Mo~;irw,,;,iimlfwmlnli'iI~IIIII~ 1.111

c.1 Warden, Francis Marl 010119 022

Mo~;irw,,;,iimlfwmlnli'iI~III II~

^1.111

o

1996 0139594 0

MONOrENHI IN mE JOHANNlNE LITERATURE

.MONOffNHI

A The.i. aubm1tte4 to the Yaoulty

ot

The Southern Baptl.t Theological Seminary in pertial tultilment

ot

the requirement.

tor the degree

ot

Doctor of Philo.ophy

hanci. Marion Werd_

Dedlc8w4

in obedienoe to . , heart's commen4 to Ruth 'ataon larden

l1i

-THESES Ph. D.

W';2.lqh".,

O~/G/1'I4L

-- /J;q 3/9

MeIlJ' reeaona fQr deep greti tude in coDDection wi th this stud7 preas upon the v i ter at the conclusion of the taak. To .1udy the word

,.o...,,~s I has been e pr! vl1ege at once UDde.ened and deep17 appreciated.

Not only hes soma degree ot comprehen.ion ot the term itaelf been gained, but also e higher and deeper end broader colICeption of God's Onl7 Son has been tormed.

The tact that one occurrence ot the tem 8tudied is in the best-known varse of all Scripture places e heavy responsibility upon one who must try to express the truth ot 'that 'Yerse. But the responsi- bili ty, however well or poorly met, i. outweighed b,. the joy ot study- ing afresh the "Bpi Ji~ ot the Gospel ot Redemption" (lohn 3.16). 1Iore-' over, what is .aid 8S u. that occurrence ot "the term 1s ~ also ot

ell the oUler occurrence., each ot which hes 8OID8 di stlnctive feaiure that 8dds intere.t along 111 th. and often becsuse ot, 1I1e ditticul tie.

&DCOUD tered.

In every study in the Greek New Te.tament there IllU8t be

caused in the student 8 realization ot the truth thU8 expre •• ed by Alfred Tennyson:

"Yet I doubt not through tbe age.

One incre.s ing purpose run •• •

For the Greek ot the New Testament, although it Is decidedly not ⁸

"sacred tongue," uaed in the New Testament elone, Is UDquestionab17 the medium used in "God' 8 Plan

ot

the

J.Be."

to carry the me •• age ot Hi_ "one Inc~asiDg purpo.e-, "that you lD87 he ... lite in His naae."

The "language-molding power- of ~e Ne. Te.tament i. illus- trated in man~ directions ⁱⁿ the case ot;u0YO~~Y75, 8S the following leten.. tI'OBl Ralph • a140 Bmeraon

t.

Xssa,. 011 "Experience" shows: -'!'he eoul i. not twin-born but onlT-begot"en, en4 thoush reTesling i tselt a. ohild in time, child in appearance, i. of a fetal and uniTersal power, admitting no co-life.-

It is a genuine pleaaure ^to .%press greti tud. ^{to IfrT} major Professor, Dr. W. Bel's.,. DaTi., who not only ausgested the subject tor this .tudy, but al.o has a4dea man,. ect.

ot

h.lptuln.... ~bidilll

appr.ciation i. likuiae expressed ^to Dr. j . McKee Adams and ^to Dr.

3'. B. Weatherspoon, Profesaors in my minor courses in Arch8eolo~ end Christian Sociology r8spectiTel,.. Courte.ie. and 8t~ulation haTe coae

from all the member. of the )'aculty aDd the LibralT Steff of the Seminary.

Ideals of Chri.tian liTins haTe been .een realized in the liTes of fellow- student. and teachers alike.

An eftort ha. been maae to a •• ign credit to the proper source.

tor many idea. expre •• ed in thi • • tud,., without avoiding re.ponsibility for the conclu.ions reached.

Ihi t.i tt Hell

Louisville, KentucQ Prenci. lIarioll WardeD

TABU 0.. CONTENTS

Decll.a"lOll • _• • • • • • • •

• • •

• • •

•

• • •

• •

• •

•

• • • iil Pretae. _{• •} •

• •

•

• •

•

•

• •

• •

•

•

• • • •

•

• • • • •

•

•

Table of Contents

•

•

•

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

•

• • ^vil Chapter I. The Historical Settins

ot

the Johennine L1 tara tun • 1

1. The authorship end date

ot

the tive books in question _• 2 (1) Th. authorshlp

• • •

•

•

• • • • • • • •

•

• • • • ²

(2) The dete •

• • • •

• • •

• •

• • • • • • • • • • •

(3) Conclu8ion • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

•

2. John's relations with contemporary religious thought • • ^'I (1) The finality ot john'. mesaage • • • • _• •

• • •

• ⁷

(2) Suney

ot

the major 't7Pe* ot religion encountered ;

(3) Oonoluslon • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • ^• • • • • ^1'1 Chapter II. The Preparatory De~elopment ot IfD'tDytnJS

•

• • • • ¹⁸

1. The technical 4e~.lopment •• • • • • • • • • • • • •• 1;

(1) The component element.

• •

• • • • • • • • • • • •

2. The historical 4e~elopment • • _•

•

• • •

•

•

•

•

•

•

• •

²⁸ (1) The ege of the dialect. • • • • • • • • • • • • • 25 (2) Th. age of the Koine •• _{• • • • •} • • • • • • • • ²⁷ e. The literary Koine • • • • • • • • • • • • •• 27

b. The inacriptions end papyri • • • • • • • • • 2g

c. The Greek ⁰¹⁴ Testament _• • • • • • • • • • •

4. Bnra-J'ohennine us.p in the Bew Te.tament •• S2 3. Conclu.lell

vil

Content.

Chapter III. Rela .... Te1m8 C.pued Withl1fJ'YtJpyfS 1. 'l'b. nature and 4epoee

ot

their reletionahip

• • • • • •

• • • • • •

2. The relate4 terms and the manner

ot

comparison • •

• • •

(1)

~ (fl."?'"

^•

• •

• • •

•

^• • • •

• •

• • • • • •

•

(2) cE..fJr,f) • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

•

• • • • • (3)

:.)9(#5 •

•

•

• • • •

•

• • • • • • • • • • •

•

(4:)

I//"D$

_{• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •}

(5)

rTf. ^Tt/

^{T'tJIe DS} • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • (e)

'1/ '

IDS • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 3. Conolus1oD. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • the Re~ealer

ot

God • • • • • • • •

3'

38 38 42 43

4&

50

51 53 1. The problem

ot

lohn's reterence

ot

1'f)7tJrt-1'75

,

• • • • • M

2. The relation

ot

the Prologue to the entire Gospel • • • ^5V

( 1) The structure ot the Prologue _• • • • • • • • • • ^5V

(2) The theme ot the Prologue • • • • • ^{• •} • • • • • ⁵⁹

(3) The central idea. in the Prolocue _{• • •} • • • • • &0 ( .) The ~portance

ot

the Prologue • _• • • • • • • • • &1 3. The Incarnation

ot

the Word (lohn 1.14) • • • • • • • • ⁶² (1) The tact

ot

the Incarnation stated • • ^• • • • • • 62 (2) The historical manitestation ot the Inoarnate Word ~ (3) The oharacter

ot

the Inoarnate Word _{• •} • • • •

•

⁶⁵

(4) The persoDal experienoe with the Incarnate Word • ^&5

4. The re~elation

ot

God to man (lohn 1.18) •

•

• • • • • • ⁷⁰ (1) The terlual problem

•

• • • • • •

•

• • • • • • • 70 (2) The interpretation

ot

God • • • • • • • • • • •

•

⁷³

viii

ConMnt.

