The walls of the head are continuously highly sclerotized on the dorsal, lateral and ventral aspects. The ventral continuations of the occiput on the sides of the head are postgenae.
THE APPENDAGES OF THE HEAD
The vestiture of the head consists of moderately dense clothing of setae along the posterior margin dorsally, with a few very large and long setae placements as follows: Light on the front of the vertex at the corners of the postclypeus; one above the base of each antenna; one near the middle of the inner edge of the eye; and one to three in the area between the eye and the posterior constriction.
14 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 94 The more distal tooth of the right mandible is actually double, there
NO. 13 STAPH YLINIDAE BLACK WELDER 15
94 maxilla body separated into several sclerites, two distal lobes, galea (ga) and thelacinia (Ic), and maxillary palpus (nixp). Thelacinia is a large, densely pubescent lobe, mobile on the peduncles, but apparently fused to a considerable extent with the base of the galea (sg).
NO. 13 STAPH YLINIDAE — BLACKWELDER 1 7
THE TENTORIUM
It is marked on the outside of the head by a small pitorin invagination at the cephalic end of the gular sutures. The anterior arm of the tentorium extends to the anterior dorsal region of the head near the base of the antennae.
THE THORAX
The area set off by the marginal ridge is known as the hypomere (hypo) or the bent part of the pronotum. Just following the coxal cavity and almost over the mesothoracic spiracle, this bent partially expanded into a membranous lobe (fig. 3A, prnl, C) which partially closes the cavities posteriorly.
NO. 13 STAPH YLINIDAE BLACK WELDER 21 The remainder of the venter is occupied by the membranes lining
SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS 94 erally known as the scutellum. It is formed by the union of the three
Thus the episternum and epimeron are united on the dorsal surface, and this sclerite, the pleuron (pi), forms the anterior projections of the mesothorax. Its surface bears a pair of long sparse setae, corresponding to the adjacent area of the episternum, and also has the small punctures.
NO. 13 STAPHYLINIDAE BLACKWELDER 2$
NO. 13 STAPHYLINIDAE BLACKWELDER QT]
Its posterior part overlaps the lateral end of the first abdominal tergite and the spiral of this segment, as well as the tip of the postnotum of the metathorax and, anteriorly, the caudal end of the epimeron of the mesothorax. It expands posteriorly into a flat plate bearing a pair of small setae anteriorly and a few minute sensory pores on the sides of the disc, and its surface is rather strongly strigulose (Fig. 4 D).
THE ENDOTHORAX
There is apparently just behind this small ridge and corresponding to a linear suture on the ectal surface, the precutal suture (Fig. 4 A, pscs), a large transverse phragma ex-.
30 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS 94 bears a longitudinal ridge (ppr), and a rounded posterior lobe next
Apparently arising from the cephalic end of the episternum is a very large pleural disc (mdpt) that extends posteriorly and overlaps the base of the wing. About the middle of the metathorax it divides into two lateral branches, the furcal arms (fua), each of which carries a large muscle disc (ntdst).
THE APPENDAGES OF THE THORAX THE WINGS
The dorsal margin of the sternepimeron bears a sternepimeral suture (Fig. 3A, seps), which marks the invagination of the sternepimeral ridge (Fig. 5A, scpr). The prephragm arises from the anterior margin of the basisternum (Fig. 3A, bs) and forms the ventral margin of the anterior foramen (aphor). The spinisternum (Fig. 3A,ss) also bears a small transverse ridge (Fig. 5B,ssr) with an amediancariniform projection, the spina (spn).
The most conspicuous vein is that which arises from the hearticulation with the first axillary sclerite (Fig. 6A, ax. i) and extends to the hinge, enclosing an arrow-costal region. The base of the subcosta articulates with the first axillary sclerite (Fig. 6A), but the costa is the only part of the wing that can contact the anterior wing process {anp). 13 STAPHYLINIDAE BLACKWELDER 35The base of the subcosta overhesses the basal part of the radius as.
NO. 13 STAPH YLINIDAE BLACKWELDER 35 The base of the subcosta overhes the basal part of the radius as
Its proximal endarticulates with the proximal process of the trochanter by means of the condyle (Fig. 8 H,cxa) and with the distal part of the trochanter with a somewhat definite projection (tra). The dorsal and anterior surfaces of the coxa are densely set with slender setae, even more densely than in Fig. 8F , but the ventral and posterior surfaces are glabrous and without punctations, with the following exception. It is immovably attached to the bottom of the femur and thus forms the articulation of the latter.
NO. 13 STAPH YLINIDAE BLACKWELDER
This head is slightly curved towards the femur, allowing the tibia to lie at rest along the ventral edge of the femur. The larger one is inserted at the back of the tarsus and the smaller one at the front, both directed slightly outward from the center. On the dorsal aspect, each of these four tarsomeres is located largely anteriorly, while the anterior margin of the ventral side is.
