Navigating Urban Complexity

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Navigating Urban Complexity: Advancing Understanding of Urban Social – Ecological Systems for Transformation and Resilience

Edited by Timon McPhearson, Gren Åsa, Haase Dagmar, Nadja Kabisch Volume 70,

Pages 1-644 (November 2016) Download full issue

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2/10/22, 2:23 PM Ecological Indicators | Navigating Urban Complexity: Advancing Understanding of Urban Social – Ecological Systems for Tra…

https://www.sciencedirect.com/journal/ecological-indicators/vol/70/suppl/C 2/13

Editorial Abstract only

Advancing understanding of the complex nature of urban systems Timon McPhearson, Dagmar Haase, Nadja Kabisch, Åsa Gren

Pages 566-573

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Special issue Urban Complexity

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Classiﬁcation of the heterogeneous structure of urban landscapes (STURLA) as an indicator of landscape function applied to surface temperature in New York City Zoé A. Hamstead, Peleg Kremer, Neele Larondelle, Timon McPhearson, Dagmar Haase

Pages 574-585

Urban green space availability in European cities

Nadja Kabisch, Michael Strohbach, Dagmar Haase, Jakub Kronenberg Pages 586-596

Exploring the links between functional traits and cultural ecosystem services to enhance urban ecosystem management

Julie Goodness, Erik Andersson, Pippin M.L. Anderson, Thomas Elmqvist Pages 597-605

Memory carriers and stewardship of metropolitan landscapes Erik Andersson, Stephan Barthel

Pages 606-614

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Exploring local consequences of two land-use alternatives for the supply of urban ecosystem services in Stockholm year 2050

Jaan-Henrik Kain, Neele Larondelle, Dagmar Haase, Anna Kaczorowska Pages 615-629

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Mapping transition potential with stakeholder- and policy-driven scenarios in Rotterdam City

Neele Larondelle, Niki Frantzeskaki, Dagmar Haase Pages 630-643

Reﬂecting conifer phenology using mobile terrestrial LiDAR: A case study of Pinus sylvestris growing under the Mediterranean climate in Perth, Australia

Yi Lin, Geoﬀ West Pages 1-9

Nests of the brown booby (Sula leucogaster) as a potential indicator of tropical ocean pollution by marine debris

Davi Castro Tavares, Leonardo Lopes da Costa, Danilo Freitas Rangel, Jailson Fulgencio de Moura, ...

Salvatore Siciliano Pages 10-14

Community concordance between ﬁshes and benthic macroinvertebrates among adventitious and ordinate tributaries of a major river system

W.G. Kimmel, D.G Argent Pages 15-22

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An integrated data envelopment analysis and emergy-based ecological footprint

methodology in evaluating sustainable development, a case study of Jiangsu Province, China

Jia He, Yu Wan, Lan Feng, Junyong Ai, Yuan Wang Pages 23-34

Short communication Abstract only

‘Land-use mixité’: Evaluating urban hierarchy and the urban-to-rural gradient with an evenness-based approach

Luca Salvati, Adele Sateriano, Efthimia Saradakou, Efstathios Grigoriadis Pages 35-42

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Patent portfolio-based indicators to evaluate the commercial beneﬁts of national plant genetic resources

Bo Kyeong Lee, So Young Sohn Pages 43-52

Is urban green space per capita a valuable target to achieve cities’ sustainability goals?

Romania as a case study

Denisa L. Badiu, Cristian I. Iojă, Maria Pătroescu, Jürgen Breuste, ... Diana A. Onose Pages 53-66

Research article Open access

Novel application of a quantitative spatial comparison tool to species distribution data Esther L. Jones, Luke Rendell, Enrico Pirotta, Jed A. Long

Pages 67-76

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Assessment of surface sediment dynamics and response of benthic macrofauna assemblages in Boughrara Lagoon (SW Mediterranean Sea)

Ines Khedhri, Abdelfattah Atoui, Mouldi Ibrahim, Ahmed Aﬂi, Lotﬁ Aleya Pages 77-88

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Response of ecological indices to nutrient and chemical contaminant stress factors in Eastern Mediterranean coastal waters

N. Simboura, A. Pavlidou, J. Bald, M. Tsapakis, ... P. Panayotidis Pages 89-105

Corals in high diversity reefs resist human impact F. Ferrigno, C.N. Bianchi, R. Lasagna, C. Morri, ... R. Sandulli Pages 106-113

Regulating eﬀects of climate, net primary productivity, and nitrogen on carbon sequestration rates in temperate wetlands, Northeast China

Zhongsheng Zhang, Christopher B. Craft, Zhenshan Xue, Shoungzheng Tong, Xianguo Lu Pages 114-124

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Oceanic and temperate rainforest climates and their epiphyte indicators in Britain Christopher J. Ellis

Pages 125-133

Planning regional ecosystem sustainability under multiple uncertainties—An interval Menu Search in this journal

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Pages 134-150

A sediment-speciﬁc family-level biomonitoring tool to identify the impacts of ﬁne sediment in temperate rivers and streams

Matt D. Turley, Gary S. Bilotta, Richard P. Chadd, Chris A. Extence, ... Alex G.G. Pickwell Pages 151-165

Index of Landscape Disharmony (ILDH) as a new tool combining the aesthetic and ecological approach to landscape assessment

Barbara Sowiſska-ſwierkosz Pages 166-180

Assessment of ecosystem services at the national level in Germany—Illustration of the concept and the development of indicators by way of the example wood provision Karsten Grunewald, Hendrik Herold, Stefan Marzelli, Gotthard Meinel, ... Ulrich Walz

Pages 181-195

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Application of multisensoral remote sensing data in the mapping of alkaline fens Natura 2000 habitat

Dominik KopeĿ, Dorota Michalska-Hejduk, ſukasz Sſawik, Tomasz Berezowski, ... Jarosſaw Chormaſski Pages 196-208

Research article Abstract only

Mapping the combined risk of agricultural ﬁne sediment input and accumulation for riverine ecosystems across England and Wales

M. Naura, D.D. Hornby, A.L. Collins, D.A. Sear, ... P.S. Naden Pages 209-221

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Microhabitat selectivity underpins regional indicators of ﬁsh abundance and replenishment