(3) Summary • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

•

• • • • •

• • • • • • • • 1. The re4emptive purpose

ot

God • • • • • • _• • • • • •

•

• (1) leau.' Gonyer.etion with Nicodamua (lohn 3.1-15)

•

(2) The Evans_list'. cODlll8nta17 (lolm 3.16-21)

•

• •

•

2. !he relation

ot

redemption to the Christian lite _{• •}

• •

(1) The context (1 lohD •• 7-21) ••

• • •

•

• •

•

•

•

•

(8) The manit •• tatioD

ot

God's love (1 lohD 4.g) _• • •

80 82 83 84r 88

101 101 102

Bib1i0ll'aph7 • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 110

ix

mI HISTORICAL SI'l'fING

or

THE J'OBAHNINI LI!I1U.TCHI

-loha the disciple of the Lo~ who leaDed upon Bi.

bre •• " h1.Juelt too •• " forth the ao.pel while , . . Uiq in Bphe8U8 the ci

t7

of ~.1 •• • - IreDaeua

cmPrBR I. 'mB HISTOBICAL Slt'I-l'ING OY mE 10HlNNINB LITJmlLTOHI

1. !be authorahip and date of the fiye boot. in question (1) ~ authorship

In this ltud,., the historical situatioD, iD~olYiDS the da'- and enYiroJDl8nt ot the loh8J1Dine v i tinsa, i. of JIIOr8 blDedlate con- oem than ~ partioular problem ot their authorship. .e ued to know when the lIOru that bear 101m'. ~ were produoed, 111 order that the

/

author'. uee ot /OY~rY7S

-,.

be oOJlpared with the preoedlq 8Jld coa-

MmporaJ7 uaage thereot. !he oomparison in turD ahould deyelop what-

e~er dl.tincti yenes. there me,. be in the emplo,ment of the term b,. the wri ter ot the J'ohannil18 works. Honyer. let i" be accepted that 'the possibili t7 of deteminlq the dete of the booa apart from their au'Ulorahlp i. remote ,.ainoe the eTide.ee for the one problem will e81ist in aolYlq the other; the authorlhip and the da"e are inter- dependent.

It IIlU8t be r8II8JDbered aa a matter of .imple fairnes. the"

the,. who que.tion or deny ~t the ~poatle loba il the author of the Gospel, ^~ Bpietle., and 'the BeYelatioD, a"tribute4 to h1Ja. JII118t .tl11 bear the burden

ot

the proot. The ori tics who 40 Dot oredi t thi. man wi til wr1 tiDS 'the J'ohann1ne booke must woeeed in demouvat- iDe not onl,. that someone el.e might heye v i tten

th.,

but alao that thi. J'ohn oould not heye been their author. The oritiol must tind and orlanize and preHnt external ud 1.Jlternal e~idence

ot

oredi table oha- acter, an4 appl,. it to the probl_ 1t1 th lueh oa.:pelliD8 toree . 4 teir- nel. a. to aocount a'equately for aU the phenomena of these boob.

!he,. must ello remoye a larger number of the difficulties controntel then does the -tredi tional" position. If 10D the ~po8tle i8 not the

Risto.ricel Setting

author, proot that h. i. not muat incluae: the pre .. nutloD of another author equally or better equipped than h. for this partioular ta.k; and a aemol18trat10n that a wrlter (or writers) tal' remo •• d both ill

tme a'

plao.

traa

the earthly lit. ot leaua ooula

11 ••

a hi.torioally accura ..

and relig1ousl:y t:ranatormiq pioture of the Sn10r. Theretore, the "->4- . n ori tloal achool- .... or tho •• ""er. thereot who a.1l7 the 10haJUl1u authorship ot the books in question - will 40 well to prepare to d.ted their 01111 theorie.. The deten •• , JDOreo.er, muat diapla7 lION plaua1bili tJ

thaJl has thu ta' b"D ob •• ned in their .ttaoka on the position of the .tl11 ooula.reble poup who tint 1 t both intell.otu8l1:y rea.onabl. and apiritual.l.7 rea •• uriq to .a7 that th •• e boob are, 1114 •• 4, 'the work ot the B.lDY.d D1soiple loba.l

1'01' we are 4eallDc hen with relig10ua llteratue that ola1u to conta1Jl IUltano. tor man In hi. relation. wi ttL 004. The :relig10118

•• lu. ot the literature 1. aependent upon lts hi.torioal accurao7 ta that its author present. s.leoted example. ot the llte aD4 teachiDia

ot

ane who i. repre.entea a. li.i118 and workiq

ana

.peald.DS in a _ - nft that led man to Ii.e Him their rel1810118 dewtion, to worship H1a

•• Dei~. It the traditional posltion i. in error, and lf an lllt1JUte companion of leaua 1. not the author ot the .. vi tiD88, what are ,.. to .a7

ot

their religion. .alue? !he proof of their productlon b:y .am.

Oil. other than 'th.ir reputed author would throw a .. ri0118 question OIl

their historioal .alue, which qu.stion 111 turn would or.ate .e:rioue

1. Robert.on, A. ~. Kpochs

!! .!!!!.

~ ~

.!!!.

olposUe

l!!!!,

p. 3'1, ll.ts -

the tollo1f1D8 "holers' Bzra Abbot, .lakri th, BurGh, 1 . . . DruIIaon4.

GrelOl'J, Ha,.s, Lightfoot, Bolloth, Peate, 8811487, 1. Jo. BoblD8OIl, Soott-Holland, MOncri.t, Straohan, Watkin8, B ••• 1 •• , .e.tcott, T. Zalm.

doute :repriiq their religiou8 truetworth1Jl.... .01' it i. a. !'elia- ioua 400llMll"., ."te.te4 with hi.torio.l aocunoJ tha' i. ill aepiB8

wi til I1ltrlul0 oertainty, that the J'ohUlliae books DlUt be accepted or rej.cted. The tact tha" the author ot the Bpl.t1. to the H.brew. 1.

,

Dlaloa doe. DOt ,"MIlt a tall' ualog to the probl_ ot the J'ohaDa1u authorahlp, tor the authentiol

V ot

Hebren 18 111 110 _ , . '.pendat upoa

811,.

oODolaion a'bout i'h author.hip. But the author ot the 00.,.1 of

b . . n an

.7ft1 tn...

^to the lit. ot lena. Kiuhlp ill .~l. betne. the 008Pe1 ani the .platle. lndlca.a OCllllOll authorahlp; aD4 the author ot the Be'Ye1atiOJl oall. h1JUelt -loa. - That th18 -lou- 1. ill .aoh oa . . the author of the booa iJl'Yol.el 1. the po.i tion a •• ^umed herea.

81ao. th ••• are hl.torical a. weU

e.

^{Nllgioua 40oumuu,}

the enemal and the· lat.raal .'Yi4eaoe tor their .uthor.hip ad Ie.

th._i., b,. 1 t ••• I'J' nature, rale. out

-u. ••

oe •• i V aDIl propri."" of gi'Yiq e'YD a ""'17 of either

tn.

ot .'Yi4eno. 1 •• 41118 to the coa- ol118ion aclopte'. !h. po.i t101l. other than the t held hereia h.... be . .

