, he was placed on the red- hot chair.
Appollonius, by Hudson Christopher
Vibia Perpetua and Felicitas by Thomas John
She believed in the ministry of the Holy Spirit for she records that she was ‘inspired by the Spirit not ask for any other favor. She not only believed in God but also in the Devil and the reality of Spiritual Warfare.
The Martyrdom of Cyprian of Carthage (Ad 200-258), by Vijoy T
Published by the Indian Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge, Delhi, India 1997, for The United Theological College.
Oommen
The Martyrdom of St
Cyprian, by James Jacob
The Martyrdom of Crispina, by Varneihthangi
The International Dictionary of the Christian Church [revised Edition], Michigan, Zondervan Publishing House, Grand Rapids, p. 399.). This period of martyrdom was the last desperate attempt of the state against the new religion and therefore it was the most terrible of all the persecutions. The reason for the persecution of Crispina is in no way different from that of the other martyrs of the early centuries, i.e.
Then Anullinus said to her to break with her superstition and to bow her head to the sacred rites of the gods of Rome. She then made a sign of the cross on her forehead and willingly put her neck out. She was then beheaded by the sword for the name and sake of the Lord Jesus Christ whom she refused to renounce despite many threats and persuasions.
Martyrs in the History of Christianity by Franklyn J
Balasundaram (ed.)
Martyrs of the Medieval and Reformation Era
The Martyrdom of John Wycliff (1324-84), by Philip George
The secondary cause of the reformation in England was the low moral life of the clergy. He said the first duty of the priest as Christ’s disciple was to understand and to expound it. He charged against the authority of pope, cardinals, Church hierarchy and against the material wealth and corruption of the Church.
On the other hand, he hesitated to say that the consecrated bread was ‘mere symbol’ of the body of Christ. It is an ongoing process and has a constant impact upon the people of the present. Since the members of the church are mostly the oppressed, marginalized dalits, the Church has to.
Martyrs in the History of Christianity by Franklyn J. Balasundaram (ed.)
Martyrs of the Medieval and Reformation Era
In spite of the humble origin, he was able to attend the university where he had. They had already discussed such matters as the reorganization of the Curia, and the college of cardinals. The will of the Council was that nothing should be left of poor Master Jan of Husiric.
Finally, on the advice of the king, Hus left Prague and remained in rural seclusion for two years. In this he applied Wycliff’s teaching on the Church to the actual circumstance of the Church in Bohemia. He taught that head of the Church is Christ who is the rock on which the Church is built.
Reformation Era
The Martyrdom of Joan of Arc (1412-1431), by Varneihthangi
Joan spent her childhood years in the open air and she was a strong and sturdy girl. Her piety and faith were strengthened in the quietness of the farmlands in which she was able to feel the Unseen’s power and. Joan became impatient in the delay, for the king took time to consult his officers and.
They then asked her about the term ‘the Maid’ by which she was called by the people. When she told them that she was not free to speak everything out, not because of fear of answering them, but instead fear of offending ‘her voices’, the bishop insisted by saying. Though being just a poor, illiterate country girl, she was firm to the mission to which she was called, even though the officers and the king did not at first take her seriously.
The Martyrdom of Thomas More (1478-1535), by Mathew
Kuruvilla
The Martyrdom of Thomas Muentzer, by John George
In the class struggle that ensued due to the introduction of ideas from Wittenberg, Muentzer emerged as a. spokesman of the common people. Like Luther, Muentzer used the authority of the Bible to point at the Heresy of Clericalism. The peasants war (1524-25) was the culmination of the persistent tensions between the prince and the.
Muentzer saw in the rebellion the dawn of a new age in which God would rule through the sword of the elect. Muentzer came to insist that the consciousness of the Holy Spirit in the believer rather than the Bible constituted the ultimate authority for Christian faith and life. What Muentzer attacked was faith in the "outer word" of the Bible and called it invented, historical, sophistic and external.
