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What's Included: Study-ready anatomy, physiology, and pathology summaries of the female reproductive system presented in concise, intuitive, and richly illustrated downloadable PDF documents. At puberty Sensitivity of the hypothalamus to inhibitory steroid hormones GnRH FSH & LH Gonadal Testosterone/Estrogen/Progesterone Sexual maturation. As these primary oocytes prepare to divide, a spindle forms on its edge, creating a small nipple where half of the chromosomes will be shed during division.
In the distal nephron) o Increased risk of UTIs due to the reduced tone in sphincter and thus bugs can enter. o Diaphragm cannot completely flatten à "Splitting of the diaphragm". Progesterone à less contraction of the gall bladder à Flow of bile becomes slower à more time for the metabolism of fat/cholesterol.
Dilation Stage
Expulsion Stage
Placental Stage
For first 3 days – colostrum is secreted (less lactose than milk & minimal fat – but contains more protein, vit.A & minerals.) – Rich in IgA antibodies. Stimulates hypothalamus secretes PRH burst of prolactin from Ant. Pituitary stimulates milk production for the next feeding. Also stimulates hypothalamic post.pituitary release of oxytocin – causes the let-down reflex, the actual ejection of milk from alveoli in both mammary glands.
Contained in the chest - within the hypodermis (superficial fascia), anterior to pectoral muscles of the thorax. Areola – ring of pigmented skin surrounding the nipple – contains large sebaceous glands (stops bursting) - Nipple – protrudes from center of areola. GIT displaced superiorly (eg appendicitis will present higher than usual) Intra-abdominal pressure Heartburn/Reflux.
Human Biology Notes
Fertilisation – Embryology - Pregnancy
Large blood-filled lacunae form in the Endometrium and the villi are completely immersed in blood. Around the chorionic villi, the Endometrium divides into 2 parts: decidua basalis (basal side/ .. stratum basalis [umbilical cord side]) and decidua capsularis (luminal side of the embryo) o Decidua capsularis expands to accommodate the fetus and villous. compressed & degenerate.
Embryonic Development
Comprehensive History
Antibiotic Prophylaxis Prior to Abortion Abortion
Blood type of mother/Bub (*Beware of Rh-negative mother with an Rh-positive baby) - Obstetric history (gestational diabetes, pre-eclampsia). Abdominal ultrasound – (If scan is –Ve, retest hCG and rescan every 2-3 days until fetus is found). A Process of Meiosis •Male: Mitotic division of spermatogonia and entry into meiosis is continuous from onset at puberty until death.
Egg contains only X & X.§Combinations: •XY = yields a male •XX = yields a female. •Y is the sex determining chromosome. Embryo-sexual differentiation: •During week 5 of embryonic growth, the gonadal tissue develops into a gonadal ridge. o Primordial germ cells migrate to the gonadal edge, which then develop into ovaries or testicles depending on the DNA. Both open into a common chamber = the cloaca. At this stage the embryo is said to be sexually indifferent as the gonadal ridge can develop in either way.
Females are the default sex) o Testes then produce testosterone § Testosterone causes the Mesonephric (Wolffian) channel to develop into the male channel. Female: o If there is no 'Y' chromosome and no testicles, the female duct will develop by default.§The gonadal rim develops into immature ovaries.§Without testosterone, the mesonephric (Wolffian) ducts will degenerate.§The cortical ( outermost ) part of the immature ovaries form follicles.§Without AMH/MIH, the paramesonephric ducts differentiate into structures of the female duct system.oExternal genitalia:§glans clitoris develops from the genital tubercle.§Labia minora develops from the urethral groove.
Recovery in HDU/ICU for >4days AFTER BP HAS NORMALISED
Fusion of 2x Sperms with 1x Ovum Triploidy Partial Mole Abnormal Placenta & Some Foetal Development
Fusion of 1x Sperm with an Ovum that has LOST its DNA; OR Fusion of 2x Sperm inside an EMPTY Ovum Sperm Duplicates DIPLOIDY Complete Mole
HB Notes
- Footling Breech – Foot first (one or two) (Ie. At least one hip extended)
Abortion Termination of pregnancy (spontaneous/intentional) at <20 weeks gestation OR <500 g birth Complete expulsion of the fetus >20 weeks OR >500 g (regardless of placenta) Miscarriages Missed miscarriage: Asymptomatic intrauterine fetal death (IUFD) . Threatened miscarriage: uterine bleeding +/- contractions (NB: WITHOUT labor) Unavoidable miscarriage: uterine bleeding + contractions + dilation (i.e. WITH labor) Incomplete miscarriage: an ACTIVE miscarriage with retained products. Complete miscarriage: an INACTIVE miscarriage with complete dilation. Neonatal Death Early Neonatal Death: Death of the baby within 1 week of birth.
Parity Number of births at gestation > 20 weeks (incl. stillbirths) (Nullipara never had a pregnancy until > 20 weeks) (Primipara before birth. AFI – Amniotic Fluid Index Sum of the amniotic fluid depth (cm) of the largest vertical sacs in each of the 4 uterine quadrants SGA/SFD Small for gestational age/Small for dates = Fetus <10th percentile for gestational age.
Primary PPH: PV bleeding >500mL WITHIN 24 hours of delivery Secondary PPH: PV bleeding WITHIN 6 weeks of delivery Placenta Praevia A persistent low lying placenta after 24 weeks gestation. Fetal Attitude/Posture Relationship of the fetal parts to each other Fetal Position Right or Left Side of Uterus. PROM/PPROM PROM: Premature rupture of membranes = ROM @>37 weeks, >24 hours before the onset of labor.
SROM Spontaneous rupture of membranes (with or without labor) (NB: Can be a PROM or PPROM). Engagement The descent of the presenting part of the legs into the mother's pelvis is E.g. Labor Regular painful contractions + Cervix dilation/descent + Fetal descent - Stage 1: Labor begins Cervix fully dilated.
Trial of Scar = attempted vaginal birth after caesarean section VBAC = successful vaginal birth after CS. AKA H aline Membrane Disease Signs of increased respiratory effort in an infant due to insufficient surfactant and/or structural immaturity of the lungs. Uterotonic agents (e.g. oxytocins syntocinon/synthometrine/ergometrine) in the 3rd stage of labor increase hemostasis by contracting the uterus Risk by 2 times.
Postnatal Mood Disorders
Regular, moderate exercise (e.g. walking) o Helps you stay strong for labor o Improves your mood. Premature rupture of membranes (PROM) = Rupture of the amniotic sac >1 hour before the onset of labor. NB: PROM is a variation on normal; while PPROM is often pathological and can be dangerous) (NB: usually labor begins <48 hours after PROM).
If maternal GBS status is unknown, Antibiotic prophylaxis (Penicillin/other) protects against vertical transmission of group B streptococcal infection.
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