optimization of biopellete production from mesocarp fiber

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By

Fernanda Ayuyasmin Kathalia 11604028

BACHELOR’S DEGREE in

CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - SUSTAINABLE ENERGY AND ENVIRONMENT FACULTY OF LIFE SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGY

SWISS GERMAN UNIVERSITY The Prominence Tower

Jalan Jalur Sutera Barat No. 15, Alam Sutera Tangerang, Banten 15143 – Indonesia

July 2020

Revision after Thesis Defense on [10 July 2020]

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STATEMENT BY THE AUTHOR

I hereby declare that this submission is my own work and to the best of my knowledge, it contains no material previously published or written by another person, nor material which to a substantial extent has been accepted for the award of any other degree or diploma at any educational institution, except where due acknowledgement is made in the thesis.

Fernanda Ayuyasmin Kathalia

_____________________________________________

Student Date

Approved by:

Dr. –Ing. Evita H. Legowo

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Thesis Advisor

Date

Dr.-Ing Diah I. W., ST., MSc

_____________________________________________

Thesis Co-Advisor Date

Dr. Dipl. -Ing. Samuel P. Kusumocahyo

_____________________________________________

Date

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ABSTRACT

OPTIMIZATION OF BIOPELLETE PRODUCTION FROM MESOCARP FIBER USING ACID PRETREATMENT

By

Fernanda Ayuyasmin Kathalia Dr. –Ing. Evita H. Legowo Dr.-Ing Diah I. W., ST., MSc

SWISS GERMAN UNIVERSITY

Energy is the most human needs, the majority of people worldwide still use conventional fuel, but now it is depleted. To solve this energy problem, the transition to energy has started using renewable energies as energy sources.

Biomass resources are plentiful in Indonesia, one of the example of biomass is bio-pellet. The objective of this research is collect information from previous study regarding bio-pellet production from oil palm waste, study about the influence of binder on bio-pellet characterization and select the best pre- treatment process for bio-pellet production using mesocarp as raw material to achieve the Indonesian standard. The method that has been used in this research is literature review, analysed and evaluated it. The results shows that bio-pellet from palm waste can produced from empty fruit bunch, oil palm frond, oil palm shell, and oil palm mesocarp. The influence of the binder can have a positive or negative effect depending on the binder and raw material. The best pre- treatment that can reduce ash content are acid pre-treatment that can reach ash content until 1.02% and leaching can reach ash content until 1.13%. For bio- pellets production from mesocarp can be use acid H2SO4 1%-5% as pre- treatment and addition of tapioca as binders.

Keywords : bio-pellet, binders, pre-treatment, mesocarp

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DEDICATION

I dedicate this thesis to my beloved parents , Ir. Khairul Anam and Sri Kuswati. I would like to dedicate this thesis work to my role model and dearest advisor, Dr. –Ing. Evita H. Legowo who continues to help and support me to be a strong, diligent individual and to keep on pursuing my dreams. I would also like to dedicate this thesis to my country, Indonesia, with hope that this thesis work could help to improve renewable energy research in order to support energy balance in Indonesia.

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to thank the almighty God, Allah S.W.T without whom nothing is possible. I also would like to extend my sincere thanks to:

1. My advisor, Dr, -Ing Evita H. Legowo for her guidance, advice, support, help, motivation and time during my thesis period

2. My co-advisor, Dr.-Ing Diah I. W., ST., MSc for her great help, support, guidance, and time during my thesis period

3. My advisor in Indonesian Research for Agricultural and Engineering in Serpong, Mrs. Elita Rahmarestia Widjaya for her guidance, support, help, advices, and time during my thesis period

4. PT. KLK Agriservindo for the great cooperation and opportunity given to get the raw material for this thesis work even though the laboratory method was cancelled due to Covid 19

5. To all of the people in Indonesian Research for Agricultural and Engineering in Serpong for their cooperation

6. All of my friends from Swiss German University especially from Sustainable Energy and Environment for their company, support, help, motivation, advices during my thesis period

7. My Parents and brother for their support, motivation, help and company during my thesis period

8. My best friends (Wendi, Farah, Dega, Evan, Rossy, Felen, Bagus, Naufal), who always cheering me up during my thesis period.

9. My SEE Girls for lightened up my campus life since first day of campus until my thesis period.

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TABLE OF CONTENT

STATEMENT BY THE AUTHOR... 2

ABSTRACT ... 3

DEDICATION ... 5

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ... 6

TABLE OF CONTENT ... 7

LIST OF FIGURES ... 9

LIST OF TABLES ... 10

CHAPTER 1 – INTRODUCTION ... 12

1.1BACKGROUND ... 12

1.2RESEARCH PROBLEMS ... 13

1.3 RESEARCH OBJECTIVES ... 14

1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDY ... 14

1.5 RESEARCH QUESTIONS ... 14

CHAPTER 2 - LITERATURE REVIEW ... 15

2.1 ENERGY CONDITION IN INDONESIA ... 15

2.2 RENEWABLE ENERGY IN INDONESIA ... 15

2.3 BIOMASS ... 16

2.4 BIOMASS PELLET ... 16

2.5 PALM OIL ... 17

2.6 PALM OIL MESOCARP FIBRE ... 19

2.7 ACIDIFICATION PROCESS ... 19

2.8 BIOMASS PELLET PRODUCTION ... 20

2.9BIOMASS PELLET CHARACTERIZATION... 21

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CHAPTER 3 – RESEARCH METHODS... 25