Post-Modern Era
The Martyrdom of David Livingstone, by Philip George
34;Livingstone intended to be no ordinary missionary, a pioneer a filler in of the empty and mythical map of interior Africa." (Ibid., p. 6.). In June, Livingstone along with Oswell discovered river Zambesi in the heart of the African continent, a river thus far unknown to the outside world. Livingstone did not want to expose his already tired family to the hostility of the Boers at Kolenberg and hence returned to Cape Town.
Though he was shattered because of the terrible loss, even this could not restrain him in his mission. Undeterred, he moved forward and finally located what he believed to be was the cause of source of the river Nile. He labored for the advancement of trade and commerce into the inland of Africa, elevation and humanization of the natives and the abolition of slave trafficking.
Joseph Mukasa was martyred as he was against the evil works of Mwanga in spite of being aware of the fact that the consequences would be the death penalty. Therefore he wanted to suppress him and his minister was also of the same opinion. When Joseph Mukasa was brought before the king he was mocked by the king ‘now there will no longer be two kings’ and Joseph replied ‘I am going to die for God’.
A Christian who gives his life for God is not afraid to die.’ The executioner took pity on him and before he was burnt alive, he cut off Joseph’s head. Forks were put around their necks and they were attached to the posts of the huts. Among the praying ones three persons were pardoned by the king and so they were removed from the pile of wood before it was set on fire.
She participated actively in the political discussion which filled the evenings of the University and wanted to dedicate herself to the service of the poor and the needy. Mother Marie’s monastery, she decided would be in the outside world, close to human sufferings. It is not in one’s own name that one can love sacrificially but only in the name of Christ, in the name of the image of God which reveals itself to us in human beings.".
This can be seen very clearly in the life, work and death of Mother Marie Skobtsova. Her personal fulfillment was not in her individual satisfaction but in the service of others. But most of the time we remain passive and are unmoved even in the face of pain and.
The Martyrdom of Fr
Maximilian Kolbe (1941), by Manas Ranjan James
The Martyrdom of Dietrich Bonhoeffer, by Biji C. Markos
For a better understanding of the worth of Bonhoeffer’s martyrdom we need to have a glance at the Germany of his time and his concepts. He wanted to participate fully in the national struggle as a dedicated son of the German soil in protesting against Hitler’s policies and oppression. He was the first one to denounce on the radio the fatal consequences of the cult of the Fuehrer.
The resistance of German pastors reached its climax in the two synods of Barman and Dablem in 1934 to the membership of the Ecumenical Christian Council in Denmark marks the beginning of his career in the ecumenical circles. He was the first to raise his voice against the. monstrous persecution of the Jews when they were forbidden to hold public office or to enter in the ministry of the Church. He is concerned about the recovery of the Church by its true being and the message it has to proclaim to the world today.
The Martyrdom of Archbishop Romero, by Moses
This approach implied an understanding of the Church as the people of God and identification with the sufferings and the hopes of the poor and the oppressed people. But unfortunately Romero sided with the aspirations of the poor Christian communities in El Salvador. Thus, the profound moral ignominy of the Salvadoran Government got manifested to the whole world.
Because of that faith, Archbishop Romero encountered God in the midst of the poor, the sure way to belief in God. Romero made the defense of the poor and the oppressed a specific and basic function of his episcopal ministry. He saw the struggle of the Church in the society as well as the struggle of the society within the Church.
The Martyrdom of
Archbishop Romero, by M. Reginold
- Introduction
- Social and Political background
- Main Incidents of Romero’s Life
- Romero’s death and martyrdom
- The Martyrdom of Martin Luther King Jr., by Sunny, P
Franklyn J. Balasundaram was Professor in the Department of the History of Christianity , United Theological College, Bangalore, India. During this period Asia, Africa and other suppressed regions of the world were moving forward. KING’S LEADERSHIP OF THE MOVEMENT In the mid-fifties American Blacks started to support the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP).
Blacks protest movement in the U.S.A. the Blacks of Montgomery began their boycott of the city buses. Edmund, op.cit. p. 81.)This bus boycott shook the whole world, press brought out the attention of the whole world. In the year 1959, Elijah Muhammed, the leader of the Black Muslim Movement and the self-styled spiritual head of Muslims in the west, opposed King’s directions and philosophy.
