The Role of Ulama' in Handling Environmental Impacts in Non-Metal Mineral Post- Mining Areas in Bogor and Tangerang Regencies
Surin 1 , Ambran Hartono 2, A. Silvan Erusani 3
1,2,3 Syarif Hidayatullah State Islamic University Jakarta, Indonesia Email: [email protected] *
Received: xxx; Revised: xxx; Received: xxx Abstract
This study aims to identify the social impact of the environment, as well as to explore the role of ulama' as community leaders in protecting and preserving the environment in post-mining areas of non-metallic minerals in Bogor and Tangerang districts. This study uses a qualitative methodology with a qualitative descriptive approach and uses a case study model. The results of this study indicate that the impact of mining activities in the area causes a decrease in air quality, landslides, a decrease in the quantity of water discharge, and a decrease in poultry productivity. Furthermore, the role of ulama as community leaders in maintaining and preserving the environment in the area is shown through religious study activities. However, the mining insights provided are only limited to results and do not touch the post-mining environmental impacts in the area.
Keywords : Role of Ulama, Post-Mining Areas, Non-Metal Minerals, Bogor and Tangerang Regencies ;
Abstract
This study aims to identify the social impact of the environment, as well as to explore the role of ulama as community and environmental leaders in post-mining areas for non-metallic minerals in Bogor and Tangerang districts. This study uses a qualitative descriptive approach methodology and uses a case study model. The results of this study indicate that the impact of mining activities in the area causes a decrease in air quality, a decrease in the quantity of air discharge, and a decrease in poultry productivity. Furthermore, the role of ulama as community and environmental leaders in the region is demonstrated through religious study activities. However, the mining provided is only limited to results and has no impact on the post-mining environment in the area.
Keywords : Role of Ulama', Post-Mining Area, Non-Metal Mineral Minerals, Bogor and Tangerang Regencies ;
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introduction
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The development of the mining industry can have both positive and negative impacts on the surrounding environment. The positive impact of the mining industry is indicated by the opening of employment opportunities and can make a positive contribution to the improvement of socio-economic aspects. But on the other hand, these developments also have a negative impact, especially the emergence of various problems that occur in the post-mining area (Irawan, 2017).
Although mining activities have been clearly regulated through related laws and regulations, it is undeniable that various environmental problems in the post-mining area of non-metallic minerals often occur (Putri, 2017). This is due to the extraction of non-metallic mineral materials in the form of sand, gravel, and piles of garbage that are not controlled and not properly monitored. As happened in Bogor Regency and Tangerang Regency from mining locations in 4 sub- districts, namely Pagedangan District, Rumpin District, Parung Panjang District, and Cisauk District. So that it has an impact on the emergence of various environmental problems in the post-mining area of non-metallic minerals. This is different from the metal mineral mining sector, the majority of which already have legality, making it easier to supervise and control mining areas.
The problem of environmental impacts in post-mining areas for non-metallic minerals that occur in Bogor Regency and Tangerang Regency is very complex, starting from aspects of nature conservation, social aspects, cultural aspects, economic aspects of the surrounding community, clean water management, and waste that has not been managed properly. in that area. This is due to the planning stages of non-metallic mineral mining projects in the area which are not well designed and
unstructured. In addition, the Regional Governments of Bogor Regency and Tangerang Regency experienced limited data regarding these constraints. From the environmental aspect, post-excavation holes are not managed properly and are only used to accommodate liquid waste or solid waste (garbage). This will have a negative impact on the surrounding environment in the future and will become a crucial problem related to environmental pollution (water, soil, and air), as well as being a source or nest of disease for the community around post-mining. location.