Christopher J. Fulton, Mae N. Noble, Ben Radford, Christopher Gallen, David Harasti Pages 222-231

Exploring spatial indicators for biodiversity accounting Roy P. Remme, Lars Hein, Chris A.M. van Swaay

Pages 232-248

Age structure: an indicator to monitor populations of large herbivores Marco Rughetti

Pages 249-254

Ability of invertebrate indices to assess ecological condition on intertidal rocky shores Pedro Almeida Vinagre, Antónia Juliana Pais-Costa, Stephen. J. Hawkins, ÿngel Borja, ... João Magalhães Neto

Pages 255-268

The use of fluctuating asymmetry as a measure of farming practice effects in rodents: A species-specific response

José Coda, Daniela Gomez, Juan José Martínez, Andrea Steinmann, José Priotto Pages 269-275

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Research article Abstract only

Comparative regional-scale soil salinity assessment with near-ground apparent electrical conductivity and remote sensing canopy reﬂectance

Elia Scudiero, Todd H. Skaggs, Dennis L. Corwin Pages 276-284

Fractal dimensions of metropolitan area road networks and the impacts on the urban built environment

Zhongming Lu, Hong Zhang, Frank Southworth, John Crittenden Pages 285-296

An approach to analyzing spatial patterns in annual dynamics of planktonic ciliate communities and their environmental drivers in marine ecosystems

Henglong Xu, Jiang Yong, Guangjian Xu Pages 297-303

The inﬂuence of rapid urbanization and land use changes on terrestrial carbon sources/sinks in Guangzhou, China

Qian Xu, Ren Yang, Yu-Xiang Dong, Yan-Xu Liu, Lin-Run Qiu Pages 304-316

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Review article Abstract only

Linking Earth Observation and taxonomic, structural and functional biodiversity: Local to ecosystem perspectives

A. Lausch, L. Bannehr, M. Beckmann, C. Boehm, ... A.F. Cord Pages 317-339

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Cyclopoid copepods as bioindicators of eutrophication in reservoirs: Do patterns hold for large spatial extents?

Gilmar Perbiche-Neves, Victor S. Saito, Daniel Previattelli, Carlos E.F. da Rocha, Marcos G. Nogueira Pages 340-347

Research article Abstract only

Influence of timing of fishing on trophic levels and diets of typical fish and invertebrate species in the Bohai Strait over a single year based on carbon and nitrogen isotope analysis

Pei Qu, Min Pang, Qixiang Wang, Zhao Li, ... Xuexi Tang Pages 348-356

National ecosystem services mapping at multiple scales The German exemplar Sven-Erik Rabe, Thomas Koellner, Stefan Marzelli, Paul Schumacher, Adrienne Grêt-Regamey Pages 357-372

Using algal biomass to evaluate numeric nutrient criteria in an estuary: A case study of Daliaohe Estuary in China

Fuxia Yang, Rongguo Su, Huimin Jian, Qingzhen Yao Pages 373-381

Research article Abstract only

Integrating the spatial proximity eﬀect into the assessment of changes in ecosystem services for biodiversity conservation

Yanfang Liu, Lei Zhang, Xiaojian Wei, Peng Xie Pages 382-392

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Copper exposure reduces production of red carotenoids in a marine copepod Ryan J. Weaver, Geoﬀrey E. Hill, Pou-Long Kuan, Yung-Che Tseng

Pages 393-400

Application of west java water sustainability index to three water catchments in west java, Indonesia

I. Juwana, N. Muttil, B.J.C. Perera Pages 401-408

The quality of ﬂower-based ecosystem services in ﬁeld margins and road verges from human and insect pollinator perspectives

Laura Kütt, Kertu Lõhmus, Ilmar-Jürgen Rammi, Taavi Paal, ... Jaan Liira Pages 409-419

Lake water acidification and temperature have a lagged effect on the population dynamics of Isoëtes echinospora via offspring recruitment

Martina Čtvrtlíková, Josef Hejzlar, Jaroslav Vrba, Jiří Kopáček, ... Shovonlal Roy Pages 420-430

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Climate sensitivity of crop yields in the former state of Andhra Pradesh, India Steven Raj Padakandla

Pages 431-438

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Simulation of urban expansion and encroachment using cellular automata and multi- agent system model—A case study of Tianjin metropolitan region, China

Guangjin Tian, Bingran Ma, Xinliang Xu, Xiaoping Liu, ... Lingqiang Kong Pages 439-450

Research article Abstract only

Using structural sustainability for forest health monitoring and triage: Case study of a mountain pine beetle (Dendroctonus ponderosae)-impacted landscape

Jonathan A. Cale, Jennifer G. Klutsch, Nadir Erbilgin, José F. Negrón, John D. Castello Pages 451-459

A novel approach for assessing factors aﬀecting biodiversity based on networks analysis F. Ramos-Quintana, J.A. Guerrero, A. Rizo-Aguilar, E. Urzua-Vázquez, ... P.P. Mayorga

Pages 460-465

Relationships among carbon emissions, economic growth, energy consumption and population growth: Testing Environmental Kuznets Curve hypothesis for Brazil, China, India and Indonesia

Md. Mahmudul Alam, Md. Wahid Murad, Abu Hanifa Md. Noman, Ilhan Ozturk Pages 466-479

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Ecological total-factor energy eﬃciency of China’s energy intensive industries Boqiang Lin, Ruipeng Tan

Pages 480-497

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Indicators and mechanisms of stability and resilience to climatic and landscape changes in a remnant calcareous grassland

K. Van Looy, M. Lejeune, W. Verbeke Pages 498-506

Application of indicators for identifying climate change vulnerable areas in semi-arid regions of India

Suresh Kumar, A. Raizada, H. Biswas, S. Srinivas, Biswajit Mondal Pages 507-517

Research article Abstract only

The cost-eﬀectiveness of using raptor nest sites to identify areas with high species richness of other taxa

Daniel Burgas, Artti Juutinen, Patrik Byholm Pages 518-530

Foraging distribution overlap and marine reserve usage amongst sub-Antarctic predators inferred from a multi-species satellite tagging experiment