It is very slightly shorter and bears more of the large terminal dorsal process of each tarsomere. The tarsus of the metathoracic leg (Fig. 81, tar) is nearly as long as the tibia, five-parted like the others, and very nearly cylindrical. The fifth tarsomere is slightly shorter than the first and bears two claws and an empodium very similar to those on the prothoracic leg (Fig. 8B).
THE ABDOMEN
The posterior surface (Fig. 81) bears a few small sets along the margin of the ventral groove, and near the apex, which are continued from the anterior. There is also a series of longer, closely spaced hairs along the distal truncated margin, which is also continued on the dorsal margin. The calcaria are of unequal length; the posterior is much longer and almost as long as the first tarsome.
The first starlet is elongate, almost as long as the next three together, the latter decreasing slightly in length distally below each other. They are rather densely clothed with small clusters, except for the base of the distal four, and the surface of the first is coarsely sculptured.
NO. 13 STAPH YLINIDAE BLACKWELDER 43 Each of the first eight segments bears a pair of spiracles in the tergum,
NO. 13 STAPH YLINIDAE BLACKWELDER 45 are placed in tiny circular groups, and these are continued out onto
46 94 The narrow strip between the fold and the anterior margin bears a
NO. 13 STAPH YLINIDAE BLACK WELDER 47
The sternum of the ninth segment is represented in the two rectangular sclerites (vlf) which meet along the midline and are called the valvifers by Tanner. The opening of the vulva (vul) is behind (entad) and between the ends of the pectoral plates. The distal portions of the ninth tergite and the lateral lobes, the valvifers, thecoxites and the stili are clothed with rather long but pale setae.
On the ventral side at the junction between the bulbous part and the distal tube is the small median foramen (nif), which passes through the ejaculatory duct (ej). The outer surface of the aedeagus bears no sculpture or covering, except for the frequent very small pores which traverse the integument. Of the species examined, only Tachyporus (Fig. 10C), Tachinus, and Erchomus (all in the tribe Tachyporini) show any trace of the anterior part of the coronal suture.
NO. 13 STAPH YLINIDAE BLACK WELDER 51
94 manipud iti tentorial nga abut nga agturong iti mata, kas met laeng kada Tanyrhinus (fig. iiA) ken Philonthus (fig. iiC). Adda dagiti piho a postclypeal a lugar a presente iti Tanyrhinus (fig. iiA), Leptochirus (fig. loE), Osorius (fig. iiH), Hypocyptus (fig. loD), Lorinota (fig. loL), kdpy. Daytoy ket sapasap a medyo ababa ken agpukaw iti lateral nga aspeto, ngem mabalin nga agsaknap iti rabaw ti bentral, a kas iti Oxyporus (fig. 12D) ken Philonthus (fig. 12D).
12E), Gastrolohimn, Hesperobium (fig. 11B), Paederillus, Paederus, Lathrotropis, Stilicus, Trachysectus, Orus, Astenus, Xantholinus, Staphylinus, Ocypus, Philonthus (fig. iiC), Cafius, Glenus, Acylophorus), (fig. Quedius . including Hesperohium (Fig. 11B), Metoponcus (Fig. 11E), Philonthus (Fig. 11 C), and Acylophorus (Fig. 11G).
NO. 13 STAPHYLINIDAE — BLACK WELDER 53
In the third group are all the Steninae and Aleocharinae, including Stenus (fig. 10H), Xenodusa (fig. loK), Lorinota (fig. The opening from the eye to the inside of the head is the ocular foramen. The ocular foramina are called indicated in figure 12F by two small dotted circles near the eyes.
In dried preparations they usually appear as pale convex bulges, but in slide preparations they are visible only as lighter spots in the wall of the apex, where the sclerotization is less thick or the pigment is less apparent.
NO. 13 STAPH YLINIDAE BLACKWELDER 55 determined only by following the anterior tentorial arms to their
56 94 tentorial pits, however, are located near the base of the labium in this species and indicate a possible relationship with the presumably closely related XanthoUnus, in which the sutures converge at the midline. The method of insertion of the second segment into the first determines the amount of movement possible as well as the amount of geniculation. fig. 13L), Osorius (fig. 13K), and some of the Paederini (subtribe Cryptobia). Great variation is found in the shape of the basal segment, as well as in its size and method of insertion into the antennal fossa.
The vestiture of the antennal segments ranges from the large sparse tactile setae in Fig. 13I to the dense fine cluster shown on the distal segments in Fig. 13H. The extremely small suit is generally accompanied by numerous pores, which give the surface a glandular appearance (Fig. i B). In some it is markedly restricted to certain segments, while in others it gradually diminishes from the apex and becomes indistinct on the basal segments.