The environment is a place where humans carry out all activities related to all components of the natural environment. In modern concepts, the environment includes ecology, economy, aesthetics, and ethics (MacDonald, 2013). Meanwhile, environmental sustainability is a process that aims to maintain the purity of all forms of interactions that occur in all components of the natural environment. Theoretically, the result of long-term environmental degradation on a global scale is the extinction of human life (Julian et al., 2020). Synthesis of environmental sustainability is a sustainable system in environmental aspects that aims to maintain natural resources and the environment in a stable manner and avoid exploitation of these resources. This concept also concerns aspects of maintaining all biological components, maintaining air space stability, and other functions that are not included in the category of the economic sector.
Mining Industry
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According to Gatot Supramono, (2012) mining is an activity carried out by digging into the ground to a certain depth to get something in the form of mining products.
Based on Law Number 4 of 2009 concerning Mineral and Coal Mining Article 1 point 1 which explains that mining is part or all of the stages of activities in the context of research, management, and exploitation of minerals or coal which includes general investigation, exploration, feasibility studies, construction, mining, processing and refining, transportation and sales, and post-mining activities.
Referring to Law Number 4 of 2009 in Article 2, it is explained the principles that apply in the mineral and coal mining sector which are divided into four aspects, namely:
1. Aspects of usefulness, fairness, and balance, which means that mining activities must be able to provide benefits for improving people's welfare, must be able to provide opportunities or opportunities in a fair and proportionate manner for all people without exception and must pay attention to all related parties. fields, especially those directly related to their impact.
2. The aspect of taking sides with the interests of the nation means that mining activities must be oriented to the interests of the state. Although the sources of capital for these activities come from foreigners, foreign workers, and foreign designs, they are still aimed at the national interest.
3. Participatory aspects, transparency, and accountability mean that in carrying out mining activities it requires community participation in project management, openness in the implementation of mining activities is expected that the
wider community can obtain information openly, and carried out in the right way so that it can be accounted for to the state and society.
4. The sustainability and environmental perspective means that the mining process has been designed and integrated with the economic, environmental, and socio-cultural dimensions of the entire mineral and coal mining business to achieve prosperity now and in the future.
Furthermore, the classification of minerals is regulated in Law Number 4 of 2009 concerning Mineral and Coal Mining which has been explained in Government Regulation Number 23 of 2010 concerning the Implementation of Mineral and Coal Mining Business Activities, mining commodities are divided into four groups, namely radioactive minerals, metallic minerals , nonmetallic minerals, and rock and coal.
The mining industry is a series of industrial activities which include extracting, processing, and utilizing natural resources in the form of metals and non-metals, and those that are not renewable . With its non- renewable nature, of course, mining industry activities will end or be closed either because their natural resources have run out or because of other factors.
When a mining activity is stopped or closed, various problems will arise which include aspects of the environment, economic development, social quality of the community, and health will tend to decline. Therefore, it is necessary to plan alternative activities after mining stops (post mining). Alternative planning is carried out in order to carry out sustainable development and maintain community welfare development. In addition,
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mine closure planning is needed that aims to overcome various forms of problems and ensure that land use in the post-mining area functions properly.
Based on the Regulation of the Minister of Energy and Mineral Resources Number 7 of 2014 concerning Mine Reclamation and Closure, it is explained that every company granted a Production Operation Mining Business Permit (IUP) for coal mining is required to carry out mining. closure activities as stated in the AMDAL Document and Post- mining Document.
However, environmental damage due to non-metallic (sand) mining activities often occurs, as has happened in South Tangerang Regency, especially in Pagedangan Legok District, Serpang District, and Cisauk District since 2008 until now. This is due to the lack of readiness in the context of the study, especially in the study of spatial planning of mining areas. In addition, there are no reclamation efforts from related mining companies or from the local government in South Tangerang Regency.
Utilization of post-mining areas can be done through the application of the Agrosilvopasture system. Agrosilvopasture is an integrated system consisting of forestry, agriculture and livestock components to meet various needs that can make a positive contribution to ecosystem services and the surrounding community (Ma'ruf, 2017).