T.A. Patterson, R.J. Sharples, B. Raymond, D.C. Welsford, ... M. Hindell Pages 531-544

Towards a dashboard of sustainability indicators for Panama: A participatory approach Anthony Sardain, Cécile Tang, Catherine Potvin

Pages 545-556

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Native and introduced land snail species as ecological indicators in diﬀerent land use types in Java

Ayu Savitri Nurinsiyah, Hatta Fauzia, Christian Hennig, Bernhard Hausdorf Pages 557-565

Erratum Full text access

Corrigendum to “A forest structure habitat index based on airborne laser scanning data”

[Ecol. Indic. 67 (August) (2016) 346–357]

Nicholas C. Coops, Piotr Tompalski, Wiebe Nijland, Gregory J.M. Rickbeil, ... J. John Stadt Page 644

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2/10/22, 2:24 PM Editorial board - Ecological Indicators | ScienceDirect.com by Elsevier

https://www.sciencedirect.com/journal/ecological-indicators/about/editorial-board 1/14

J.C. Marques, PhD

University of Coimbra Department of Life Sciences, Coimbra, Portugal

G. Zurlini, PhD

University of Salento Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, Lecce, Italy

Y. J. An, PhD

About the journal

Aims and scope Editorial board Abstracting and indexing

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Ecological Indicators

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7.5

CiteScore

4.958

Impact Factor

(16)

Konkuk University, Gwangjin-gu, South Korea

Ecotoxicity, soil toxicity, ecological risk assessment, microplastics

E. F. Chilson, PhD

National Institute of Amazonian Research, MANAUS, Brazil

Entomology, Soil Invertebrates, Taxonomy of Acari Oribatida, Community Ecology

H. O. Hämäläinen, PhD

University of Jyvaskyla Department of Biological and Environmental Science, JYVASKYLA, Finland Freshwater ecology, Assessment and monitoring, Freshwater biodiversity

A. Kaklauskas

Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, Vilnius, Lithuania

C. D.-M. Mulder, PhD

University of Catania Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, Catania, Italy Allometry, Ecological networks, Global changes, Macroecology, Soil systems, Trait ecology

P. L. Pert, PhD

CSIRO Land and Water Dutton Park, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia

Ecosystem services, spatial ecology, marine and coastal ecosystems, socio-ecological systems, Indigenous interests

F. Xu, PhD

Peking University College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Beijing, China

Aquatic ecosystem, Ecological modelling, Ecosystem health, Ecological risk, Ecological indicators

J. Zuo, PhD

The University of Adelaide School of Architecture and Built Environment, Adelaide, Australia

Circular economy, resource eﬃciency, smart construction, construction and demolition waste recycling,

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M. S. Allahyari, PhD

Islamic Azad University Rasht Branch, Rasht, Iran

Agricultural extension-education, Sustainable agriculture, Rural development, Climate change, Renewable energy, Socio-environment impact assessement

N. Amaresan, PhD

Uka Tarsadia University, Bardoli, India

Microbial Diversity, Plant-Microbe Interaction, Bioremediation, Phytoremediation, Antagonistic and plant growth promoting microbes

S. Bae, PhD

National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore

Microbial indicator,Microbial diversity,Ecotoxicology,microplastics,gut microbiome

H. Chen, PhD

Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China

Plant ecology, ecosystem dynamics, ecological restoration, ecological security, above ground biomass and carbon monitoring, land use, land cover dynamics, rural development, socio-environment impact assessment, ecotoxicology, soil and water conservation engineering, water resource management

H. Chenchouni, PhD

Higher National School of Forests, Department of Forestry, Khenchela, Algeria Biodiversity Measurement,Dryland Ecology,Environmental Monitoring and

Assessment,Biodiversity,Climate Change,Ornithology,Phytochemistry,Biostatistics,Agriculture,Soil science,Water quality,Soil quality

A. Cutitta, PhD

National Research Council, Roma, Italy

Ichthyoplankton, Fish population, Sustainability, Mediterranean Sea, Gene expression, Scientiﬁc communication

F. Fazlioglu, PhD

Ordu University, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Ordu, Turkey

Plant ecology, plant strategies, phenotypic plasticity, species distributions, climate change

Advisory Board

(18)

D. C. Ferreira, PhD

University of Lisbon, Instituto Superior Técnico, Systems and Management of Infrastructure in the Department of Civil Engineering, Architecture and Geo-resources, Lisbon, Portugal

Performance assessment, eﬃciency, composite indicators, data envelopment analysis, Malmquist index, beneﬁt-of-the-doubt, statistical modeling

E. Frazier, PhD

Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, United States of America

Scale and scaling, Landscape ecology, GIScience, Earth observation, Remote sensing, Conservation, Biodiversity

Y. H. Fu, PhD

Beijing Normal University College of Water Sciences, Beijing, China

Vegetation phenology, terrestrial carbon and water cycles, climate change ecology, crop development, remote sensing

C. Fürst, PD Dr. habil., Dr. rer. silv., Dipl. Forstwirt Univ.

Martin Luther University Halle Wittenberg, Halle, Germany

Social-ecological systems, Biodiversity trends, Modelling human-nature interactions, Ecosystem services, Impact assessment, (participatory) Scenario development, Governance and transformative processes

A. Ghorbanian, MSc

K N Toosi University of Technology Faculty of Geodesy and Geomatics Engineering, Tehran, Iran Remote Sensing,Land Cover Mapping/Dynamics,Machine Learning,Wetlands,Mangroves,Land Cover Land Use Mapping,Urban Heat Island,Geo-big Data,Time-series Remote Sensing

A. Huovila, Master of Science (Tech.)

VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd, VTT, Finland

Socio-environment impact assessment,sustainable development strategy and goals (SDGs),performance

assessment,eﬃciency,composite indicators,decision support system (DSS),Carbon-neutral cities,Urban

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N. Joshi, PhD

Mody University of Science and Technology, Department of Biosciences, Laxmangarh, India

Microbial Ecology, Resource depletion, Emerging contaminants, Wastewater treatment, Biomaterials, Bio-catalysis, Enzymes, Enzyme-based pollutant degradation, Immobilization, Phyto-

remediation/Chemistry, Plant Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Bioremoval , Water quality and Reuse, Biosorbent, Bio monitoring and assessment, Ecotoxicology, Antimicrobial Resistance, Plant bioactive compounds.