•• full,. oonaulte4 a. the nature of 'the atu',. ha. permitted. "Ihat- e'Y.r oODHquao •• _,. tollo. trca it, we are cc.pelle4 OD orl tioal

srounu

to aocept thls rourth Go_pel

a.

tile genuiDe work of .John, the BOn ot Zebed ... _1 "I t.el sure thet the 8ye_ wh1eh .a., the .ar. whlo1l h.et,

a.

^{the haal tha" wrot. '.loqecl to} the . . . _ ; i t

.0,

^that

lUll DlU8t hne HO lohJL.·8

1. Abbot, Lightfoot, Peabod,..

l!!!.

~uthorahip

.2£.!!!!.

Pour. Gospel.

p. 1'1j..

2. Ibid •• p. 122.

Bistorioal Setttas 5

(8) '!he 4ate

he apent hi. later Jeera in -,u.ua, .Dept for h1a

enle

on the Ialan4 ot Patmoa, . . 08Jl a.termilla . . appron.te 48"a be,oD4 1dlieh h. ooull aot haft li.H 8Il4 vi tteJl. POl', a1 th011l11 lou _,.

he..

^{Hea JOUDpr}

then le8118 'b,. teD yeaN, ha . . . 110 le •• thea lliDatrti.e J8U.

ot

age wheD he 41e4, about tile oloa. or the tir.t oanturJ' (l'eokonins le.s' birth aa 1D

e

or

:s

^{B. C.).} The tJta4i tioD that he . . . early .artyre4

b,.

the lns is selt-colltradietolT. "His vlt1118s beloDS to the clo8iDS years

ot

hia lit., lDlle.a ,.. put the ,,"pooaln.a DeU' the t t . of •• ro as same .oholar. -- wrongly 1D . , op1n10n -- .tll1 40.-1

The 4ate., then, _,. be a • • what

a.

tol101rs: Bpi.tle., 80-90;

Gospel, 85-90; ,,"pooaln •• , e5. '!he •• are t_ 4a • • 8i.D in Dr. Robert- IOn'. Chroaolopoal

!B

".a-'D" (11M) a04 1Jl hi. posthumous Bpooy

.!a.!!!l..LU!..9.t.

^~ J.JOI!le

l!?l!a

(le3D). It 18 8ignifioant thet 0 • • 1"

thi. ape

ot

about. p •• ration he •• i4ed1,. ••• DO re.sca to alt.r hi. juac-Ilt.

(~) OOllolusioa

SiDO. the nature

ot

this

.tu.,

torbid. further 'e.e10,..._

ot the matter

ot

tbe historioal .e"tins as ter e. thet matter 18 eoa- Deete4 with the au 1ihorahip and 4eta, tbe tol1oriJlg oonolusions will be ottered as prooeeallll froll or assumed in t~ ttn-esoiBC di.ou.ioa, 8DI a. proYi,4ins a foundation toJ' the ell.ulq oou14.ra"101l of 101la·.

1. Robertson. OPe cit., p. 21.

- -

Bl.torioal SetttDI

Nlatlou rita relil1ou8 thoUlht oon"-POrary with h18 lite . . , work,

•• !het 10D the Be1o.,.el Dl.o1ple 1a 1be authar of tbe

~ourih eoapel, the three Kpiat18., end the ~poo.l7P'" 8IIIl that

the,.

are all hiatorioa1l7 anel 8tructural17 tnanorth7 in their preaent fora. -~ onu probe41 reata wi th thoae who would 1apup ita

(Gospel'.) genuinene... and aothlq abon of the tulle.t and • • t 4eclal.,. mark. fit apu1.ouan ••• ean talr17 'be OOJ18iu"4 autflolat W oounMrbaluoe thla eTldeaGe. • •• !'he internal _rq of autha-

•

tlci t7 and pnunenea. 8J'e 80 Taried, eo oirowutantial. aid .0 lllcoa- Qiouous as to onate aD oTenhelaiJ:Ll bod,.

at

eTid.nce in ita taTor.-l

"101m haa to14 his .tory RU. -rhe" 18 ao nee' tor _,. . . to ....

t . p t to tell i ' bettu.-²

the 0108il&& ~ar. of lou'. 1tte. proba'b17 __ e'he.

eo

^{an4 100 A. D.}

o. !hat tbe tue.t1on ot

lohD'.

authorahip and at hi.

truatworthill8'. aa aD .uthor i. more ~an the que8tion ot hi. 'beiDa . . eJ'Mf1 tne •• to tho.e eTent. whioh he narratea. It 18 ratl»r a queation of hi. experienoe with One who. 'b7 'ai17 oaapenionship. impre •• e4 the vi ter aa beins Dot only

tul17

hUlll8ll. but also a. h ... iDl inherent quali tiea wh1eh, oon:tir.4. b7 long and protoun4 retleotion

ana

^{b,. the}

obaerYetion at the experienoe

ot

his tellor-diaciplea, lad 10hD tinallJ'

to .iT. his te.timon,. to b truth of the 4iT1De ola1D8 . , .

'b,. _

tar l.aue, 8DI 1a7 leaus tor lI1maelt. It i. a que.tioa of lohn'. obMia1q

1. Lightfoot. .9.E,.

sU.,

^{p. 13'1.}

2. KcDonU. E. A. , lr. SV'uctural Integrity.!!t

J!!!.

:rourth Gospel, p. 20·

Bl.torioal Sett1Ql

the oonaant of h18 iatelact, hi. eIIO'ion., _4 h1a will to

D.U'r8.

^a

tew oho.en .y.n. trca ^b lit. of hia '-aoher, to whoa the Below.d Dl.oiple ooull attribute, after • • t ~ hi. lit . . . peat in obe71DC

, ~ I

that Teaoher'. will, the s.-aaurebl,. profoUD.4 tenu ~"rlJrY7S t7't'~.

8. 101m'. relatiOn. with oont.pora17 religious ~usht (1) !he tinalitJ

ot

101la'. me •• ap

It lou'. v i

tins.

were produo.' 1Jl Kpheau

"_ell ^eo

^ea4

,

100 Jo. D., th.l' ar., .inoe the other !In ' h a " at 'booa preoe'.

tIl_,

the tinal word in point

ot

t1M that

w.

po •••• a coaoaniDa the lit.

and _ •• age of

Chri.,..

Whether or not lob realized

the"

1 t • • to b. hi. di.tinctioll. to .a7 the la.t worcl, •• olllUlot lalow. ..'Yertiale •• , mow1q that he . . . eaoq b la.t

ot

the .,eri •••••• to 1 . . . ' ear1ihl7

Jlin1.tI7,

^u4 laLcnr1q tha' h. had a . . . . ge aupn.ly nee'" ill h1a t t . , h. woul4 .urely .vift to SiY. torth 1Ilat ••• a . . wi til a. JII10A pcnrv and oonaoioun ••• of t1JLalit7 a. he 00llli o~d. & writ ••

ulali..

ot _ .

lie he. learned traJa hi. ".achu the t the ulaaie.

ot

man hea' up tinalll' in .ini that ain i. le •• an outwart,

oy.n m.-

' •• 4 than an in.ara atti w.ae, l •• diq, i t unchecked, to .piritual bondag., trom whioh onl7 the Son of God ca •• t Dml tree. 101m'.

entire rich end unparalleled heri~88 troa tbe age. past, fro. hi.

intimate a.80018 tion wi til le.ua, end tram h1a 'Yutap point of tull maWri ty bo til 111 age ani in eonMmpla ti08 - all 111 18 he pye 1D tultiJ.J.nt of hia purpose to wr1 te thet "You - 7 b.l1eY. that 1.na

i . the Chri.t, the Son of 004, and that belia'YiDC, you mer haYe lit.

