B E Y O N D M E M O R Y L O S S : D I S P A R I T I E S I N T H E U N I T E D S T A T E S A L Z H E I M E R ’ S C A R E S Y S T E M | M a p t h e S y s t e m s 2 0 2 4
B i b l i o g r a p h y B i b l i o g r a p h y
[1] What Is Alzheimer’s Disease? National Institute on Aging
https://www.nia.nih.gov/health/alzheimers-and-dementia/what-alzheimers-
disease#:~:text=Memory%20problems%20are%20typically%20one,early%20stages%20 of%20Alzheimer%27s%20disease.
[2] Sato C, Barthélemy NR, Mawuenyega KG, Patterson BW, Gordon BA, Jockel- Balsarotti J, et al. Tau kinetics in neurons and the human central nervous system.
Neuron 2018;98(4):861-4. 20.
[3] Hanseeuw, BJ; Betensky RA, Jacobs HIL, Schultz AP, Sepulcre J, Becker JA, et al.
Association of amyloid and tau with cognition in preclinical Alzheimer disease. JAMA Neurol 2019;76(8):915-24.
[4] Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research. (2023, August 30).
Alzheimer’s disease. Mayo Clinic. https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases- conditions/alzheimers-disease/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20350453
[5] Brockmann R, Nixon J, Love BL, Yunusa I. Impacts of FDA approval and Medicare restriction on anti-amyloid therapies for Alzheimer's disease: patient outcomes,
healthcare costs, and drug development. Lancet Reg Health Am. 2023 Mar 1;20:100467.
doi: 10.1016/j.lana.2023.100467. PMID: 36908502; PMCID: PMC9996432.
[6] Sims JR, Zimmer JA, Evans CD, et al. Donanemab in Early Symptomatic Alzheimer Disease: The TRAILBLAZER-ALZ 2 Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA. 2023;330(6):512–527.
doi:10.1001/jama.2023.13239
[7] Commissioner, O. of the. (n.d.-b). FDA converts novel Alzheimer’s disease treatment to traditional approval. U.S. Food and Drug Administration.
https://www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/fda-converts-novel- alzheimers-disease-treatment-traditional-approval
[8] Commissioner, O. of the. (n.d.). FDA approves first drug to treat agitation
symptoms associated with dementia due to Alzheimer’s disease. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. https://www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/fda-
approves-first-drug-treat-agitation-symptoms-associated-dementia-due-alzheimers- disease
B E Y O N D M E M O R Y L O S S : D I S P A R I T I E S I N T H E U N I T E D S T A T E S A L Z H E I M E R ’ S C A R E S Y S T E M | M a p t h e S y s t e m s 2 0 2 4
B i b l i o g r a p h y B i b l i o g r a p h y
[9] Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2021, June 2). Barriers to equity in Alzheimer’s and dementia care. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
https://www.cdc.gov/aging/publications/features/barriers-to-equity-in-alzheimers- dementia-care/index.html
[10] U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (n.d.-a). Data shows racial
disparities in Alzheimer’s disease diagnosis between black and white research study participants. National Institute on Aging. https://www.nia.nih.gov/news/data-shows- racial-disparities-alzheimers-disease-diagnosis-between-black-and-white-research [11] Coe NB, Lee C. Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Dementia Care: Next Steps. JAMA Netw Open. 2022;5(6):e2216267. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.16267
[12] Deb A, Thornton JD, Sambamoorthi U, Innes K. Direct and indirect cost of
managing Alzheimer's disease and related dementias in the United States. Expert Rev Pharmacoecon Outcomes Res. 2017 Apr;17(2):189-202. doi:
10.1080/14737167.2017.1313118. PMID: 28351177; PMCID: PMC5494694.
[13] Caregiver stress. Alzheimer’s Disease and Dementia. (n.d.-a).
https://www.alz.org/help-support/caregiving/caregiver-health/caregiver-stress [14] National Research Council (US) Panel on Race, Ethnicity, and Health in Later Life;
Anderson NB, Bulatao RA, Cohen B, editors. Critical Perspectives on Racial and Ethnic Differences in Health in Late Life. Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US);
2004. 4, Ethnic Differences in Dementia and Alzheimer's Disease. Available from:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK25535/
[15] Fewer Asian, black, Hispanic patients eligible for drugs that may delay alzheimer’s progression. Fewer Asian, Black, Hispanic Patients Eligible for Drugs That May Delay Alzheimer’s Progression | UC San Francisco. (2024, January 9).
https://www.ucsf.edu/news/2022/09/423901/fewer-asian-black-hispanic-patients- eligible-drugs-may-delay-
alzheimers#:~:text=But%20a%20new%20study%2C%20led,dementia%20that%20may%
20be%20unrelated JAMA 1998;279:751-55.