P. K. Joshi, PhD

Jawaharlal Nehru University School of Environmental Sciences, New Delhi, India

Advanced geospatial (RS, GIS, GPS/GNSS) analysis and modeling, Landscape and vegetation analysis (incl. Land use/Land cover change), and Climate change vis-à-vis ecological studies (incl. Natural Resource Management)

ML Karlson, PhD, Docent

Stockholm University Department of Ecology Environment and Plant Sciences, Stockholm, Sweden Food web interactions, long-term trends, stable isotopes, natural toxins and anthropogenic

contaminants, Baltic Sea

S. Kazmi, PhD

Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China

Ecotoxicology,Aquatic Toxicology,Molecular Toxicology,Environmental Pollution,Environmental Risk Assessment,Microbial Ecology,Algal toxicity,Antibiotics toxicity

Y. Kong, PhD

Hohai University, Nanjing, China

Water footprint,decoupling,decomposition analysis,resource environmental (environment) carrying capacity,water-energy-food nexus,socio-environmental impact assessment,sustainable development strategy and goals,strategic environmental assessement,persormance assessement,eﬃciency,composite indicators,data envelopment analysis,Malmquist productivity index,water resource management

A. Kumar, Ph.D

Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, China

Greenhouse gas emission, Freshwater bodies, Carbon sequestration, Eco-hydrology, Water quality

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P. Lal, M.Tech

Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America

Remote Sensing &, GIS, Land Use Land Cover Dynamics, Above Ground Biomass and Carbon Monitoring, Climate Change, Ecosystem Dynamics.

L. J. Li, PhD

Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, China Soil fertility and nutrient cycling, Soil degradation, Soil organic carbon sequestration, Soil organic matter stabilization, Priming eﬀect, Greenhouse gas emissions, Litter decomposition, Mollisols, Soil health, Soil quality

C. Li, Master of Science

Yunnan Normal University Department of Geography, Kunming, China

Land use,land cover dynamics,landscape patterns and processes,ecosystem services,ecological security

D. Machiwal, PhD

ICAR-Central Arid Zone Research Institute, Division of Natural Resources, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India Soil and Water Conservation Engineering, Hydrology, Time Series Modeling, Geostatistical Modeling, Groundwater Quality Index, Groundwater Potential Index, Climate Change

S. Maurya, PhD

Indian Institute of Technology BHU Varanasi, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India

Urban Water Resource Management, Indicator Analysis, Machine Learning, Geospatial Technology, Decision Support System

G Nelson, PhD

South Beach, United States of America

Metric Development for Coastal Ecosystem Assessment, Assessment of Eﬀects of Dredging, Beach

Nourishment and Coastal Structures, Seagrass and Algal Ecology

(21)

U. Nisar, PhD

Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China

fisheries sustainability indicators,sustainable agriculture,agroecosystems,performance assessment,efficiency,Malmquist productivity index,Data Envelopment Analysis,Production Economics,Biofloc and Aquamimicry,Fish Stock Assesment,Profitability,Aquatic Export Analytics

L. K. Pandey, PhD

Mahatma Jyotiba Phule Rohilkhand University, Bareilly, India

Indicators, Biofuels, algal ecology, ecological restoration, phenotypic plasticity, biomonitoring, climate change and online image database, Algal Ecology, Algal restoration, Phenotypic plasticity,

Biomonitoring, Bioremediation, Climate change, Image-based online database, Diatom biology, Metals, Lipids, Emerging contaminants, Bioassays

P. Pastorino, PhD

Zooprophylactic Institute of Piemonte Liguria and Valle d'Aosta, Torino, Italy Contaminants, ﬁsh biology, ﬁsh diseases, mountain lakes, trace element

J. Pompeu, PhD

Basque Center for Climate Change, Bilbao, Spain

Sustainable agriculture,agroecosystems,remote sensing,GIS,land use,land cover dynamics,landscape patterns and processes,species distribution modelling

S. Quadroni, PhD

University of Insubria, Department of Theoretical and Applied Sciences, Via Ravasi, Varese, Italy Biomonitoring, ecohydraulics, water resource management, ecotoxicology, biological conservation

Ur Rahman, PhD

Tsinghua University, Beijing, China

Hydrology,Surface and groundwater potential index,water resources management,remote

sensing,GIS,land use,land cover dynamics,landscape patterns and processes,geostatistical modeling,time

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series modeling,decision support system,AI applications,meteorology,hydr-meteorology

M. Santos, PhD

University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro and CITAB - Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences, Vila Real, Portugal

Ecological Indicators, Agroecosystems, System Dynamic models, Agent based models, Neotropics

P. Saxena, PhD

Hindu College New Delhi, New Delhi, India

Phytoremediation,Sustainability Indicators,Nature Based Solutions, Ecological Response to Climate Change and adaptation,Ecotoxicology,Biomonitoring,Air Pollution Mitigation

A. Serrano, PhD

Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain

Wildlife Management, Host-Parasite, Wildlife Biology, Ecophysiology, Game Biology, Diseases Ecology

V. Siddarthan, PhD

National Centre for Polar and Ocean Research, Arctic Ecology and Biogeochemistry, Vasco-Da-Gama, Goa, India

Microbial Ecology, Genomics, Polar Biology

P. M. Villa, PhD

Federal University of Vicosa Department of Plant Biology, VICOSA, Brazil

Community Ecology, Forest Ecology, Secondary Forests, Ecosystem Ecology, Ecosystem Services

(23)

Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Canakkale, Turkey

Applied econometrics, Time series, Environmental economics

C. Zhang, PhD

Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China

Resource and environmental economics,Ecological economics,Agricultural economics,Development economics

Z. Zheng, PhD

Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, China

Light pollution,Google earth engine,Remote sensing based model,Nighttime light remote sensing,Urbanization process,Ecological index,Land use change,GIS spatial analysis