Historical Settina

i. Bis~· (lohn 20.31). lID4era wr1 ter. acoeptiq the loh8Dll1Jle author.hip h-equently poiD" out that lohn'. thoU«ht-to~ aD1l e~

preaaiona .bow h~ to be a Pale.tinian le.. Hi. UDobtrusi~e17

8

accurate topographical notel and -hi. ItrikiDI report8

or

^8~ente aI

eon~er8ation. show him to be an eye.i -maa. of the _"era the t he relate8. ma frequent explanations

ot

.Tn1ah woI'4. 1114 CU8tau like- wise show him to be v i ting 1D. time and plaee ape rt from the occurrenoe

ot

th8 matter. he nUTates. Other linea at eTidence relati '98 to the author8hip aDd characteristics

ot

these books are frequent17 cited, 'but these are .ufticient to &how SOllIe po in ta inIoD' a eqUipment . .

trainiq tor hi. ta.k. In hi. ca.e, a8 truly as in Paul' a, or in IIosea'. we cen see the SU14ill8 etteet

ot God'.

l8adiDC of th1e JII8Jl

throuah experiencel that ti t'ted h1Ja tor his work 111 interpretiDg . . tinal and supraae NTelation ot God in terms of Hia . . diDa Hi. ODly Son to t8ke .,,87 the sin of the world. Generally alawned i. lohn's knowledge, it not aotual pOlsesaion and utili •• tioD.

ot

the SJDOptio Ooapela. much 8S . . he~e them now. Other.

I"

to tind depend _ _ in Iou upon Paul'. Ohristology. end, to a probably lelser degree, de- pendenoe upon the ideas

ot

the Bpistle to 'the Hebre... Sure17 tbere is DO reaSaD to deny the possibility that 101m oonecioualy suppl8mented seTeral

ot

the earlier Hew Testament books. Whether or not dependelloe upon. or a d •• ire to correct. the He .. Testament v i tiDSs preoeding hi.

01IJl e~er be proyea

at

.Toha. the Tel'J' presenoe and nature

ot

hi • • • ti- JDOIlJ' proTe him to haTe regarded hi. work ••• ential and applicable to

tile religiou. situation

ot

hi. clo.ing year.. ^H1a Gospel e.peoiall,.

Hi.torical SetttQI

re~e.le hair loba relarted the whole aphere at lit • • a pr1aeril,. re- li8100 - 'to hia the ennJlODJD8nt 111 .U 1 til ,ar1;icula n rea t.4 to hl. i4ea ot the r.letloa D8D. ahould eatabliah aD4 u1nte1Jl with 004.

ReligioD

we.

tor him great .nough to .urae. tiM 111101. lit.. .lccort- lql,., when 1 t 18 proposed to deel with lohll'. oontact. with contua- porarr re11s1oua thought, It i. neo •••• J:7 to

us.

the lII04.m di~i.l0.

ot

the -relig1ou- troa the • . .

oular,·

tor

a

.Ul"Y87 ot 'tha .ntire Itc.m world of 101m'. tiD, in all it ••• pect., cannot b. macl. here.

(2)

Sun.,. ^ot

the three major mes of religion .ncountered Onl,. • ~.r,r )rlef .ur.e,. can be attempted, tor 1t i. autt1oi.nt here to po.l tioni •• 10D in • seneral _,. in the m1d.t of • DIUltl tud.

ot

oompl.x aJd onen hostile rel18iou • . , s " - . 'lo . . . . ,. • chronolog- ieal presentation would in~ol~e neearch b.yond the .oope an4 purpo ••

ot thi. swd,..

aca.

aert ot ol ••• lficatioD, hOlr.~.r. 18 _o ••• el7;

thet followd herei . . . propo ••• aot lODS .inoe in .n .1.rohaeolog Seminar by Dr. 1.

u.r. •

^{.14.... 'lb. three major}

tne.

are: the polit-

ical, the philosophical, _d the -"' • • 17- r.ligion.. !he •• 4 •• SC ....

tiol18

me,.

not be mutuall,. .xcluai~e, but will ••

n.

^the pres.Dt need a4a1reb ly.

•• Th. political type

ot

rel1g1ca

Thi. type ... 8 preeminentl,. repre •• nted In the cult

ot

emperor- worshlp. Mor. directly, openly,

8114

con.i.tently then did _,. ot~r

tne

ot religion, thi. one clash.d with the tenet. 8D4 naulte ot

*

Goapel

ot

Chriat, to:r theae 'ho were iDheratl,. irreconollable. Tba '.ci.ion h.d to b. me4e be _ _

-Lora

Christ- or -Lor4 C •••• r.· Thla politlcall,-ooD.dltioned in.titutional religion, which .potheosi •• d men

Historical Sett1us 10

who •• re often manit •• tly d.graded in character end medioor. tD abllit7 end aohi •• ement. held no real ohel'S. and ns practio.d . i thout pn11iDe enthuaie8Dl. It. only ·.n'thuai . . . • CD. fro. a d •• ire to ob'Hin poll t- icel patronage or to •• cap. poli tioal retribution. Cont •••• 4l7 nation- alistio in lts •••• nc •• thi. ·religion· demand.d • blind ob.dience to the .... pl:r. 8S p.r.onltled ln the Bmperor. Yet empe~.orahlp help.d to ^prepare the way tor th8 aoo.ptano.

ot

1 •• ua' I aoamatiOJl, tar,

... :r po •••••• d of any real :religious ~alut, 'Ill. imperlal cult b.tra78 in a remarkable "7 the tend.nc7 of that ap to look for an incerna tlon

ot

^dei

't7.

and to pr.t.r a pra ••• ns

!!!!!.

to all the go4.

at

polTthel_.

nen Chriat we. preaoh.d as Son of God who had tabernacled lInong m., .uoh an i4 . . . not UDtem1lier to the people of that

d.,.,

who reooll.d tram it le •• than some do

now.·

¹

.u

10D vi •• ed hi. lIOr14 in relation to the imperial cult, he .e . . d not to haye regara.4 it •• a particular17 tormidable r1~al

of the Chri.ti. bpel. Th.re are .traq iD4icetion. that in 'the Apooal)'p.e 10D did defini te17 reokoD with tbe iaperiel problea, 'but

thet work 40ee DOt come directly into consideration here. In the

Oospel end Rpist18., hon ... r. there i. no .uch pointed ettort to refute tile tallacie. of the emperor-oult 8S 18 the oa.e wi'th the Gnostic an4 lq.tel7 doctrines, which will short17 be considered. When Pi18 te .tood on trial betor. l •• us (although he thoucht l.sus na OD trial betore hiDl) and esked about l •• us' Kinphip end Klqdca, the Sa~10r admitte4 Hi. ro7al claim, but .zpleine4:

"IIJ

King40a 1. DOt

at

('}C) thie 1.

Angu.,

^S. Bn~lroDD18nt

2L

Barll Chr1atienitl, p. 88.

