MEGACITIES
Program Magister Lingkungan dan Perkotaan Fakultas Pasca Sarjana
UNIKA Soegijapranata
BAGIAN DARI MATA KULIAH KAJIAN KOTA & URBANISASI Dr. Rr. M. I. Retno Susilorini, ST., MT.
NOTE ABOUT MEGACITIES
www.acehsc.net/download/424
Megacities
(this is only a skeleton outline of the topic)
* define
* patterns of change
* challenges or problems
* solutions – you need substantial examples from particular places such as Mumbai, India; Manila, Philippines...etc. and how Governments, NGO’s, international agencies and communities are dealing with problems of housing, poverty, transport,
infrastructure, pollution etc.
New Definition
• A megacity is generally defined as a
metropolitan area with a total population in excess of 10 million people – this is an updated definition
(textbook definitions use 8 Million and is now incorrect...)
NOTE: Due to rapid change in numbers do some research to check how many megacities are currently in the world...and look at how it has changed....
In 2000, there were 18 megacities and by 2007 27 megacities of which
….are located in the developing world...by 2009 ????
• Tokyo, (33,600,000)
• Seoul, South Korea (23,400,000)
• Mexico City (22,400,000)
• New York City, USA (21,961,994)
• Mumbai (Bombay), India (21,600,000)
• Delhi, India (21,500,000)
• São Paulo, Brazil (20,600,000)
• Los Angeles, USA (18,000,000)
• Shanghai, China (17,500,000)
• Osaka (16.7)
• Cairo (16.1)
• Kolkata (15.7)
• Manila (15.6)
• Jakarta (15.1)
• Karachi (15.1)
• Buenos Aires (13.6)
• Dhaka (12.6)
• Beijing (12.8)
• Lahore (12.7)
• London (12.5)
• Paris (12.0)
• Istanbul (11.8)
• Rio de Janeiro (11.5)
• Tehran (10.2)
• Lagos (10.1)
• Moscow (10.1)
• Bangkok (10.1)
Board of Studies requirements…
• Outline the nature, character and
spatial distribution of mega cities in the DEVELOPING WORLD
• Describe the challenges of living in mega cities and evaluate the responses to
these challenges
• Evaluate the role of community based groups, NGO’s in addressing one
challenge of living in mega-cities.
…..the term Megacity
• Was first used in 1957 by Jean Gottmann in the USA and reflected changes in work and social habits of people after World War II
• In 1970’s the United Nations used the term to refer to cities of 8 million
• In the 1990’s the UN raised the size of cities to 10 million – in 2000 there were 22 megacities; today there are 27.
World Urban Population
• In 1800 only 3% of the world's population lived in cities.
• By the end of the 20th century 47% lived in cities.
• In 1950, there were 83 cities with populations exceeding one million;
• By 2007, this had risen to 468 agglomerations of more than one million.[2]
• If the trend continues, the world's urban population will double every 38 years, say researchers.
• The UN forecasts that today's urban population of 3.2 billion will rise to nearly 5 billion by 2030, when three out of five people will live in cities
Population Pyramids
• Complete the table above
Very Short Short Tall Very Tall
Very Wide Wide Narrow Very Narrow
Concave Straight Convex Very Convex
High Declining Declining Low
High Declining Declining Low
Very Short Short Long Very Long
High Low Low High
• Describe the table above use simple words for e.g.
Height – Short or tall,
Base – wide or very narrow etc.
Urbanisation
• Urbanisation describes the increasing
proportion of people living in urban areas (towns and cities) as opposed to rural
areas (villages and country side).
• The main causes of Urbanisation
– Rural-Urban migration – Population Increase
Spatial Pattern
• In 1950 there was one megacity – New York
• 1975 there were four megacities – Tokyo, New York, Shanghai, Mexico City and Sao Paulo of which three were in the developing world
• In 1995 there were 14
• 2001 there were 17 megacities with 13 in the developing world
• 2015 there will be 23 megacities with 18 in the developing world.
• The greatest growth is happening in the developed world particularly in Asia and Africa.
• Today the five largest cities are Tokyo, Mexico City, São Paulo, New York City, and Mumbai (Bombay), and in 2015 they will probably be Tokyo, Dhaka, Mumbai, São Paulo, and Delhi.
….urban growth and change
• Fifty years ago 30% world lived in urban areas
• In ten years it will be 60%
• China is currently engaged in the greatest migration in the history of the world
• Megacities are simultaneous centres of concentration of wealth and opportunity as well as arenas of despair for millions
• Ill equipped and often corrupt bureaucreacies have little hope of sorting through the range of challenges urbanisation presents
• We have now entered the first urban century and 2.8 billion people are now poorer than 20 years ago…
Reasons for growth of Megacities in the developing world….
• Economic Growth
• Natural Increase – High fertility rates
• Rural – urban migration
RURAL URBAN MIGRATION DUE TO Push factors – these are:
• Increasing landlessness (no land ownership) due to loss of land from drought, crop failure, war, poverty,
debt….