T.R. Angradi

US Environmental Protection Agency Oﬃce of Research and Development Duluth, Duluth, Minnesota, United States of America

J. Aroviita, PhD

Finnish Environment Institute, Helsinki, Finland

S. Bastianoni, PhD

University of Siena Department of Physics Earth and Environmental Sciences, Siena, Italy

S. Bell

The University of Edinburgh OPENspace Research Centre, Edinburgh, United Kingdom

T. Blaschke, PhD

Editorial Board

(24)

Paris Lodron University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria

A. Borja, PhD, DSc Honoris Causa AZTI Foundation, Pasaia, Spain

O. T. Bouman

Cape Breton University, Sydney, Nova Scotia, Canada

A. Cano-Orellano

University of Seville, Sevilla, Spain

K.W. Chau, PhD

The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, Hong Kong

G.Q. Chen

Peking University, Beijing, China

M. Convertino, PhD

Tsinghua University Institute of Environment and Ecology, Shenzhen, China

R. M. V. Cortes, PhD

University of Tras-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal

J. L. Costa, PhD

University of Lisbon Faculty of Sciences, Lisboa, Portugal

(25)

R. Costanza

University College London, Institute for Global Prosperity, London, United Kingdom

M. Devescovi

Ruđer Bošković Institute Center for Marine Research, Rovinj, Croatia

B. D. Fath, PhD

Towson University, Towson, Maryland, United States of America

A. Feest

University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom

V. Ferretti

The London School of Economics and Political Science, London, United Kingdom

A. Gnauck

Brandenburg University of Technology Cottbus-Senftenberg, Cottbus, Germany

A.M. Gonçalves

University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal

G. González Barberá, PhD

Center for Edaphology and Applied Biology of the Segura River Soil and Water Conservation Group, Murcia, Spain

M. B. Griﬃth, PhD

National Center for Environmental Assessment, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America

(26)

J. G. Holmquist, PhD

University of California Los Angeles Institute of the Environment and Sustainability, Bishop, California, United States of America

D. E. Hyatt

Athens, Georgia, United States of America

C. Jacoby

Saint Johns River Water Management District, Palatka, Florida, United States of America

K. B. Jones

US Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia, United States of America

H. Y. Liu, PhD

Peking University College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Beijing, China

U. Mander, PhD

University of Tartu Department of Geography, Tartu, Estonia

J Mitsch, PhD

Florida Gulf Coast University Everglades Wetland Research Park, Naples, Florida, United States of America

J.C. Munch

Helmholtz Centre Munich Institute for Soil Ecology, Neuherberg, Germany

S. N. Nielsen, PhD

Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark

R. Pandey, Ph.D.

Forest Research Institute Dehradun, Dehradun, India

J Rapport, PhD, MA, BBA

(27)

C. Ricotta, PhD

University of Rome La Sapienza Department of Environmental Biology, Roma, Italy

J.C. Rodgers

Mississippi State University Department of Geosciences, Mississippi State, Mississippi, United States of America

F. Schanz

University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland

J. K. Summers, PhD

United States Environmental Protection Agency Center for Environmental Measurement and Modeling Gulf Ecosystem Measurement and Modeling Division, Gulf Breeze, Florida, United States of America

D. Valente, PhD

University of Salento Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, Lecce, Italy

R. Virtanen

University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland

B. G. Wiersma

The University of Maine, Orono, Maine, United States of America

All members of the Editorial Board have identiﬁed their aﬃliated institutions or organizations, along with the corresponding country or geographic region. Elsevier remains neutral with regard to any jurisdictional claims.

ISSN: 1470-160X

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The ultimate aim of Ecological Indicators is to integrate the monitoring and assessment of ecological and environmental indicators with management practices. The journal provides a forum for the discussion of the applied scienti c development and review of traditional indicator applications as well as for theoretical, modelling and quantitative approaches such as index development. Research into the following areas will be published. All aspects of ecological and environmental indicators and indices. New indicators, and new approaches and methods for indicator development, testing and use. Development and modelling of indices, e.g. application of indicator suites across multiple scales and resources. Analysis and research of resource, system- and scale-speci c indicators. Methods for integration of social and other valuation metrics for the production of scienti cally rigorous and politically-relevant assessments using indicator-based monitoring and assessment programs.

Approaches on how research indicators can be transformed into direct application for management purposes. Broader assessment objectives and methods, e.g. biodiversity, biological integrity, and sustainability, through the use of indicators.

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ContentslistsavailableatScienceDirect

Ecological Indicators

jou rn al h om ep a g e :w w w . e l s e v i e r . c o m / l o c a t e / e c o l i n d

Application of west java water sustainability index to three water catchments in west java, Indonesia

I. Juwana

^a,∗

, N. Muttil

^b,c

, B.J.C. Perera

^b

aDepartmentofEnvironmentalEngineering–NationalInstituteofTechnology,Bandung,WestJava,Indonesia

bCollegeofEngineeringandScience,VictoriaUniversity,POBox14428Melbourne,Victoria8001,Australia

cInstituteforSustainabilityandInnovation,VictoriaUniversity,POBox14428Melbourne,Victoria8001,Australia

a r t i c l e i n f o

Articlehistory:

Received28October2015 Receivedinrevisedform9May2016 Accepted13June2016

Keywords:

Watersustainabilityindex Westjava

Catchment

Waterresourcemanagement

a b s t r a c t

ThisstudypresentsacomparativeapplicationoftheWestJavaWaterSustainabilityIndextoCitarum, CiliwungandCitanduycatchmentsinWestJava,Indonesia.Atwo-foldcomparisonispresented,firstly, thatoftheoverallconditionofwaterresourcesusingthefinalindexvalueandsecondly,thatofspecific watersustainabilityissuesusingthecomparisonofthesub-indexvaluesoftheindicators.Theoverall comparisonrankstheconditionofwaterresourcesofCitanduycatchmentisslightlybetter,whereassub- indexvaluesofEducation,HealthImpact,WaterDemand,andPovertyshowimportantdifferencesamong catchments.Basedontheperformanceofthecatchmentsidentifiedinthisstudy,priorityofactionshas beenrecommendedtotheauthorities.

1. Introduction

Theimportanceofwatertolivingcreaturesisalltooevident.