H18toriOal S.tt1D1

world- (loba 18:83-37). Th1a reoora 18 perhap. tnioal at 10hll'.

a.aliDS wi th the prob1_

ot

poli tioal ri "ala ot the n~

or

the 1 ....

11

Speoitioally, although the que8tio.

ot

^th. political religion doe. not ari.e in coueetion with the p ... 1D whioh 10D

ua •• I'0YOp

Y

7

^{S ,}

it 1. obyloua that hi.

us.

^{of that} woret wou1.4 refute thl claia ot 07 other -Lori· upon man'. .piri tual. ob.dleno ••

b. Th. philoaophioal relis10u

'!'he 1IID8diate conoel'll jut hen i. 1;0 ae"ermine .OMthiDI of the 8Ouro •• of the tera Logo8: whence 0 _ it' What did it _ 0 to loha aD4 to hta reaa.ra' The .ali •• " taot.

recer41Dc

th8 4ey.lo,..at

at

the tem are a. tol.l.on:

"Loco.

i8 aot "III wort

or

laDSUage, but ot oon .... r . .

"10.,

ot 41.aour •• , not the wort a. a pan of apeeoh, bu" the won a. put of what 1. uttered.·l It i. luutticient to look el ther

~ the LoIO. la.a; eaoh .ouroe contribute_ taportant .1_nt.. ^On the Greek ai4. of 1 t. pnealog we tlna Bereoli tua of Kphe.ua, who 11 "ea about !500 B. C., enUDeiatiq: - (1) The Logo. i_ eternal, both pre- existent aa eyerlastil18. (2) £ll thiqa happen

throup

the Lop ••

(3) Th. dutJ' ot Dan i8 to obe,. 'thi. uni".r.al Lo808.-² Th.a

zellO

ana hi. Stoio aohool took oyer thi. aeracliteen word, and ad4ea their iaea ••

Cleanthe. dealt with i taPosidoniu. paa.ea it on to Bo.an stoioi . . , and perhap_ also to Philo and the ln1ah Ohristians. III Philo of ller-

1. C~r, H. B.1blico-Theoloslcal Lexioon

EL!e

Teatament Greek, p. 390.

2.

J.nsua. .2R...!!!.,

p. 122, 123.

Hi.tonoal aeHiDe 12

1Jl'Yar1ab~ PNIIPt. the que.tiolU lI])i4 101m set hi. LoIO.-4octrin. traa Philo?" But the ~r to thi. que.tioD i. det.rred until the

Be'nw

writer. who adopt the Tie. that the Logo. idea i. almoat .xolu.i~elJ'

trao.able to ^the H.brew Wi.dom IJ.terature. Hia

Oria.!!.!!!!. Prolope

j2 10D

t.

Go8pel pre.ent • • brilliant ce •• tor the Wiadea L1 teratur. aa the fountain troll which both Philo an4 101m 4N1r their Logo. doctrine ••

But Herria ae_ to pro'Ye too IIlUch, rather than too little. Hi. con- elusion .xal t. Wi.dea

w

the po.i tion of a feminine D.i ty , the -Onlr BesotMn-5ophia-DauPter,· traa ^whoa .'Yol •• ' the "ODlrBesotten-Logor Son." 1 Barri. ha. performed a £reat aerTice in turnins atteDtioa to the aebrew souroe., but his insenioua id.ntificationa ha'Y. not c~

_Ild.d thema.1T •• pn.ra~ to current seholar.hip. It is true that

Go4'. "Word· a. a '.sipation of Bis power. .Again, the paraphraats 1Ja the Tarsuma had been usiD8

-....re.

in .eeking to interpret how Qo4 ooa- JIlUIl1oa1ied with _n. It i. rea4i17 ••• n, theretore, that both Philo od 101m ha' ample souroes in tile a.bre. li "raWr., both canonical an4 apo0 l'7Phal, for the Logos-i4... Jon4 ".'Yen if we attribute lohn'. uae of the term Losoa to tile direct or indirect influ.nc. of Philo, we 40 not tilerebJ' 4ispro.e the Old Teatament orig1D of the conc.ption." 2

'!h. perall.l. b . . . . n Philo

t.

LolOa-cloctrin. ancl that of 101m are apparent17 manJ', but 0 ... readily notic.s tilat the 4ittereno •• an

1. Harris, R. Origin,gL

la!

ProlOgue

.!!!.

loe's Gospel, p. 13.

2. SteT.na, G. B. loh8DDine '!heolop, p. 76.

Hi.torioal Settina 13

tar JllDre nu.erou. 811.d tun4_nMl tho the .imilarl tie.. Deepi te G. B. C.

KeoGregor' . . . rtioll to the contra!7 (without citation or other proot ot his olaim). no 1Ilstanoe was found of Philo'. u.e

ot

/6Y~rf-Y7S

).

^Philo

.t times approaohe., but ne~er arri~es at the perBOn.l conception

ot

the LoSO. th.t is clear in 101m's v i tiq.. "'!'he personitioatlon

ot

the DiTiDe Word in the Old T8.tament is poetical. in Philo metaphysioal, 1B 101m hi.torical.·2

"His (Philo's) .peculations. like tho .. of

.a.

Reo- platonists who owed much to his theories and the thought

ot

Greece ^t merely

re~.aled the ^{11 • •} 4

ot,

without supplyiD8. en intermedia17 power or mediator to make a wholl7 tran.ceIl4.llt Deity acc •• sibl •• .'3 Surel~ i" 18 aate to conclud. that wh.t.~.r is the an ... r to the question ot his litera!7 4e- pen4.nce upon Philo, lohn 4i4 not aooept Philo's philo.ophical or meta- physioal oonclu.ion.. COIl.cioua he ma~ ha~e b.en of Philo'. teachtnB;

D.8~erth.le.s, lohn hi.torioall~ 1l1terprete4 the LoIO., an4 i4entitied Him with hi. 'leaoher end Lord. "The e •• ential thins to note i. that lohn emplo~. the term 1Il a new .eue

w

denote 'the ~terJlal Son of Got who became incarnate in leBU. Chri.t. and to e~re.s what he conceift.

to be H1. 4i 'Yine significanoe. ~ It . . . a natural an4 ju4icioua a r proach that 10hn made to his readers b7 the employaent

ot

the -teJIII Losos.

In Him whom 10hn portra,..d. the term Logo. had it. sJlllboli_ turned into realiV. 1t. oapsciv fulfilled, its preparatory mission o01llplead.

The other types within the general clas.itication ot philosoph- ical religioll will not be di.cuesed here. einoe the pro'l . . ot the .ourc ••

1. Goapel.2!.l.eI!a, Motta"" co.aents!'l, p. 18.

2. P11mlll8r, J,..

l!l!.

Go.pel ~.!2!!!., Cambriye Greek Testament, p. M.

3. l . . s, B. O. -Religion in the Graeoo-Bomall World.· luda1a'y!

Ch:ristiani!7. edited b7

w.

O. B. O.sterley.'Yol. 1. p. 55.

4. rairweather, W. le.u.'y! ~ Greeks, p. 207, 208.

Bl.torlcal Setttna

ot the tea Lop. 18, tor this

.tud,.,

toremoet In importance. Stoiei_

hal become lergely panth.istio, hence only a .tep r8l10yed trc:a eth.l_.