• War and civil disorder
• Intolerance
• Desertification
• Lack of Medical Facilities
• Rapid Population Growth
• Rural Poverty
• Lack of Educational opportunities
• Transfer of land from food production and self
sufficiency to export crop production meaning less food for families therefore vulnerable to international
commodity price fluctuations
• Lack of medical facilities
RURAL URBAN MIGRATION
Pull factors (attraction of urban areas) due
to:
• Attracted to employment opportunities
• Promise of higher living standards
• Entertainment and Cultural events
• Educational Opportunities
• Medical facilities
Why the cities have grown?
• An example of rural urban migration – - In China, 125 million people have
moved from areas of low agricultural
productivity to coastal cities - that's 25%
of the workforce, and you've got another 25% waiting to move
….unfortunately
• For many people in the developing world they move from rural poverty to urban poverty…..as urban poverty grows many find themselves trapped unable to
achieve the hoped-for wealth and
opportunities that attracted them……
Changes over time....
• The increase will be most dramatic in the poorest and least-urbanised continents, Asia and Africa.
• One billion people, one-sixth of the world's population, now live in
shanty towns
Cities with over 1 Million
Some of the problems of megacities include:
• Explosive population growth.
• Alarming increases in poverty
• Massive infrastructure problems with telecommunications services, transportation and congestion. For example, traffic congestion in Bangkok is so bad that the average commute now takes three
hours
• Pressures on land and housing
• Environmental concerns, such as contaminated water, air
pollution, and overdrawn aquifers. For instance, Mexico City’s aquifer is being overdrawn and is sinking by about 1 meter per year
• Disease, high death rates, drug-resistant strains of infection, and lethal environmental conditions. For example, 12.6 percent of the deaths in Jakarta are related to air pollution causes
• Capital scarcity
• Dependence on federal or state governments for funding
Challenges of living in megacities
• Access to employment – formal and informal employment
• Provision of Shelter and housing – rise of squatter settlements/slums; upgrading housing; new housing projects
• Water and sewage provision and waste disposal
• Health and Nutrition issues – overcrowding, unclean water, vermin, dangerous housing and utility
connections, parasites all are challenges.
• Air Water and Noise Pollution
• Congestion and Provision of Transport Infrastructure
Urban Problems in LEDCs
Responses to these challenges….
• Self Help projects…
• Community self government…
• NGO’s …
• Urban protests…
• Operation of the informal economy…
Urban problems or Challenges –
housing and
underemployment
Growth of Megacities
Mexico City, Mexico
• Urban agglomeration in 1990 was 20.2 million, and is estimated to reach 25.6 million by the year 2000. This growth represents an annual rate of change of 2.4% for the decade.
• A defining aspect of Mexico's population is its youth; in 1980, 48.9% of the total population was in the 0-19 age group. Another important figure is the 40% of the total population that live in "informal settlements."
Average life expectancy in Mexico City is 66 years for males and 72 years for females.
• Pollution may be Mexico City's most serious problem killing 100,000 pa.
• one quarter of the more than 10,000 tons of solid waste generated daily is dumped illegally or remains in the streets
• infant mortality rate in poor areas is up to three times as high as that in the rest of the city.
• Amongst the poorest are the rubbish pickers who sort the reeking garbage in the city’s dumps
• More than 60% city’s population live in slums – self help projects aimed at providing lots with water, drainage and electricity on which to build
houses or the government building a core structure which is added to by residents.
Mumbai
• Asia's largest slum, Dharavi, lies on prime property right in the middle of India's financial capital, Mumbai (Bombay).
• It is home to more than a million people. Many are
second-generation residents, whose parents moved in years
• ago.Today's Dharavi bears no resemblance to the fishing village it once was. A city within a city, it is one
unending stretch of narrow dirty lanes, open sewers and cramped huts.
• More than half of the
world's population will live in cities by 2008, most of them in developing
countries, says a report by the UN Population Fund…
while the megacities will continue to grow, the
majority of the population growth will be in urban areas of 500,000 people or fewer.