Therefore,itisofutmostimportancetomaintainthesustainabil- ityofwaterresources,sothattheseresourcescanbeutilisedby humansandothers,nowandalsointhefuture.Inoneofthemost denselypopulatedprovincesofIndonesia,WestJava,thecondi- tionsofwaterresourcesarepoor.Theincreasein populationin theprovincehasresultedintheincreaseddemandforcleanwater.

Tofulﬁlthedemand,bothsurfaceandgroundwaterresourcesin WestJavaareutilised.Bothresourcesaredependentonrainfall.The availabilityofthesewaterresourcesisabundant,duetohighrain- fallinmostareasofWestJava.However,thisabundanceofwateris notproperlymanaged,andhasresultedinwatershortagesinsome areasoftheprovince(RahmatandWangsaatmadja,2007).Interms oftheirquality,mostsurfaceandgroundwaterresourcesinWest Javaarepollutedbydomestic,agriculturalandindustrialactivities.

Inthelastdecade,theprovincialgovernmentofWestJavahas implementedvariousprogramstoimprovetheconditionofwater resources.However,theseprogramshavenotbeensuccessful.Itis thereforeimportanttoobtainacomprehensiveunderstandingof thecurrentstatusoftheconditionofwaterresourcesinWestJava.

Oncethisinformationhasbeenobtained,relevantprogramscanbe designedtoimprovethequalityofthewaterresources.

∗Correspondingauthor.

E-mailaddress:[email protected](I.Juwana).

Awatersustainabilityindexisausefultoolthatcanbeusedto obtaininformationontheconditionofwaterresources.Itisasin- gledimensionlessnumberthatexpressestheconditionofwater resourcesinasimpleformandhencecanbeeasilyunderstoodby bothwaterprofessionalsaswellaslaypersons.Suchanindexcom- prisesofindicatorsrelatedtothesustainabilityofwaterresources, whichareaggregatedtoformtheﬁnalindex.Itoffersthefollowing beneﬁts:

1.Itcanbeusedtoidentifyallfactorscontributingtothecondition ofwater resources(ChavesandAlipaz,2007;PolicyResearch Initiative, 2007;Sullivan,2002),sothat theresourcescanbe efﬁcientlyusedtofulﬁlpresentandfutureneeds.

2.Itcanbeusedtoassistdecisionmakerstoprioritiseissuesand programsrelatedtowaterresourcemanagement.

3.It can be used to communicate the current status of exist- ingwaterresourcestothewidercommunity(PolicyResearch Initiative,2007).

In therecent past, severalindices related towater resource sustainability have been developed, namely Water Poverty Index-WPI(Lawrenceetal.,2003),CanadianWaterSustainability Index-CWSI(PolicyResearchInitiative,2007)andWatershedSus- tainabilityIndex-WSI(ChavesandAlipaz,2007).TheWaterPoverty Index(WPI)wasdevelopedtoassessthelinkbetweenpovertyand wateravailability(Sullivan,2002).Eventhoughtherehavebeen somesuccessfulexperienceswiththeimplementationofthesesus- http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2016.06.017

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402 I.Juwanaetal./EcologicalIndicators70(2016)401–408

Table1

FinalFrameworkofWJWSI.

Component Indicator Sub-indicator Unit Thresholdvalues

Max Min

Conservation WaterAvailability m³/cap/yr 1700^a 500^b

LandUseChanges % 100^a 0^b

WaterQuality – 12:00AM −31^b

WaterUse WaterDemand % 40^b 10:00AM

WaterServiceProvision Coverage % 80^a 0^b

WaterLoss % 30^b 15^a

PolicyandGovernance InformationDisclosure – 100^a 0^b

GovernanceStructure – 100^a 0^b

PublicParticipation Education % 100^a 0^b

Poverty % 20^b 12:00AM

HealthImpact (cases/1000population) 2^b 12:00AM

Sanitation % 100^a 0^b

LawEnforcement 100^a 0^b

apreferable.

b notpreferable.

tainabilityindices,astheyhavebeendevelopedforuseinspeciﬁc regionsorcountries,theyarenotfullyapplicableinotherareas.

Therefore,anewwatersustainabilityindexcalledtheWestJava WaterSustainabilityIndex(WJWSI)wasrecentlydevelopedtohelp improvethewaterresourcesmanagementinWestJava(Juwana etal.,2010a,b).TheWJWSIwasspeciﬁcallydeveloped withthe involvementof local water stakeholdersand wasbased onthe naturalandsocio-economiccharacteristicsofWestJava.

TheﬁnalstructureoftheWJWSIisshowninTable1.Furtherjus- tiﬁcationforthecomponents,indicators,sub-indicatorsandtheir thresholdvaluescanbefoundinJuwanaetal.(2010a).

Thisindexwillbeabletonotonlyobtaininformationonthe conditionofwater resourcesinWestJava, butalsotoprioritise waterissuesforbettermanagementofwaterresourceswithinthe province.Theprioritization ofwater issues isespecially impor- tantsincesuchprioritizationwasnotfoundinexistingdocuments relatedtowaterresourcemanagementinWestJava.

ThispaperpresentstheapplicationofWJWSItothreedifferent catchmentsin WestJava(namelyCitarum, Ciliwungand Citan- duycatchments)withthe purposeofobtaininginformation on theconditionofwaterresourcesinthosecatchments.Thiscom- parativeanalysisis usedtoprovide informationonthegeneral conditionofwaterresourcesineachcatchment,aswellastheir specificneeds.Eachapplication commencedwithcollectingthe requireddata and information related to theWJWSI indicators andsub-indicators.Datawerecollectedfrompaststudies,institu- tionaldatabasesandotherrelevantsources.Thesedatawereused tocomputethesub-indexvaluesofeachWJWSIindicatorandsub- indicator.Thesesub-indexvalueswerethenaggregatedtoproduce thefinalWJWSIvalue.Thesub-indexvaluesandthefinalWJWSI valueoftheseapplicationswereusedtoanalysetheperformance ofthecatchments,andtoproviderecommendationstotherespec- tivecatchmentauthoritiestoimprovethemanagement ofwater resourcesinthesecatchments.