Synergy of agrosilvopasture is carried out in a planned, measurable, and structured way to optimally utilize the functions of production and services (especially wood/forestry components) to humans/communities (to serve people).
Furthermore, according to Zainuddin &
Sribianti, (2018) states that silvopasture is a
form of agroforestry which includes forestry and livestock activities carried out under forest stands (Agathis sp, Pinus sp, Albizia sp, and others). Meanwhile, according to Indriyanto, (2008) explains that silvopasture is a form of agroforestry that combines forestry and livestock activities in one land management system. In this stand, various types of forage grass are planted in one place without damaging the stand. So it can be interpreted that the silvopasture system is a forest land management effort that aims to produce wood and animal feed.
Thus, it can be synthesized that silvopasture is an agroforestry system that integrates tree stands, forage plants, and livestock in a structured activity that attracts various interactions that aim to utilize these three components optimally.
This is the Role of the Ulama'
Considering that the environmental impact problem in the post-mining area of non- metallic minerals that occurred in Bogor Regency and Tangerang Regency is so complex, of course it will not be solved only by stakeholders or the relevant government.
Therefore, it takes the participation of the community, especially the ulama' as community leaders who have an important role in the social environment in the religious field.
The actualization of religion in the context of protecting and preserving the environment is one of the important foundations to support in overcoming these problems. According to Pramono, (2018) ulama' are the main teachers or caregivers of Islamic boarding schools. It is called so because the ulema has the task of educating, directing, and guiding the students who study with him. Ulama are also known as
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Muslim scholars who devote their lives only to gain the pleasure of Allah SWT by studying and spreading Islamic teachings through educational activities.
Regarding the role of ulama' in the social environment (Lubis, 2019) explains that the role of ulama' in the environment is broadly divided into two parts. First, ulama' as educators, which means 'ulama' are sources of knowledge in the field of religion whose job is to teach that knowledge. Second, ulama are role models whose job it is to instill spiritual values and provide examples of good behavior or morals to their students.
In a previous study, by Thadi &
Damayanti, (2021) which discussed the role of ulama' in the social environment, it showed that the role of ulama' had a strategic position and became a central point in society or could also be called religious leaders or community leaders. This is because of his position as an educated and respected person in society. In addition to providing knowledge about Islamic insights to the community and students at Islamic boarding schools in the context of transferring knowledge, ulama' are also tasked with teaching insights about protecting and preserving the surrounding environment as a form of human responsibility in the context of worship.
From the various meanings of the various roles of ulama' described above, it can be concluded that the position of ulama' has a very important role in all sectors of life for the community in the post-mining area. This is because the position of ulama' in a social context is seen as someone who can be trusted and respected by the wider community. Thus, ulama' are religious leaders or community leaders as the leading sector that is considered the most dominant in society, both in terms of
religion, education, social, culture, as well as in the aspect of protecting and preserving the environment.
Based on the explanation and summary of the theoretical discussion that has been described above, it is necessary to conduct research that aims to identify the social and environmental impacts of post-mining non- metallic minerals in Bogor Regency and Tangerang Regency. and explore the role of ulama' as community leaders in protecting and preserving the post-mining environment for non-metallic minerals in Bogor and Tangerang districts.
Furthermore, sustainable post-mining management involving the participation of scholars and the surrounding community will be able to realize green mining and sustainable development. This aims to overcome the problem of environmental impacts in post- mining areas of non-metallic minerals in Bogor Regency and Tangerang Regency which includes mine planning, mining construction, mining operations, and post-mining activities in the area.
Method
Writing system
The discussion in this study is divided into five parts. The first part is an introduction to the research program. The second section is a literature review, in which the theoretical framework is discussed. The third part is an explanation of the research methodology. The fourth section presents the results and discussion of the research. The last part is the conclusion of the research.