3.1DATE AND VENUE ... 25

3.2MATERIALS AND EQUIPMENT ... 25

3.3DESIGN OF EXPERIMENTS ... 25

3.4EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE ... 27

3.5LITERATURE REVIEW ... 31

CHAPTER 4 – RESULT AND DISCUSSION ... 33

4.1 RESULTS ... 33

4.1.1BIO-PELLETFROMCRUDEPALMOILWASTE ... 33

4.1.2 STUDYOFBIOPELLETWITHOUTBINDER ... 36

4.1.3 STUDYOF BIOPELLETUSINGBINDER ... 40

4.1.4STUDYOFBIOPELLETWITHOUTPRETREATMENT ... 53

4.1.5STUDYOFBIOPELLETWITHPRETREATMENT ... 59

4.1.6STUDYOFBIOPELLETUSINGOTHERPRE-TREATMENT... 66

4.2DISCUSSION ... 79

CHAPTER 5 – CONCLUSIONS... 88

REFERENCES ... 90

CURRICULUM VITAE ... 95

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LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 2.1 Distribution of biomass energy potential in Indonesia.(Fadhilah, 2017) ... 16 Figure 2.2 Bio-pellet (Chemical Market Report, 2019) ... 17 Figure 2.3 Palm oil (Stanford University, 2019) ... 18 Figure 2.4 Palm Oil in Indonesia (2019) ... 18 Figure 2.5 Palm Oil Mesocarp Fibre (Potential of oil palm fiber in polymer

composite, 2012) ... 19 Figure 2.6 After the pre- treatment (Merklein, Fong and Deng, 2016)... 20 Figure 3.1 Process of Bio-pellet Production 26

Figure 3. 2 Literature Review Diagram Process ... 32

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LIST OF TABLES

Table 4. 1 Research Results of Empty Fruit Bunch and Mesocarp With Different

Temperature ... 34

Table 4. 2 Characterization Value of Oil Palm Frond and Oil Palm Shell With Different Temperature ... 34

Table 4. 3 Characterization Value of Oil Palm Waste ... 35

Table 4. 4 Characteristic of Empty Fruit Bunch Without Binder ... 37

Table 4. 5 Characterization Value of Tea Waste and Empty Fruit Bunch Bio-pellet.. 38

Table 4. 6 Measurement Value of Rice Husk and Coconut Shell ... 40

Table 4. 7 Result of Tapioca Treatment as Binder in Different Mesh Size Raw Material ... 42

Table 4. 8 Result Value of Tapioca and Sago as Binder ... 44

Table 4. 9 Result Value of Tapioca and Sago as Binder ... 46

Table 4. 10 Result Value of Tapioca and PVAC as Binder ... 48

Table 4. 11 Result of Addition Charcoal and Tapioca ... 49

Table 4. 12 Result of Addition of 15% Tapioca as Binder with 20 mesh 60 gram Empty Fruit Bunch ... 50

Table 4. 13 Characteristic of Bio-pellet from Palm Kernel Cake ... 51

Table 4. 14 Value of Characterization Measurement of Waste Oil Palm ... 52

Table 4. 15 Result Value of Oil Palm Trunk With Different Skin Level ... 54

Table 4. 16 Characterization of Calorific Value With Charcoal Addition ... 55

Table 4. 17 Characterization of Palm Shell With Variation ... 56

Table 4. 18 Characterization of Oil Palm Fronds ... 58

Table 4. 19 Characterization of Palm Shell and Palm Midrib ... 59

Table 4. 20 Result Value of Empty Fruit Bunch Bio-pellet ... 60

Table 4. 21 Result Value of Mesocarp Bio-pellet... 62

Table 4. 22 Result Value of Oil Palm Stem Bio-pellet With H2SO4 ... 64

Table 4. 23 Density of Oil Palm Stem Bio-pellet With H2SO4 ... 65

Table 4. 24 Calorific Value of Oil Palm Stem Bio-pellet With H2SO4 ... 65

Table 4. 25 Result of H2SO4 pre-treatment in Pine Wood ... 66

Table 4. 26 Characterization Result of EFB Using Tore-faction Reactors ... 68

Table 4. 27 Characterization Result of OPS Using Tore-faction ... 69

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Table 4. 29 Characterization Result Of OPS Using Different Concentration Of Charcoal

... 72

Table 4. 30 Characterization Result of EFB Using Tapioca Liquid Waste... 74

Table 4. 31 Characterization Result Of Empty Fruit Bunch With Leaching Treatment ... 75

Table 4. 32 Characterization Result of Empty Fruit Bunch ... 76

Table 4. 33 Characterization Result Of Sengon Wood And Rice Husk ... 78

Table 4. 34 SNI 8021: 2014 Requirements. ... 79

Table 4. 35. Comparison Data of Bio-Pellet From Crude Palm Oil Waste... 80

Table 4. 36. Comparison Data Value Of Bio-Pellet Without Binder Addition ... 81

Table 4. 37. Comparison Data Value Of Bio-Pellet With Binder Addition ... 82

Table 4. 38. Comparison Data Value Of Bio-Pellet Without Pre-treatment. ... 83

Table 4. 39. Comparison Data Value Of Bio-Pellet With Basic Pre-treatment... 84

Table 4. 40. Comparison Data Value Of Bio-Pellet With Acid Pre-treatment. ... 85

Table 4. 41. Comparison Data Value Of Bio-Pellet With Other Pre-treatment. ... 86

Table 4. 42 Comparison Value of Ash Content and Calorific Value from Difference Raw Material Bio-pellet ... 87