2. Westjavaandtheselectedcatchments 2.1. Westjava

TheWestJavaProvinceis oneof themosthighlypopulated provinces,whichis adjacenttotheJakarta Province.Duetoits location, the Jakarta Province relies heavily on the West Java Provinceforvariousneedssuchaslabour,rawmaterialsforindus- triesand daily householdneeds. Thenatural resourcesinWest Javahave been utilised by various sectors and stakeholders in Indonesia,whichhaveresultedinthedegradationofenvironmental resources,includingwaterresources(RahmatandWangsaatmadja,

2007).TheaverageannualrainfallinthemountainareasofWest JavaProvinceisbetween3000and5000mm/year,whereasinother areasitisabout2000mm/year.

ThepopulationinWestJavahasincreasedprogressivelyfrom yeartoyear.In2006,forexample,thepopulationwas40.74million, andin2009,itwas43.02million(18.11%ofthenationalpopula- tion).TheincreasedpopulationinWestJavahasmadesigniﬁcant impactsontheexistinglanduse.Apartfromtheneedforhousing forpeopleinWestJavaduetotheincreasedpopulation,thedemand fromindustriesintheJakartaProvincehasalsoledtochangesin adjacentprovinces,namelytheWestJavaandtheBanten(Bappeda Team,2004).Asaresult,forestryandagriculturalareasinthese provinceshavesigniﬁcantlychanged.

TheWestJavaProvincehas40catchments.Ofthesecatchments, themainriversin22catchmentsﬂowintothenorthernpartsofthe provinceandthemainriversintheother18catchmentsﬂowinto thesouthernpartsoftheprovince.AstudybyHasibuan(2005) reportedthat18WestJavacatchmentswereinacriticalcondition, basedonvariousfactorsincludingthewaterqualityofmajorrivers, landuseandsoilsaturation.

Ingeneral,theconditionofwaterresourcesintheWestJava catchments,bothintermsofqualityandquantity,arefarfromsat- isfactory.Intermsofwaterquality,ﬁvemainriversinWestJava catchmentsincludingCitarum,Ciliwung,Citanduy,Cileungsiand CimanukRiversareconsideredcritical,basedonthewaterqual- itythattheseriversdidnotmeetthenationalstandardsforwater qualityduring2005–2009(Tarigan,2009).Themaincontributors tothelowwaterqualityoftheseriversaretheindustriespolluting therivers,aswellasdomesticandagriculturaldischarge.TheEnvi- ronmentalProtectionAgency(EPA)ofWestJava(2008)statedthat asmanyas542industrieswerepollutingriversinWestJava.The riversalsosufferedfromtheimproperdischargeof79.8haofagri- culturalwasteanddomesticwasteof8.6millionpeople.Interms ofwaterquantity,inthelasttwodecades,manyareasinWestJava havesufferedfromdroughtandﬂoods(Wangsaatmaja,2004).Of the40catchmentsinWestJava,thethreecatchmentsofCitarum, CiliwungandCitanduy(presentedinFig.1)areconsideredhighly importantforvariousreasons.Thefollowingsub-sectionsdescribe thesereasonsandalsoprovideabriefdescriptionofthestatusof waterresourcesinthesethreecatchments.

2.2. Citarumcatchment

The Citarum catchment occupies an area of approximately 7400km².AsillustratedinFig.1,threereservoirs(Saguling,Cirata andJatiluhur)havebeenbuiltwithinthecatchment,whichareused tosupplywaterforvariouspurposes,suchasdomestic,agricul-

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Fig.1. TheCitarum,CiliwungandCitanduycatchmentsinWestJava.

ture,hydropowerandﬁshery.Averagerainfalloverthecatchment is2300mm/year,andtheﬂowoftheCitarumRiver,gaugedatthe inletofSagulingreservoir,approximatelyequals5.7billionm³/year (Pusair,2008).

Accordingtothedecree of theNationalMinistryof Internal Affairs,MinistryofForestryandMinistryofPublicWorksof2006, theCitarumcatchmentiscategorisedasa‘highpriority’catchment, asthecatchmenthasmadeasigniﬁcantimpactonthenational developmentof Indonesia,particularly onthe economic sector (Tarigan,2009).IrrigationandindustrialsectorsinWestJavaand JakartaprovincesrelyheavilyontheCitarumRiver.Also,thereser- voirsintheCitarumcatchmentgenerateelectricityforuseinWest JavaandJakartaprovinces.

In2008,thetotal populationwithinthecatchmentwasjust over11million.Themajoritylivesalongtheriverbanks,andhave directlyusedtheriverforvariousdomesticuses,includingdrinkingwater.Severalwaterservicecompaniesinthecatchmenthave alsobuiltwaterintakestouserawwaterintheirwatertreatment plants.Pressuresonthecatchmentanditsriverscomefrompollu- tantsfromvariousactivitieswithinthecatchment.Pollutantsfrom thedomesticsectororiginatefrombothdirectand indirectdis- chargeofblackwaterandgreywaterofhouseholds.Hundredsof industrieslocatedalongtheriveralsopollutetheriverduetolack ofawarenessontheimportanceofhealthyrivers,aswellaslack oflawenforcementfromtherelevantauthorities.Inaddition,agri- cultureandlivestockhavealsocontributedtoriverpollutioninthe catchment.

2.3. Ciliwungcatchment

ThemainriverintheCiliwungcatchmentistheCiliwungRiver.

Thisriverﬂowsacrosstwomainprovinces,WestJavaandJakarta.

Thecatchmentoccupiesanareaofapproximately440km²,andthe riverlengthis119km.Accordingtotheﬂowgaugeattheoutletof

dryseasons.In2007,amaximumﬂowof125m³/sandaminimum ﬂowof49.4m³/swererecordedatthisgauge(Pusair,2008).

