Indonesia is a nascent but stable democracy and the fourth most populous country in the world. In the second term of President Joko Widodo's government, the goal of achieving a prosperous Indonesia has been defined.
NATIONAL CONTEXT
G ENERAL P OLICIES
These core missions align with the national commitment to a low-carbon and climate-resilient development trajectory, in which climate change adaptation and mitigation are an integrated and transversal priority of the National Medium-Term Development Plan (RPJMN). Therefore, Indonesia views comprehensive efforts on land and sea to mitigate and adapt to climate change as a critical strategic consideration in achieving climate resilience in food, water and energy.
As mandated by the Paris Agreement's Article 4.19, Indonesia is formulating a Long-Term Low Greenhouse Gas Emissions (LTS) Development Strategy, which defines pathways to achieve low-emission development up to 2050 and is expected to guide the implementation and development of the subsequent Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs). . Indonesia considers the importance of a just transformation of the labor force and the creation of decent work and quality jobs for an effective and inclusive transition to low greenhouse gas emissions and climate resilient development.
MITIGATION
These figures should be used as a benchmark for assessing the performance of REDD+ during the implementation period (until 2020). The 2ndFREL was submitted in January 2022 with significant improvements in a number of elements, including the reference period, scope of activity, carbon capture, emission factor and method for calculating uncertainty. This goal will be achieved through, among other things, increased climate literacy, local capacity building, improved knowledge management, convergent climate change adaptation and disaster risk reduction policies, and the use of adaptive technology.
ADAPTATION
As the 13th goal of the SDGs, implementation of the Climate Change Convention (from the UNFCCC to the Paris Agreement) will address all aspects of the SDGs. Identification, development and implementation of best practices and local wisdom in the utilization of natural forest resources.
INFORMATION TO FACILITATE CLARITY, TRANSPARENCY AND
Q UANTIFIABLE INFORMATION ON THE REFERENCE POINT AND TIME FRAMES AND / OR
S COPE AND COVERAGE
P LANNING PROCESSES
Metric Applied Global Warming Potential (GWP) on a 100-year time scale in accordance with the IPCC's 2nd Assessment Report. With the baseline and assumption used for projection and policy scenario, the expected BAU and emission reduction for both unconditional (CM1) and conditional (CM2) reduction is as in Table 1 with more detailed assumptions for each sector can be seen in Appendix 1.
A SSUMPTIONS AND METHODOLOGICAL APPROACHES
Indonesia's population has grown at an average rate of 1.49% during the period of challenges for Indonesia in meeting energy demand, ensuring food security and meeting livelihood needs. The above data were used as a basis in determining Indonesia's target for reducing greenhouse gas emissions under unconditional and conditional scenarios (CM1- and CM2-scenarios). However, the COVID-19 pandemic, which has brought a global crisis not only in health, but also in social and economic aspects, has negatively affected Indonesia's economy.
The path to a low-carbon economy is integrated into Indonesia's long-term strategy for low greenhouse gas emissions and climate-resilient development. Indonesia's NDC will contribute to the goal of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, as set out in Article 2, through its climate change policies by reducing greenhouse gas emissions and enhancing climate resilience, thereby will lead to sustainable economic development. Climate change policies will be aligned with sustainable economic development through reduced greenhouse gas emissions and greater climate resilience.
F AIR AND A MBITIOUS IN THE L IGHT OF N ATIONAL C IRCUMSTANCES
At the same time, poverty alleviation remains a challenge for Indonesia, with 10.96% of the population living in poverty in 2014, and the unemployment rate at 5.9%. During the COVID-19 pandemic, Indonesia experienced economic contraction with GDP growth rate of minus 5.3% in the second quarter of 2020. During the COVID-19 pandemic, the anthropogenic activities were generally lower than those in previous years, leading to lower GHG emission levels in 2020 and 2021.
Despite the current progress in development and the challenges caused in particular by the COVID-19 pandemic, Indonesia is committed to transforming its current development path towards low carbon emissions and climate resilience through a step-by-step approach. Sustainable economic development requires a favorable environment for investment, fair international trade and industry-based economic growth. Climate change policies require low-carbon and climate-resilient development supported by domestic and international resources.
I NDONESIA ’ S NDC CONTRIBUTES TOWARDS ACHIEVING THE OBJECTIVE OF THE
As part of the implementation of Article 13 of the Paris Agreement, Indonesia uses an integrated national transparency framework through: (a) the National Registry System (Id. Sistem Registry Nasional/SRN) for mitigation, adaptation and implementation modalities by both national and international sources; (b) National Greenhouse Gas Record System (SIGN-SMART); (c) MRV system for mitigation including REDD+, (d) Safeguards Information System for REDD+ (SIS-REDD+); and (e) vulnerability information systems (SIDIK) and joint adaptation and mitigation at the village level (ProKlim). Indonesia recognizes that the National Registry System (NRS/SRN) needs to be improved over time to enable the system to function optimally to support climate change action, resource mobilization and carbon economic value implementation. SRN will play a strategic role in the implementation of this policy and other strategies.