!he Bplcureans a4mdtted the pos.ible exi.tane. ot a 004, but t.lt that Be we. tar r_oy.d troa man. Id . . . , JUD7

ot

them held that tile 14 ••

of 004 . . a .only • phantOJl, an illuaion of the popular min4. Lit.'.

high.st good ns in tindiq happines., end God d1d not a1d .. ery lIIUU in its pur.uit. It

me,.

sately be .aid, then, thet the philosophical r.ligiona d14 not serioualy bid tGr men's deep de .. otion; they rather sought the explanation at lite's phenOlDena, lee .. iDg ^DEl tree to tollow whate .. er emotional rel1gioua outlet they cho8e.

e. !he ...,.ate17- relisi • •

(a) General feature. and .trength

'!'he lQ'.tery religiOns are large17, it not wholly, Oriental in origin. 'fh.,. oontm4.' Mre Buoc.s.fully tor the 4e .. otion of Dml ~1Jl

eli4 the nationalia

at

th. imperial cult en4 the ret! onali_ ot the philosophi.s. In ^the -procesaion ^of the

104.-

^{(110 oe} Atkins' phrase) e_1 JU. thra or Kapa lister

tro.

Persia, 'the 871"1an goddess end the Baals trom Sma, Iai8 aDd Os1r1a. trom Bgnt, 8Dd lIBlY others. -They in .. a4ed the .eat encirol.d with the hoary authorit,.

ot

a .. enerebl.

paat, with .soteric doctrine., established dogma, and a •• 11-4 .... lop84 priestho04. ^~ the beginn1na they ... re proHlytizi!W feitha, l i . lu4eiam; 8S such they w.re religions of enthusia_. • • • LikB

Christian1 ty, they began with the lower el .... a aD4 woNd upwart. • • • '!'hey met aDl partially tulfilled Nl18 ious ne.t.. • • • fte Bastera God. could. dl. 8Il4 ris. again, ooul.4 .utter an4 .njo,.. i'hey UD4.r.t004 how to comfon. • • • 1D the Kl.usinian DlJ'8teriea (taken o ... r b,. Atheu

Hl.torieal S.ttlns is

about ^eo<) B.

e.).

81'OSe a ne. princlple ^of mamberah1p ln a 41 .. 1_ coa- mnn1tJ b,. initiation in.tea' ot b~ birthright."l Th. mtateriea aa'eI the element at ena~liDi the de.otee to partic1pate in the lite at tbe lelt7 through .,stio initiations. ~at the,. 41d he ... a powerful at- traction i. a utter of h1a'torieal reeord.

(b) Gaostici_

OBoatiei_ i. 1noluU4 here, althoUlh it m1cht he .. e lte . . elaasitied as .ell unur the philosophieal ru1cione. But aloDl with its philo.ophioal duali~, Onostiei . . teDded to produoe oharaoter and conduct aimilar to tile pro4uot.

ot

the other ^~atel'J' religion.. !ca1Jl, the ·poaie" f t . cla~d to be ot en esoterie nature, IQ'stically geinet b,. speciel imparution. The ^two lenerel . . pea of Gnoetici_ er.s

Docetic, which rqarc1ea lesu. ea a "ph8lltc.· ~, .ho onl,. ".e_d"

(tram 8'K~.) to he.e had a human bod,., onl,. • ... d· ^to ha .. e auttere4 and lied em rs.Mn. The . . wen the "talae prophet." *0 "oonte •• not that le8118 Christ 18 OClie in the flesh" (1 lou '.2). The other ODo.tiea, of .hOll Cerinthua the : . . . th8 lealer, olaimed tbat the "Chri.t"

oame as ^en "a.on" upon lews at His bapt1., and deserie4 Hill betore Hi. death on the cro •• , so that le.u. .ea -re17. hu._. ~ direct and

indireot blow. are aimed at GIlo.tici_ in all i , . _in feature. ill 101m'.

wr1 tiq.. We tind 10hn "like Paul, eombatt1Dg Gno.t1ci81ll b,. 80 inter- pret1ns b nature of Chris" as to out the smUDA trom beD8ath it.· 2

Into Hi. ho17 8Oclet,.. one entered throUlh tai til, not by JI8.Iio rite ••

1. .lngua.

j!J!,..s!i.,

p. 108 ,lOg.

8. Barton, G. I..

l!l!.

Apo.tolic., p. 136.

Historlc.l Settins

In Bi. redapti'Ye purpo ... OU ah.re4 b,. aeceptlq Hi. redemption and b,.

gl'Ylns litelons obedlenoe to Bl. will.

d. lut.i_

No sune,. of tlrst centurJ religious thought would be oompleM without. consideration

ot

lud.i., especially in 'Y18w

at

the -n,. e.i- aenoe. ot loba'. Hebrew backp'oun4. IfDreo.er, lwlai_ had with1ll it

el~"s of e lQ'.te!7 religion, a. has alao Chri.tianit,.. lou lett 1t to Peul 1;0 be sole user

ot

the tem "lu4.1aIll- (Gelation. 1.13, 14), while he himself usea the Mm ·the 1 . . 8 · sixty-ti.e t1mts in his Goapel to report the reapecti.e attitud •• ot 'the lft1ah people aM their leaaer.

tcnrer4 le8118. All eDll1Jl.UoD ~ the p •••• p . oont.ining tM term -the 1 ... • re'Yeala the treaie tact

ot

the eonstant .81 incre •• insl,. bitter ho nili

V

of the ln1.h l.aaer. toward leau.. Zou,.ore 'Yi'Yi41,. tbaa 8DJ' other BYupliat, painted their ha.tili t)' a • • baekpoUBI tor hla porVai t

ot

le.ua, in

*om.

^Go4 1rJIOUght the tult1l.1uDt

ot

Hi. 1Dli'YeZ' •• l re4empti'Ye pleD. In 'laat plan we. alao the di'YiDe expectatioD th.t Iareel ehould help, DOt oppose, God in briD81Jlg H18 pleD to pertection.

~or God did specifioally n'Yeal Htmaelf 8D4 Hi. redempti.e message pri- merily to I.rael, 1114 ccmni8sion the Hebrews to make H1m 1mo1m 1;0 eil men. That cOJlllli.8ion f t . lett UDhltiUed in 1ibe 1 ... ' pride

ot

their being the "chosen· people. Not onlf did J'udalsm t.il in its dlvinely gi'Yen mi8sion; 1 t 84deel to its tallure the ae.perate ettort to _te Christ's ao.pel t.ll b,. perseoution, r14ioula, aDd perTerslon at It.

truth. Ho wonder 1. it then that lohn wrltes atten of ·the 1 ... • ••

the en.u.8s

ot

BiDl who ·0 . . to His own, aD! the,. who were Hla 0 _

did not recel'Ye Ria" (lohD 1.11). But

Go4'.

purpose is not to be

Historioal setting 17

deteated: "As JI18ll7 88 reoeived Him, to them He gave the right to be- came children ot God" (1.12).

(3) Oonolusion

For the Belo~e4 Di80ivle, it we8 not e question ot earthly citizenship, or ot philo8ophical keenness, or ot mystically-gained knowledge, or even ot race, whether or not one oou1d have the abundant, eternel lite in

Chri....

