Generic and specific keys for differentiating Hawaiian crustacean corallines are also provided. The present study was conceived to provide the necessary systematic and ecological information needed for paleoenvironmental interpretation of the crustose coralline algae found in the Midway cores. Concurrently with the study of the Hawaiian collections, the first author was engaged in an intensive field program in the Caribbean.
Of the remaining species, the presence of secondary sink compounds in abundance will place a plant in Lithophyllum or in the melobesioids. Tetrasporangial conceptacles uniporate; tetrasporangia present, bisporangia rare, restricted to the periphery of the conceptacle. Sperm conceptacles uniporate; spermatangial mother cells with 2-4 spermatial outgrowths; confined to the floor of the conceptacle; spermatia ellipsoidal.
The origin of the male concept is similar to that described by Lebednik (1978) for Litotamnius. REMARKS.—The question of the priority of the basionym Lithophyllum cerebelloides Heydrich (1901c) over Lithophyllum reinboldii Foslie & Weber-van Bosse in Foslie (1902a) has arisen. NOTES.—Procarpous conceptacles are found buried in the thallus unfertilized; the overgrowth of concepts occurs from the roof of the conceptacle.
All four species of Hydrolithon have elongated intercalary meristems and significant additional cell elongation by burrowing into the perithallium (Fig. 15).
DESCRIPTION.—Plants initially crustose, but rapidly developed small, short, simple closely spaced club-shaped branches ( Figure 27A,B ); The initial growth usually occurs on attached substrate, but a developed head often detaches and occasionally forms large rhodoliths reaching up to 8 cm diam. Figure 2 7 A ) ; the surface is fairly smooth with occasional patches of small bright concepts, slightly raised or sometimes slightly depressed. Although most of the plants found occurred from the intertidal to a depth of 10 meters, a few were taken at a depth of 30 meters. Perithallium, multilayered, with abundant secondary pit connections (Figure 29D), well layered; cells 4-22 /xm long and 5-10 /xm diam.
Although the anatomy of this plant is typically that of the genus Lithophyllum, and therefore strikingly different from Hydrolithon, L. Perithallium is multi-layered, secondary pit connections present, scattered large cells on the surface (16-18 /xm long, 10-11 /xm diam.), adjacent cells varying in size and position, tissue appearing as a system of loose independent vertical threads;. Because of the apparent presence of secondary pits, Cabioch (1972) placed the genus in a separate subfamily, Sporolithoideae Setchell.
Womersley (pers. comm.), on the other hand, suggested that, because of the occasional presence of cross-like tetrasporangia, the genus should perhaps be placed in a separate new family. We are of opinion that the nature of the epithallium and the presence of sporangial caps far outweigh these irregularities in indicating the relationship. Shiny, reddish-brown crusts, sometimes mammillate or with short branches, with generally extensive sori (> 5 mm diam.) and narrow sporangial pores (not visible with a hand lens or hardly so) A.
Unlike the abundant deepwater Archaeolithothamnium episoredion, a new species, most of the A. Archaeolithothamnium erythraeum is the "pair species" of the Caribbean alga Archaeolithothamnium dimotum, which appears very similar in habit and anatomy. Extensive leaf pink-brown crusts that become nodular and eventually develop coarse branches (branches 2-5 mm in diameter); large conceptacles > 500 M™, O.D L.
Multilayered perithallium, abundant fusions, scattered colored bodies (phosphotungsten hematoxylin) (Fig. 36c); cells 3-9 /xm long and 9-22 /xm diam. DESCRIPTION.—Light pink to bright red plants, usually with sparse primary branches (2-6 mm in diameter) bearing numerous small, very irregular projections 0.5-2 mm in diameter. figure 39A,D,E); flakes medium-sized, rather rounded, flat. Despite the "tiny-celled" meristem and progressive elongation of the perithallium (Fig. 37) seen in this species, the shape of the umbrella cell is the same.
It is abundant on riparian situations as a small rhodolite or maerl former and is the ecological and anatomical "pair species" of the widespread Caribbean Lithothamnium occidentale (Foslie) Foslie. We will describe and discuss the key elements, but significant additional collection preparation and study, especially in the central Indo-Pacific, is needed to satisfactorily provide a basic description of these riparian floras.
Eight of the specimens collected came from the outer reef off Kaneohe Bay, Oahu, and all specimens were recovered from 3-12 m depth. REMARKS.—The specific epithet fluatum refers to the crust "floating" over the substrate. Outgrowth of plant where the height above the thallus surface is greater than the largest diameter of the growth (Figure 17c).
More or less specialized cells (e.g. thick walls), which form the outer layer of epithallium and form a protective layer over the surface of the thallus (Figures 18c, 29D, 13c). Outgrowth of the crust where the height above the thallus surface is less than the largest diameter of the structure (Figure 17A,B). Studies on the biosystematics and ecology of the epilithic Crustose Corallinaceae of the British Isles.
Marine Algae of the Tropical and Subtropical East Coasts of America, ix + 870 pages, 80 plates. Cont.] In Studies on the Corallinaceae of the Xisha Islands, Guangdong Province, China, III: Genus Neogoniolithon, page 31. Manuscripts intended for publication in the series receive substantial review within their Smithsonian museums or offices of origin and are submitted to the Institute Press Smithsonian with the approval of the appropriate museum authority on Form SI-36.
The Press's review of manuscripts and art for requirements of serial format and style, completeness and clarity of copy, and arrangement of all material, as outlined below, will, at the discretion of the Press, govern acceptance or rejection of manuscripts and art. . Front page (preceding the text) should include: title page with only title and author and no other information, abstract page with author/title/series/etc., following the established format, table of contents with indentations reflecting the headings and structure of the paper. The first page of text should bear the title and author at the top of the page and an unnumbered footnote at the bottom consisting of the author's name and professional mailing address.
Formal tables (numbered, with table headers, box headers, stubs, lines) should be submitted as camera copy, but the author should contact the series department of the Press for editorial attention and preparation assistance prior to final typing of this matter. Synonyms in the zoology and paleobiology series should use the short form (taxon, author, year:page), with a full reference at the end of the paper under "Literature Cited.". Footnotes, when few in number, whether annotative or bibliographical, should be typed at the bottom of the text page on which the reference appears.
34; When aligning and arranging elements, follow the format of the series for which the manuscript is intended. Legends for illustrations should not accompany the artwork or be included in the text, but should be submitted at the end of the manuscript—with as many legends typed, double-spaced, per page as appropriate.