This study uses a qualitative methodology with a descriptive analysis
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approach through five main stages in research, namely, problem identification to lead to clarity of research problems, problem formulation to develop research question specifications, literature study to support the basic theoretical basis and research concepts, field studies to explore data. . research, data analysis to analyze research data to be credible, as well as recommendations as research contributions for related parties.
Population
The population in this study are people who live in four sub-districts, namely Pangedangan District, Cisauk District, Rumpin District, and Parung Panjang District. The basis for taking the population in this study is that the population is the community around the post-mining area. Thus, the selected respondents can represent the characteristics of the informants in the study.
Table 1. Community social data
Not district Amount Population
1 Pangedangan 117,317
2 Cisauk 86,205
3 rumpin 140,465
4 Parung Long 131,301
Total 475,288
Table 1. above shows that the population that meets the characteristics is 475,288 people consisting of 117,317 people in Pangedangan District, 86,205 people in Cisauk District, 140,465 people in Rumpin District, and 131,301 people in Parung Panjang District.
Sampling and Sampling
Furthermore, the sample in this study on the Sosekbud component is Ulama as research informants and the community as research respondents who are in post-mining areas in 4 research locations. While the samples on the components of Geophysics-chemistry and biology are water and soil quality obtained from 4 research locations.
This study uses a purposive sampling technique in a qualitative approach and a proportional stratified random sampling technique in a quantitative approach with the consideration that they are resource persons as samples in the study who can provide information and data according to the research objectives. 2017). Determination of the sample point is done by using purposive sampling technique. While the sampling technique is done by grab sampling technique (taking momentary). For the sampling of the Sosekbud component, it was done by distributing questionnaires to the community around the mining area, by determining the respondents by random sampling.
Data Analysis Research Instruments
A literature study was conducted to obtain secondary data from various sources, both data from books, previous research, and related electronic media. Then observations were made to assess the environmental impact in the post-mining area of non-metallic minerals in the study area. Furthermore, in- depth interviews were conducted to ensure that the information obtained from the informants was accurate and reliable data. The distribution of questionnaires to 120 respondents was carried out through a Forum Group Discussion (FGD) which aims to obtain data on flora and fauna in 4 research locations. Collecting data in this study using literature study techniques,
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observation, interviews, and questionnaires.
Observations or observations are made directly, where the author is actively involved in the activities of the subject under study. in the form of sentences that have a deeper meaning (Taylor, 2011).
Results and Discussion
Post-mining social and environmental impacts of non-metallic minerals in Bogor Regency and Tangerang Regency
Based on the results of the study, it shows that the social and environmental impacts in post-mining areas are very complex.
These impacts include disruption of animal habitats, causing surrounding animals to enter the local community. In addition, mining activities in the area cause a decrease in air quality, landslides, a decrease in the quality and quantity of water discharge so that rainfed rice fields dry up, as well as a decrease in poultry productivity in the surrounding environment.
In a previous study, Fachlevi et al., (2015) stated that socially, the community has a positive perception of mining activities.
However, it can also increase the potential for conflict between communities regarding land tenure rights and job vacancies. Meanwhile, the results of a study from Fitriyanti, (2018) show that social and environmental impacts in post-mining areas can lead to conflict between the community and the company, a decrease in the quality of public health, changes in people's mindsets, and changes in the social structure in society. Therefore, there is a need for countermeasures that must be carried out by all related parties, both local governments, mining
companies, and local communities, especially ulama' as community leaders to overcome various social and environmental impacts in post-mining areas. Incorrectly forming and implementing an environmentally friendly mining activity program in accordance with Law Number 4 of 2009 concerning Mineral and Coal Mining. Thus, it can realize environmentally friendly mining (green mining) and sustainable development (sustainable development).
Based on the explanation above, it can be concluded that the social impact of post- mining non-metallic minerals in Bogor Regency and Tangerang Regency tends to be negative. This is indicated by the disruption of animal habitats in the area, decreased air quality, landslides, decreased quality and quantity of water discharge, and decreased productivity of poultry in the area.