^{It wes • metter wholly}

^ot

one's relation to the Christ. 'l'his greet exponent ot Jesus v1rtually passes over the imperial aul t ^BS if' it were ⁸ shadow. He employs some ot the terms ot philosophy to bring men to see that he, e8 well as Peul, had the knowledge of' the

"Unknown God," whom the Graeco-BomBn world ^W8S worshipping, not knowing Him. He 8ets forth the truth ot God, that ell might intelligently and . gladly worship H1m "in 8pir1 t end in truth." ThU8, while me1ntainiq thet "salvetion i8 tram (.~) the le •• " (lohn 4.22), he proclaims Christ 88 the universal Sevior, and write8 to the end "that you may believe that Jesus is the Christ, the Son ot God, and that believing, you msy have lite in His name" (lohn ~O.3l).

IJ.!II PRIP.1BATORY DBULOPIIaIT 0 .. ^MON or~ NH r..

-LaDpap he. be •• oallet •• ore4 pou4, beoaua. 1t 1. the 4.poelt of thousbt •

• • O8JmO' t.ll a. "., what lapap 1._

It - 7 " a pro4uot1on

ot

nature. a work of hu.an

art.

or a 41T1D8

81tt. • • •

I t lt be • S1ft ot Go4, It 1e Go4'.

snateet Sift; tor throup 1t 004 apa.

M _ u4 . . . peaka to Go4 1a worah1p,

pr.~r and _dl _t1011 __ - - Max lIDller

CB&P!IR II. ~ PDP~TOHY DB'Y.ILOPI.fIlr ~ M 0 N or E 1'4 H !:

a1a1m that bre f t . 8 eouciouenea. on 101m'. pert of \18ill& • term whioh he reprd., a. .i ther 4i .. ine17 or hi . . . icall,. pr-epa re4 tor hi.

purpo... _ ...

erib.leaa, b di.cua.ioB a . . . 1D just1t,' tla 118e

at

the

!"",orfY7S

I to ^be b WOft 1Dl1quely capabla or .xpre.siDe tbe 1Jlooapu- able r.lation

at

l.na Chri... the

0Dl.,.

SOil to Qo4 ' b ~ath . . .

1. !he technioal Q .. elopment 0

t

the tea (1) !he component .le.ent.

1& Ha1Dn1D8 ~ atu4,. at fD~l)rf'Y7S ~ an etfort n l l be 1184. to apply the tol1o.188 "tinitiOD8 in presenting the eTideno. on the root.

,

,

of it. coapon_t .la_nt.: ^1't'70,S

a. ^,,"ro

^{j • . . .} oall a root or ra4ioal wIla""er, in the WON. or ~ l8JI8Up or tail,. at 1aJl&1lqea. cannot N reduoe4 to •

.~ler

or _re ori8iDa1 fora.·¹ W8.1'Jl1q of tha Iopr of puh1q too tel' th. ."ayor to 'break up wort. into tbetr

.alai t.,

e .. e17'thiDs tar.t1 .. e aD4 aceUenyl hea b.e • • trippe4 .~ tmm a 11 ....

-..a .2

WO.&-u.

a. Th. ele_nt

,P0"Y"S . ,

( a) The root and - an iDI

"Boiaaoq,3 Skeat,~ .,.14,5 Peile,e end CUrtlu.7 agr.e eaa.ntlall~

1. Mul.ler, Max.

I4cture •

^.!!.

.!!!!.

Soienoe

.!! L!D8uaI!,

Serie a

I.,

^{P. 252.}

2. Curt1U8, Georl. ~lnoip1e •

.2£

Cinet I _ l o p , "01. 1, p. 41.

S. Bol •• cq, :III11e. Dlot10na1re Btpolol1'u.

!!.1:!.

LaJysuae Gre!Qu, p. 608, &14.

". Skeat, 11. •• _!peloI1cal Dictiona!'l ~.!!!!. BllIliah Language. p. 371.

5. _,.14, B. C. Uni ... r8al Buslish D1ctional'l, p. 742.

e.

^{Peile, J'ou.} Intr04uctloll.!:!. Greek

.!!!

^I.etin B!poloR. p. 35.

? Curtiua. .!i •

.9J:!..,

^{p. 3M, ~.}

PreparatorJ' De~.loP18 nt

/

-

the

r'

an "'ttl0

t-''V15,

Ionl0 f'''')'PS, Dori0l'u"lS. CUrtius continues, -Senslerl t root J!!.z diminish. ••

me,.

thue connect . i th thia root a l . the Sanaai t an-ak: a little, on17. The Petersburs Dic tioDSry on man-ak reminds us OtJ"b~O-S, which, howe~er, from the KPiO;P~UY~,

appears to so back to . . . . -ya-•• " 1 .,.14 and Skeat alao present the relationship to men-alt. Va1~ trac.ejU,''''.s back to

jl/-YuJ

through

!~1"1/~, I the pert.et m1ddlez one who remaina, i. .., is lett 8lone.

20

3 ' ,

Strol18 ten tati ~el,. conours in d.ri 'Ying /,0),"5 troa/f'YIII. It thle b. th.

eae., perhaps we h8~., at'Mr all, tile root

ot

/tfY/JS,

tar

Pelle" lugelt.,

I /

in a list or ste. ItnDlthene4 b;y reduplication, • • • • ;Ufnut~/ilJlfY-1tJ

,

.x1l1tlq b.eide

r

^{tYlM ,} I ^{from the root/hI.-} Curtiua adds, • • • • 014 Latin oino-., Latin.!ll!!, uni-o(Il), uni-cu-., Gothic ain-. ~,s ?

'1'IJ7'bj,

aina-ha

I II & ^I ~I ?

t07~rf/S.· Donaldson connecte

/"yt1

^{j wi th O(),~5:} 8ce, end&/..s: ODe,

88 Sohmidt also does. Donalclaon further .usse.te, • • • • • • ha'Ye ?

I I ( C' ^{, I (',}

theretore

tf-/S

,~/I!(,

rE-Y,

ae c~lete in all its perte ae t-/J ,(#(, f'Y ,

and oontainiq the eleraent817 pronominal tora~~.

w.

^{tin4 the}

1_

^root

with the

.ame

.18n1tieanee 111 f~),IJS: / on1J' (oDe-l;y), which answerl a l . to the Gothic po ••••• i~. mein •• -

e

One cannot but grent acme contu.ion traa the toresoins .~i4.Dce.

To cla1m to h8~. found the actual root of !()YOS

,

1n the author1 tie. ci"ed

1. Curt1ua. 100. cit.

2. Valn, ... ..-1.-J'an4_n'hl Wo1'4 •

.!£..l!!L

Gl'Hk Layup, p. 183.

3. Stroq, 18II1II.. Exhau.ti~e Conoordance: (Greek D1ctionarzJ, p.

"i.

4 • .2i, •

.£U.,

p. 1'18.

~. ~. ~., p. 320.

I. Donald.oD, 1. 11. ll,!

lID

Crablu., p. 280.

? Schmidt, 1. H. H. SJIlollJJR1k dea Grieoh11ohell Spnch., 'Yol. -i, p. ~3~.

8. ~. ~., p. 282.

Preparatory Development 21

would b. hazardous. The ev1dence d_onstrates, however, the tact that the root-idea indicates oneness, eloneness, isolat1on, singleness, and possibly uniquene •••

The element /1111"5 I is e simple 8djeot1 va, tormed by the a4d1- tion ot the vowel suffix -1)5 1 to the (conjectural) root .~",- or ~,.,-.