The efforts of all Parties will represent progress over time, recognizing the need to support developing country Parties for the effective implementation of this Agreement. The National Development Planning Agency (BAPPENAS) reported that Indonesia is providing funding for the implementation of climate change measures and plans for the period 2015-2019, including the allocation of a total of US$55.01 billion. Indonesia will continue to allocate substantial national resources to implement mitigation and adaptation measures for the period 2020-2030.
In 2019, Indonesia conducted another financial needs assessment of approximately IDR 4,520 trillion (~US$322.86 billion) to implement the mitigation measures in the NDC plan. In terms of capacity-building target groups, the program aims to improve capacity at least in mitigation and adaptation planning and implementation, including climate finance strategy, access to finance and technology, GHG inventory and MRV measures and support, or more widely. to implement the transparency framework set out in Article 13 of the Paris Agreement. Processing Implementation of landfill gas (LFG) processing supported by the remediation of an open TPA landfill into a sanitary landfill and equipped with the use of methane.
Potential synergy with the implementation of the Ramsar Convention, CBD, SFDRR and UNCCD Ecosystem and Landscape Resilience.
NATIONAL REGISTRY SYSTEM AS THE BACKBONE OF TRANSPARENCY
MEANS OF IMPLEMENTATION
F INANCE
In line with Article 9 of the Paris Agreement, developed country parties are requested to provide financial resources to assist mitigation and adaptation in developing countries and take the lead in mobilizing climate finance from a variety of sources, instruments and channels. The Ministry of Finance recorded in its Climate Mitigation and Adaptation Budget Report (Laporan Anggaran Mitigasi dan Adaptasi Perubahan Iklim) that there has been an increase in the amount of budget allocations for activities categorized as mitigation from IDR 146.8 trillion (~ 10, USD 49 billion) in 2017 to IDR 196.3 trillion (~ USD 14.02 billion) in 2018. The results of the budget labeling have helped the government identify activities in the annual budget that can deliver mitigation and adaptation results.
Furthermore, Indonesia welcomes bilateral, regional and international cooperation in the implementation of the NDC as recognized in Article 6 of the Paris Agreement, which facilitates and accelerates the development and transfer of technology, payment for performance, technical cooperation and access to financial resources to support mitigation of Indonesia's climate. and adaptation efforts towards a climate resilient future. The financial needs estimated later covered only mitigation actions (actions that directly generate emission reductions, did not include the costs of creating favorable environments). Limitations have also been faced in the assessment of support needs, particularly in relation to the methodological approach used to assess financial needs for mitigation and adaptation, the availability and reliability of data, and the different perceptions of stakeholders on KZ financing.
T ECHNOLOGY D EVELOPMENT AND T RANSFERS
The climate change capacity building program will be aligned with Indonesia's vision for education, which will focus on: (a) human resource development to build strong character, (b) regulatory reform to increase the effectiveness and efficiency of capacity building programs and activities, (c) Increasing investment in human resource development, including revitalizing vocational education, (d) creating jobs and business opportunities, and (e) using technology to increase efficiency in capacity building. Energy efficiency measures to be implemented by all energy-consuming sectors (industry, commercial, transport, residential) by improving the efficiency of devices and the efficiency of the energy system, including the introduction of electric vehicles and their ecosystems. Implementation of an integrated upstream and downstream approach in reforestation and restoration, watershed management planning and protection of terrestrial water resources.
Mainstreaming/integrating climate change adaptation into watershed management to reduce risks/losses as a result of climate-related natural disasters. Mainstreaming/integrating climate change adaptation into forest management to support mitigation actions and increase the economic resilience of communities living in/around forests. Development and use of information system and provision of data on vulnerability, risks and impacts of climate change.
C APACITY B UILDING
REVIEW AND ADJUSTMENT
Waste treatment by composting 3.7 million tons of household waste and 3R paper to reuse/recycle up to 3.7 million tons of paper. The PLTSa/RDF facilities will treat 4.6 million tons of MSW to avoid 1.9 million tons of CO2 equivalent. The PLTSa/RDF facilities will treat 4.6 million tons of MSW to avoid 1.9 million tons of CO2 eq 4 .
Waste utilization is further enhanced with additional waste-to-energy or MSW recovery and utilization facilities treating 10.2 million tons of MSW by 2030 to avoid 6.2 million tons of CO2 eq. The previous target of 3 million tons of CO2-eq is increased to 26 million tons of CO2-eq (equivalent to 1.2 million tons of CH4 recovery). The previous target of 18 million tons of CO2-eq is increased to 28 million tons of CO2-eq (equivalent to 1.3 million tons of CH4 recovery).