The role of ulama' as community leaders in protecting and preserving the environment in post-mining areas for non-metallic minerals in Bogor Regency and Tangerang Regency
Based on the results of the study, it is shown that the role of ulama as community leaders in maintaining and preserving the environment in the area is carried out by inviting the surrounding community to take part in ta'lim activities in the form of religious lectures. aims to prevent disgraceful acts such as fraud and theft. In addition, the ulama' provide understanding and insight into the results of mining in the area to the local community.
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The results of the FGD show that the understanding of the ulama or religious leaders has not yet understood the issue of environmental conservation. Therefore, environmental issues have not become the theme of discussion in lectures or taklim to the public.
In his study, Lubis, (2019) explains that the role of ulama' in the social environment apart from being an educator or as a source of knowledge in the religious field whose job is to teach, ulama' also has an important role in instilling religious-spiritual values in their followers.
The results of FGDs conducted on communities around mining areas showed that they felt the impact of mining. among others:
the decline in water quality and discharge, the extinction of some animals that used to live in mountainous areas and so on. However, mining activities have become a job for some people and are their livelihood, therefore people are less concerned about environmental conservation.
Religious leaders who are close to mining areas have not explained much about the impact of mining on the community, especially post-mining conversion. Religious leaders explained more about the procedures for worship, admonishing makruf nahi mungkar (not stealing) and being a prayer priest in the prayer room or mosque.
Based on observations reinforced by interviews with the community in the Parung Panjang area, it was stated that the impact of mining was not only on flora and fauna, but also the damage to the roads traversed by trucks carrying mining products.
Meanwhile, the research results of Thadi
& Damayanti, (2021) explain that the role of ulama' in the social environment of society has
a strategic position. Which in addition to playing a role in providing Islamic insight for the people in the context of knowledge transfer, the ulama' are also tasked with teaching insights about maintaining and preserving the surrounding environment as a form of human responsibility in the context of worship. However, the insight to protect and preserve the surrounding environment given by ulama' as community leaders in the study area only refers to aspects of mining results and does not touch the environmental impact after mining activities. Therefore, it is necessary to provide comprehensive mining insight to the surrounding community related to post-mining environmental management. Thus, the surrounding community can understand how to manage the post-mining environment in that environment.
Based on this explanation, it can be concluded that ulama' as community leaders have an important role in maintaining and preserving the environment in post-mining areas for non-metallic minerals in Bogor Regency and Tangerang Regency. This is marked by providing religious insight to the local community to prevent violations of norms such as fraud and theft, as well as providing insight into mining results in the area. However, the insights provided do not touch on the environmental impacts of post- mining activities.
Conclusion
Based on the results of the research that has been done, the authors can conclude that the social and environmental impacts in the post-mining area are very complex, such as decreased air quality, landslides, decreased quality and quantity of water discharge, and decreased productivity of poultry which causes
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the stability of natural ecosystems in the environment. become chaotic and unbalanced.
Furthermore, the role of ulama as community leaders in maintaining and preserving the environment in post-mining areas is carried out by conducting religious studies at the ta'lim assembly and subuh recitations at foundations managed by local community leaders to prevent disgraceful acts such as fraud. and theft. In addition, community leaders or scholars provide insight into mining results for the surrounding community post-mining area, but does not touch the post-mining environmental impact in the area. Insights on post-mining environmental impacts are expected to be a reference for the surrounding community in managing the post-mining environment so that mining activities in Tangerang and Bogor Regencies are more environmentally friendly and sustainable.
The contribution of this research for the community in the study area is to provide insight into the impact of the post-mining environment for the community. Meanwhile, the Regional Governments of Bogotá and South Tangerang in establishing and implementing environmentally friendly mining activity programs follow Law Number 4 of 2009 concerning Mineral and Coal Mining.
Thus, it can realize environmentally friendly mining (green mining) and sustainable development (sustainable development).
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