Ita meaning is represented in the lexicons 8S follows: Boiaacqa 2 alone, only, single, unique. Lidell and Scott: 3 alan., so 11 tarJj berett ot,

wi thoutj only, singlej unique. 'l'h8y'er: 4 elone.

(b) The New Testemen t usage ot ~I'VIIS I end its com- pound.

The adjective/,..,~ / is variously translated and 1Dterpreted.

Its attributive use in the sense ot "only" will be examined in the

, • I ~~-.J_

next ohapter. Here w. heve:

t=1/,,1/,"65

^{IJ ~ j} "but God alone"

(Luke 5.21);

aVn? I"rr;u

~.1/":rHS' "H1m on I,. shel t thou serve" (Mat- thew 4.l0) j I/n

/;JII1j

^{()UA::. ~~itl ,} "becaase I am not alone" (John 8.1&) j

p;iT' ir(~."

//""1/5 ,

"apart by theJUelves" (llerk 9.2) j

alA: ;.."., iYr't'

^/'~

·not by bread elone" (Matthew 4.').

Not once doe~,,,,6S / appear in a compound verb form in the New TestallBnt. Only one compound adjective torm is found: ~is

'7" ;-,,,

, I /

Hrl-A&;Y

/1""llI-trlJY ,

"to enter into life wi th one eye" (Matthew 18.9, Mark Cd .47). The lIew Testlll1ent thus pres811 ts a striking contrast

in this respect to the older Greek usage, and to the contemporaneous

I

!toina usep, both ot which show men,. compounds wi th

./'",IJS •

^{The various}

1. lIoul ton. ^{j .} H.

!.

Gr81llD8r

£!

New Te stllDe nt Greek, vo 1. 2, p. 355.

2. ~ •

.9.!! ••

^p. 6&4. .

3 • .A Greek-English r.xicon, part &. p.

11".

4. Thayer, J. H. Greek-Kngli8h Lexicon

E!

~ New Testament, p. 418.

Prepare tory De'Yelopn:a D t 22

Greek 'Yersions ot the Old Testament show • number of such oompounda, aa

I , , 1 , I ,

fOY1H~

,,PIJ'J'rX'"

'/'),«X~!>

• /'Y'P'l"S

'J4I71I'~S

,/,''''iJw""y

'1'.7DK~~j ^,

, I

if)~Dy'rfY5,

/'7'17

^{'5 •}

I

b. The element r~)'(JI;

(.) The root and meening

~ , I I

"Root (f-J1

fA

⁼ 1-7FY-()~7~ / l f 7 "1~1lC. become;

f,.IWf'(J(L

1 I ,

am born;

r-

^{ps : raoe ; rfr-I!-}

-71" (

^feminine

r"'-I' -

^r~r

):

bege"ter;

I 1 I

(f-)I'-/--trI5 : origin;f""-7: WOD.n;!':7-^tr,()S : genuine. Sanskrit san:

beget; san-us: race; stan Vedic.sa!, later gen-i: womanj Zend.!!a,:

beget; ghena: wODn."l

"u

an unbroken tradition reigned in the hla- tory of language,

fl-V

is the heir of the root .&!!L. W 2 w.!r7aD sen-, 6en-,

, , I

.I!!:l to produce, engender, beget; whence also Gre.k~)'()j,

f''''''S ,fIY"'-

3 ¹

t))l«( , Latin genua, etc.^w That

tl-

^Y is the root otrfYIIS needs DO

4: 5 6 7

turther illustratioD; Skeat, Thayer, Wy14, and Schmidt all agree to this derivation.

1

The element rfJl'45 115 a primary or priDrl. tive verbal aubatanti ve

(formed:r/l'-~-S, as)..~(~f-r)-~-.5

^).8 The suffix

-~S,

nominative

-os

" 9

denotes result: ffY'lI,S (/f,f'y-tJjlI(L ): otfspring. The lexioons gi'Ye

1. Curtiua. .2E, •

.2ll.,

vol. 1, p. 175.

2. Ibid., vol. 1, p. 47.

3. New Ensli8h Dictionary 2A Historical Principles, vol. 5, p. 6g6 • .ft. ~ •

.2!!.,

^p. 231.

5 • .2lt. cit., p. 113.

&. ~.

£.!1.,

p. 475.

7 • .2,£.

s!!.,

vol. 2, p. 530.

8. Robertson, A. T. Grammar, p. 150, 151.

9. Robertson end Davis. ~ Short Gremmar, p. 173, 174.

I 1

tor (IV'S the tollowinl meening., Bol •• e,: 'birth, origin, reo., genua, Li44.U ani 80",,:2 race, .tock, kin, oUaprlD8, a.x, cIa •• , sort, ld.n4,

3 ^I

pllU., .,ecl •• , Ifha~r: (* tf"J'tU, r/"O~( ) ott.priq, taa1.1J', .tock, race, na~lon, kiDd, .ort • • pecie ••

/

(b) !he lift ~.t".Dt uap at rh'1JS end i'ta eoapounu

!he . . . Te.teMnt u.... of

,/ytJS

},7 1.elt

a •• :

~IC 11""7' 7';S

I , I t ,

(I-""OS ," ot .Tar,- ld"," (Matthe. 13 •• 7): Z'jI'''I,rnIC1ITtII. -r'f tf'Yl-l ,

-s,ro-

I ~ ...

phoenician b7 rac.- (Mark 7.26); I,t:; ^rY11S a;'X(~T/~IJV ^• "of the

.

.,'

^'"

,

^~

,

k1.l1dftd ot the h18h prie."- (.i.o"a

,.e)

^{J -rOll}

rr

^{KtJ(l ,rr-'''s} t=(TI'~)I" ,

-tor .e are a180 Hi. offapriUC- (.i.ot. 17.18). ~ oompounda to~4

with

r/Y45

^lnclu4., -r~ ;'rt'~, -tile ba •• "thiDa. (without t})1rtht)-

(1 Corin'th1an. 1.28); IJJ ,,-~AA6; t-;'''I-y~ts • -..& MD7 Doble (well-bon)- (1 Oor1nthlau 1.81) j (/ /().).1)'1'''75 ,,171)5 • ·W • • tr8ll8er (ot ano'ther

\ ) \ C-

rao."

^{(Lulat 17.18);}

0"'7(""75 &II"

^{Oll , lIHiq •} relet1". of h1a- (101m 18.26) • The 014 -.re.t_at pre.ent. _OJlS other., thia example:

(I f;.

~, I

0lK1JPr1J

5

1'8I) KA'Y01l''I'7r/-{)lE-,

-an4 he that 18 born in .,. house . i l l be M7 heir- (Genesi. ID.3).

o. The N.ult of the combination ~ 'the radical e181l8at.

I , '

n8Jl.!'74,S

^and

r"4S

are o01lblne4, we ha •• the tora

j'fJY"rh'7

^{S •}

• ' •• criptIT. deter.m1nat1 •• oampoUDd .djectl~e, whereta the fir.t el ... nt ' •• cribe. the .eoond. 4 Moulton adds a aub4irtalon to thla groUPI oca-

l •.

a • .lU,p

p. 1"_

2. ~ •

.!:.U.,

^pert 2, p. 21.

3. ~ •

.!!!1.,

^{p. 113 •.}

". RobertsoD and Da.l.. ~.

£!! ••

p. 182.