B E Y O N D M E M O R Y L O S S : D I S P A R I T I E S I N T H E U N I T E D S T A T E S A L Z H E I M E R ’ S C A R E S Y S T E M | M a p t h e S y s t e m s 2 0 2 4
B i b l i o g r a p h y B i b l i o g r a p h y
[16] Wilkins CH, Windon CC, Dilworth-Anderson P, Romanoff J, Gatsonis C, Hanna L, Apgar C, Gareen IF, Hill CV, Hillner BE, March A, Siegel BA, Whitmer RA, Carrillo MC, Rabinovici GD. Racial and Ethnic Differences in Amyloid PET Positivity in Individuals With Mild Cognitive Impairment or Dementia: A Secondary Analysis of the Imaging Dementia-Evidence for Amyloid Scanning (IDEAS) Cohort Study. JAMA Neurol. 2022 Oct 3;79(11):1139–47. doi: 10.1001/jamaneurol.2022.3157. Epub ahead of print. PMID:
36190710; PMCID: PMC9531087.
[17] Understanding and ameliorating medical mistrust among Black Americans.
Commonwealth Fund. (2021, January 14).
https://www.commonwealthfund.org/publications/newsletter- article/2021/jan/medical-mistrust-among-black-americans
[18] U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (n.d.-b). Managing personality and behavior changes in Alzheimer’s. National Institute on Aging.
https://www.nia.nih.gov/health/alzheimers-changes-behavior-and- communication/managing-personality-and-behavior-changes
[19] Evans DA, Bennett DA, Wilson RS, Bienias JL, Morris MC, Scherr PA, et al.
Incidence of Alzheimer disease in a biracial urban community: Relation to apolipoprotein E allele status. Arch Neurol 2003;60(2):185-9
[20] Tang M, Stern Y, Marder K, Bell K, Gurland B, Lantigua R, et al. The APOE-e4 allele and the risk of Alzheimer's disease among African Americans, whites, and Hispanics. JAMA 1998;279:751-55.
[21] Rajan KB, Barnes LL, Wilson RS, McAninch EA, Weuve J, Sighoko D, et al. Racial differences in the association between apolipoprotein E risk alleles and overall and total cardiovascular mortality over 18 years. JAGS 2017;65:2425-30.
[22] Kataoka S, Robbins DC, Cowan LD, Go O, Yeh JL, Devereux RB, et al.
Apolipoprotein E polymorphism in American Indians and its relation to plasma lipoproteins and diabetes. The Strong Heart Study. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 1996;16:918-25.
[23] Reitz C, Jun G, Naj A, Rajbhandary R, Vardarajan BN, Wang LS, et al. Variants in the ATP-binding cassette transporter (ABCA7), apolipoprotein E epsilon 4, and the risk of late-onset Alzheimer's disease in African Americans. JAMA 2013;309(14):1483- 92
B E Y O N D M E M O R Y L O S S : D I S P A R I T I E S I N T H E U N I T E D S T A T E S A L Z H E I M E R ’ S C A R E S Y S T E M | M a p t h e S y s t e m s 2 0 2 4
B i b l i o g r a p h y B i b l i o g r a p h y
[24] Black Americans and Alzheimer’s. Alzheimer’s Disease and Dementia. (n.d.-a).
https://www.alz.org/help-support/resources/black-americans-and-
alzheimers#:~:text=Only%2035%25%20of%20African%20Americans,aging%20rather
%20than%20a%20disease.
[25] Medicare. Alzheimer’s Disease and Dementia. (n.d.). https://www.alz.org/help- support/caregiving/financial-legal-planning/medicare
[26] Support groups. Alzheimer’s Disease and Dementia. (n.d.-b).
https://www.alz.org/help-support/community/support-groups [27] UnitedHealthcare. (n.d.). Does medicare cover alzheimer’s care?
https://www.uhc.com/news-articles/medicare-articles/does-medicare-cover- alzheimers-
care#:~:text=Original%20Medicare%20(Part%20A%20and,Home%20health%20care