NO. 13 STAPH YLINIDAE — BLACKWELDER 57
58 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS 94 The considerable variation in the form and relative size of the
13 STAPHYLINIDAE BLACKWELDER 59dromicus,Pelecomalium (fig. 16A), Tanyrhhms,Lathrimacum, Pro- dromicus,Pelecomalium (fig. 16A), Tanyrhhms,Lathrimacum, Pro- teinus(fig. 15A,O Trigonurf.
NO. 13 STAPH YLINIDAE BLACKWELDER 61 The maxillae present a rather large amount of variation in form
Any of the following segments may be very wide, as the second in Mikropeplus (Fig. 17I), the third in Hippociptus (Fig. In Trigonurus, Bledius, Platystctus, Oxytclus, Aploderus (Fig. 12E), and Osorius) were united in front of the tentorial pits, so that the submentum is entirely Oxyponis (Fig. 18A) the entire basal part of the prementum is sclerotized as a longitudinal plate, and in other forms the area between the temment and the base of the palpus is more or less sclerotized.
The basal segment may be longer than either of the others, as in Habroceriis (fig. 19E) and Stenus (fig. 19C), or shorter, as in Hippocypfus (fig. 2^.—Intra-family variation in the shape and structure of the prosternal area (continued from fig. 22D). ), but is incorporated into the posterior lobe of the prosternuminPinophilus (fig.23 B). The shape of the elytron is almost as individual as that of the pronotum (fig.24).
NO. 13 STAPHYLINIDAE BLACKWELDER 7I but the series shows the range from the long slender types of Meto-
NO. 13 STAPH YLINIDAE BLACKWELDER 73 The most common situation in this family is for the two cavities
94The musculature of the leg of TJiinopinus (Fig. 26A) is very similar. The musculature of the leg of TJiinopinus (Fig. 26A) closely resembles that of a typical insect leg, as given by Snodgrass (1927). The exceptions include Micropcphis and the Oxytelini with three tarsome resins in eight tarsus, Hypocyptus and Oligota with four, Liparocephalus with four in the anterior and middle tarsi and five in the posterior tarsi, and Lorinota and Xenodusa with four in the anterior tarsi and five in the middle and posterior tarsi. They vary somewhat in proportions and curvature, but are all similar to those shown (Fig. 8J, etc.).
Several species have been found to have a few very curiously modified setae (Fig. 26L) along the ventral margin of certain of the segments.
NO. 13 STAPH YLINIDAE BLACK WELDER 75
The following species belong to the first group, in which the cox is not expanded laterally and caudally: Osorlus, Stenus (fig. 26 G), the Paederinae (fig. 26 F), the Staphylininae and possibly Liparocepha-. It includes Micropeplus, the Omaliinae, all Oxytelinae except Osor'ms, Hypocyptus (fig. 26H), Tachyporiis, Tachinns, Erchomtis (fig. 26D), Bolitohius, and all Aleocharinae except possibly Liparocephalus. Only Leptochirus, Eumalus, and Osorius are entirely without paratergites, and the following have only one on each side: Micropeplus, all Omaliinae. fig.27D), Proteinus, Trigonurus, Phloeocharis, Pseudopsis, Stenus and Habrocerus.
Xenodusa has modified the para-tergites to form the hairy lobes or trichomes (fig. 27B) which project over the succeeding segment. In Eumalns, Pseiidopsis and Osorius. fig. 27J) the areas are very small and angular in shape and grade into elongated transverse pieces near the edges of the membrane. The species in which these lateral plates are thus united include Gcodromicus, Pelecomalium, Tanyrhinus, Lathrhnaciim, Steniis, Gastrolohium, Hesperohiwm, Lathrotropis, Stiliciis, Trachysectus, Hypocyptus, Tachyporus (fig. 28D), and Bolit.
NO. 13 STAPH YLINIDAE — BLACKWELDER 81
NO. 13 STAPH YLINIDAE BLACK WELDER 83
In other species this median process may be much longer than the lateral ones, or it may itself be bifid or even trifid.
86 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS 94 two species with a sclerotized tergite and one with a sternite. In the
DISCUSSION
Its relationship is perhaps best expressed by an assignment as a tribe in the subfamily Oxytelinae equal to the rest of the subfamily or tribe Oxytelini. The classifications used have gradually improved to the point where they appear to represent the general facts in a true picture.
LIST OF SPECIES STUDIED
NO. 13 STAPH YLINIDAE BLACKWELDER 9I Tribe ELEUSININI
92 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS 94 Subfamily OXYPORINAE
NO. 13 STAPH YLINIDAE BLACK WELDER 93
NO. 13 STAPH YLINIDAE BLACKWELDER 95
BIBLIOGRAPHY
96 94 BORDAS, L
NO. 13 STAPH YLINIDAE BLACKWELDER 97 Dahl, F