Without adequate planning, urban growth will create huge slums, degrade the environment and radicalise the young. There are
currently one billion slum dwellers
Urban Challenges....pollution
MEGACITIES IN INDIA, CHINA, JAPAN
https://www.e-elgar.com/sites/e-elgar/files/week_eight_- _rural-urban_migration.ppt
Sara Hsu
Urbanization and Migration
Urbanization
• Essential part of reform in China, India and Japan
• Process by which people settle in cities
• Creating institutions to satisfy needs of all urban residents has presented challenge
• Strong pressure to migrate in China/India
• Positive impacts such as agglomeration
• Negative impacts such as higher costs of living, denser living spaces, pollution
Urbanization in Japan
• Urbanized share of the population grew from 11% in 1867 to 32% by 1932
• Urban areas unplanned before WWI
• Industrial urbanization
• Central Tokyo became base of industrial production that branched outward
• Mainly agrarian until 1920
• Urban planning began after 1919 w/ City Planning and Land Readjustment Act
Urbanization in Japan
• Well-planned infrastructure starting in 1930s, downtowns had taller buildings
• Munitions-producing cities built in 1940s
• Towns destroyed during WWII and urban planning used for reconstruction
• 1960s urbanization of suburban areas was unsuccessful
• Residents in cities of more than 100 000 people rose from 12% in 1920 to more than 50% by 1970. In 1970, there were 103 cities and metropolitan areas with populations of more than 100 000
Urbanization in China
• Urbanization and migration linked due to hukou which controls access to cities
• China has lower level of urbanization
• Urbanization almost halted under Mao, slow urbanization in 1980s
• Urbanization sped up in 1990s along w/
industrialization
• Current reform agenda seeks to increase urban population
Urbanization in China
• Environmental degradation has resulted from rapid urbanization
• Rural residents who lost land from
urbanization became urban unemployed
• Agglomeration effects are important in the services sector, which China is promoting
• Increased consumption complements urbanization process
Urbanization in India
• Pace of urbanization slower than that in China, but has been steady
• Population pressures on urban infrastructure and employment
• Largest cities gaining in population and physical size, economically advanced
states have higher levels of urbanization
• Migrants are temporary urban dwellers due to lack of infrastructure
Megacities in China
• Cities with population of over 10 million people
• Megacities located along the coast, in Beijing, Shanghai, on the Shandong
peninsula, and increasingly in the Greater Guangzhou region, Greater Shenyang, and Shenzhen.
• New megacities are emerging inland, w/
younger population
Megacities in China
• Shanghai on east coast, Special City from 1927, rapid development, fast population growth after reform
• Beijing in northeast, suffers from
extreme air pollution and ghetto-like dwellings
• Shandong in, northeast industrial
development, working to expand public services to all urban residents
Megacities in India
• Severe sanitation, population, and infrastructure issues
• Slums in Mumbai, Delhi, and Kolkata
• Mumbai is largest city
• Delhi was planned starting in 1957 but still faces problems w/ housing
• Kolkata near coast, prone to flooding w/
insufficient drainage and sewer system
Megacities in Japan
• Tokyo and Osaka strongly impacted by industrialization process
• Tokyo was modernized by 1910 w/
railways, trams, water supply, and parks and expanded by 1920 so that heavy
industry located to suburban areas
• Osaka was industrialized in 1880s as major spinning city, grew in 1900s as industrialization took root
Migration in Theory
• Heckscher-Ohlin Theorem: a country will export goods that use the country’s abundant factors
• Factor Price Equalization Theorem: free trade in goods equalizes the prices of factors over trading countries.
• Harris-Todaro Model: decision to migrate based on urban expected income
• Borjas model of internal migration: migration occurs so people can match skills
China’s Migration-Reform History
• Hukou to establish identity and citizenship originated in fifties and persists today,
restricting migration
• Migration accelerated in nineties and continues through today
• Migrants were laid off from jobs so local urban laid-off workers could be hired
• Push from rural areas; pull from urban areas
China’s Pattern of Migration
• Large scale rural to urban migration
• Younger, male, with low education- most have 9 years of schooling or less
• Difficult lives-instability, dangerous working conditions, vulnerable
• Low levels of happiness-cannot afford proper housing, often lack toilet
India’s Migration-Reform History
• Began even before reform started
• Migration is far lower in India than China
• Seasonal work is available in both agriculture and manufacturing.
• Most seasonal migrants work in cultivation, brick kilns, construction sites, fish
processing, and quarries, while others work in urban informal manufacturing or services sectors
India’s Pattern of Migration
• Migration occurs for push and pull factors
• Those in upper castes with higher education migrate
• Migration of disadvantaged groups to informal sector
India’s Urban Growth
Japan’s Migration-Reform History
• Large amounts of rural to urban migration occurred after 1930
• Changing nature of manufacturing activity from piecework in the home to factories
• Agricultural pop. declined after 1930
• Decision to migrate was family one
• Migration in 1940s and 1950s was part of industrialization process
• By late 1970s, migration between urban and non-urban areas was balanced
Bottom Line
• Different characteristics of urbanization and migration in China, Japan and India
• Migration mainly for economic reasons- push and pull factors
• Leads to growth of megacities
TUGAS INDIVIDU
• Buatlah makalah tentang Implikasi Keberadaan Megacity terhadap Pembangunan
Berkelanjutan, berdasarkan referensi wajib dan referensi lain yang anda pilih
• Disusun dalam bentuk makalah singkat,
maksimum 20 halaman, boleh disertai lampiran yang diperlukan
• File disave dalam bentuk PDF
• Tugas diemailkan ke [email protected] selambatnya Selasa, 26 April 2021