Currently,theCiliwungRiverservesdifferentusersincluding domestic,industriesandfarmers.Peoplealongtheriverhavebuilt smallwaterintakes tocollectwaterforvariousdomestic needs includingdrinkingwater.AsreportedbyPusair(2008),approxi- mately3.5millionpeoplelivealongtheCiliwungRiverbanks,with themajorityusingriverwaterfortheirdailyactivities.Theriver isalsousedbywatercompaniesinthecatchmentasthesource ofrawwaterfortheirwatertreatmentplants.BogorCity,Bogor RegencyandDepokCityhavebuiltwaterintakesintheupper,mid- dleandlowerpartsoftheriver,withcapacitiesof20,200and400l/s respectively(Pusair,2008).

Variousactivitiesby5.17millionpeoplelivingintheCiliwung catchmentcontributetoriverpollution.Pusair(2008)reportedthat approximately40%ofthetotalpopulationdischargetheirwaste water,both directlyandindirectly,intotheriver.Theriveralso suffersfromindustrialandagriculturalwaste.Atleast101indus- triesintheCiliwungcatchmentconstantlydischargetheirwaste intotheriver.Someoftheseindustriesdischargetheiruntreated wastewaterbecausetheyneitheroperatenorownawastewater treatmentplant(Pusair,2008).

Otherpotential pollutantscome from agriculturaland poul- tryactivities.Agriculturalwasteincludestheuseoffertilisersand pesticides.Pusair (2008)reportedthat asmuch as0.25t/dayof nitrogen, 0.12t/day of phosphate and 0.013t/day of potassium weredisposedintotheriverasfertilisers andpesticides.Asfor poultry,583.5kgofBOD/day,1540kg/dayofsuspendedparticles and90.5kg/dayofnitrogenweredischarged(Pusair,2008).

2.4. Citanduycatchment

TheCitanduycatchmentisoneofthelargestcatchmentsinthe WestJavaProvince,andalsooneofthecriticalcatchmentsinterms

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404 I.Juwanaetal./EcologicalIndicators70(2016)401–408

Table2

Criteriaforsub-indexvaluesofInformationDisclosure.

Criteria Sub-index

Fewkeydataareavailable 0≤25

Keydataareavailable,butonlyafewareaccessiblethrough theinternet

25≤50 Keydataareavailable,accessible,butnotregularlyupdated 50≤75 Keydataareavailable,accessibleandregularlyupdated 75–100

2004).ThemainriverinthecatchmentistheCitanduyRiver,which ﬂowsacrosstwoprovincesofWestJavaandCentralJava.Theriver originatesfromTasikmalayainWestJava,and ﬂowseastwards, thentothesoutheasttowardstheIndianOcean(Nairetal.,2010).

TheCitanduycatchmentoccupiesseveralcitiesandregencies intheWestJavaProvince.ThesecitiesareBanjarandTasikmalaya, andtheregenciesareCiamis,Tasikmalaya,Kuningan,Majalengka, Cilacapand Banyumas. Comparedtothe othertwo catchments describedinthispaper(i.e.CitarumandCiliwung),theCitanduy catchmentistheleastdenselypopulated.Ineachsub-catchment oftheCitanduycatchment,thepopulationdensityvaries.Themost populatedareaisthesub-catchmentofUpperCitanduyandthe leastpopulatedisthesub-catchmentofCimuntur(Nairetal.,2010).

IntheCitanduycatchment,farmsconstitutethe295mostdominant landuse.Asmuchas54.6%ofthecatchmentareaisusedforfarm- ing,consistsoffruitgardens,perennialcrop-landsandagro-forests (Nairetal.,2010).Thenextdominantlanduseisfarming(20.5%) andforestry(14.6%).

3. StepsinapplyingWJWSI

ThestepsfollowedintheapplicationofWJWSItothecatch- mentsareasfollows:

3.1. Obtainingsub-indices

Thesub-indexvalueswereobtainedusingeitherthecontinu- ousrescalingmethodorthecategoricalscalemethodasthedata requiredtousethesemethodswereavailable.Thesuitablemethod waschosen based on the nature of the WJWSI indicators and sub-indicators.Basedonthecharacteristicsoftheindicatorsand sub-indicators,threegroupswereidentiﬁedforcomputingthesub- indexvalues(Juwanaetal.,2012).Thesethreegroupsofindicators andsub-indicators are brieﬂydescribed below. Foreach group, oneindicatorisusedasanexampletodemonstratethecalcula- tionsinvolved inobtainingthesub-indexvalue.Allcalculations forthethreeexamplesareusingdatafromCitarumcatchment.

Thedetailedcalculationsforobtainingtheothersub-indicescanbe foundinJuwana(2012).Thedatausedforcalculatingthesub-index valuesofindicatorsandsub-indicatorsweretakenfromdifferent agenciesanddepartmentsinWestJava.TheseincludetheWestJava EnvironmentalProtectionAgency(EPA)andtheWestJavaWater ResourceManagementAgency(WRMA).

Theﬁrstgroupofindicatorsandsub-indicatorsareWaterAvail- ability,LandUseChanges,WaterQuality,Coverage,Educationand Sanitation.Forthisgroup,thehigherthevalueoftheindicatorand sub-indicator,themorepreferableit isandviceversa.Thesub- indexvaluesforthis groupwereobtainedusingthecontinuous rescalingmethod(Eq.(1)).

S_i=

_X

i−X_min Xmax−X_min

×100 whenX_min≤X_i≤Xmax

S_i=0 whenX_i<X_min S_i=100 whenX_i<Xmax

(1)

whereS_iisthesub-indexvalueforindicatori,X_iistheactualvalue forindicatori,andX_minandXmaxaretheminimumandmaximum

Table3

Criteriaforsub-indexvaluesofGovernanceStructure.

Criteria Sub-index

Onlyfewinstitutionsresponsibleformanagingwater resourceshaveclearstructures

0≤25 Allinstitutionsresponsibleformanagingwaterresourceshave

clearstructures

25≤50 Structureoftheinstitutionsareclear,butoverlapoftasksoccur 50≤75 Clearstructureandnooverlapoftasksamongdifferent

institutions

75–100

Table4

Criteriaforsub-indexvaluesofLawEnforcement.

Criteria Sub-index

Procedureforenforcementisnotavailable 0≤25 Procedureforenforcementisavailable,butnosupporting

resources(human,budget)

25≤50 Procedureforenforcementandsupportingresources(human,

budget)areavailable,