Mengumpulkan, Mengatur, dan
Menggunakan Data
Dasar pengembangan
Psikolog Hilda Taba mengidentifikasi tiga postulat berfikir sbb:
1. Berfikir dapat diajarkan.
2. Berfikir merupakan transaksi aktif antara individu dan data .
3. Proses berfikir berkembang secara terurut, yakni lawful .
Kesimpulannya adalah ketrampilan berfikir harus
diajarkan melalui desain strategi pembelajaran yang
khusus untuk ketrampilan berfikir
Taba mengembangkan tiga tugas
berfikir induktif dan kemudian
mengambangkan strategi pembelajaran
yang berkaitan dengan tugas tersebut,
yakni : 1) concept formation (the basic
teacing strategy), 2) interpretation of data,
dan 3) application of principles.
Concept Formation
• Mengidentifikasi dan menghitung data sehingga relevan dg masalah.
• Mengelompokkan item-item berdasarkan kesamaan.
• Mengembangkan sifat/kategori dan
penamaan untuk kelompok-kelompok yang diperoleh.
Diperlukan pertanyaan yang dapat
mengembangkan aspek-aspek di atas,
contohnya Apa yang kamu lihat? Apa yang
nampak bersama? Nama apa yang dapat kita
berikan pada kelompok ini?
Aktivitas
Overt Activity Covert Mental Operation Eliciting Questions 1. Enumeration
and listing 2. Grouping 3. Labeling,
categorizing
Differentiation (identifying separate items)
Identifying common properties, abstracting Determining the
hierarchical order of items super-and sub-ordination
What did you see?
Hear? note?
What belongs together?
On what criterion?
How would you call these group? What belongs to what?
Interpretation of Data
Pengembangan interpretasi, inferring, dan generalizing.
Overt Activity Covert Mental Operation Eliciting Questions 1. Identifying
points.
2. Explaining items of identified information.
3. Making inferences
Differentiation
Relating points to each other.
Determining cause-and effect relationships.
Going beyond what is given.
Finding implications, extrapolating.
What did you notice?
See?, find?
Why did this happen?
What does this mean?
What picture does it create in your mind?
What would you conclude?
Application of Principles
Overt Activity Covert Mental Operation
Eliciting Questions 1. Predicting
consequences,
explaining unfamiliar phenomena.
Hypothesizing.
2. Explaining, and/or supporting the predictions and hypotheses.
3. Verifying the prediction
Analyzing the nature of the problem or
situation. Retrieving relevant knowledge.
Determining the causal links leading to
prediction or hypothesis.
Using logical principles or factual knowledge to determine necessary and sufficient
conditions
What would happen if
…..?
Why do you think this would happen?
What would it take for this to be generally true or probably true?
Inductive Thinking
Model
Concept Formation Processes
Specific Concepts
Attention to logic
Sensitivity to language Awareness of the nature
of knowledge
Instructional Nurturant
Rangkuman Model Berfikir Induktif
Syntax
Strategi Pertama:
Concept Formation
Fase satu: Menghitung dan mengurutkan Fase dua : Mengelompokkan
Fase tiga : Manamai, kategori
Strategi kedua:
Interpretation of Data
Fase empat : menngidentifikasi dimensi dan relationship
Fase lima: menjelaskan dimensi dan relationship
Fase enam : membuat inferensi
Fase tujuh : Hipotesis, konsekuensi prediksi
Fase delapan: menjelaskan dan/atau dukungan prediksi dan hipotesis
Fase sembilan : memeriksa prediksi Strategi ketiga:
Aplication of principles