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Ocean Science and Coastal Engineering

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Applied Mechanics and Materials

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Xi Peng Xu, Huaqiao University, Ministry of Education Engineering Research Center for Brittle Materials Machining, Xiamen, 361021, China, xpxu@hqu.edu.cn

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Ocean Science and Coastal Engineering

Edited by Suntoyo, PhD Agro Wisudawan, MT

Ocean Science and Coastal Engineering

Selected, peer reviewed papers from the 3

^rd

International Seminar on

Ocean and Coastal Engineering,

Environmental and Natural Disaster Management (ISOCEEN 2015),

December 10

^th

, 2015, Surabaya, Indonesia

Edited by

Suntoyo, PhD and Agro Wisudawan, MT

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Preface

It was my great honor and pleasure to organize The 3^rd International Seminar on Ocean and Coastal Engineering, Environmental and Natural Disaster Management (ISOCEEN 2015) in Surabaya, Indonesia on December 10th 2015. The Organizing Committee worked many years for preparing of this seminar and their efforts resulted to full success. This event was held by cooperation among Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember (ITS) especially Department of Ocean Engineering, Tohoku University, Japan, HZ University of Applied Sciences, Netherlands and The Coral Triangle Initiative on Coral Reefs, Fisheries and Food Security (CTI-CFF). This forum was more focused on creating and expanding professional network to foster the relationship between the University, industry, business and communities across the country.

ISOCEEN 2015 was aimed on providing a discussion, for exchanging of knowledge, researches and of recent solutions for many researchers and experts in the field of Ocean, Offshore, Coastal engineering, Environmental and Disaster Management. The results of discussions are presented in this book. We hope this book will be interesting and usefull for many engineers and scientists whose activity related with researches of ocean and development of coastal areas.

Finally, on behalf of the organizing committee of the seminar, sincere appreciation is expressed to all authors who contribute to our seminar. Special thanks are also due to all keynote speakers, invited talks and chairpersons for the efforts in preparing the manuscripts and managing the sessions, respectively.

Suntoyo, PhD Chairman of Organizing Committee

Committees

Advisory Committee:

 Rector of ITS Surabaya, Indonesia

 Dean of Marine Technology Faculty - ITS, Indonesia

 Head of Ocean Engineering Department, FTK-ITS, Indonesia

Organizing Committee:

 Suntoyo, PhD (Chairman)

 Silvianita, PhD (Secretary)

 Yoyok Setyo Hadiwidodo, PhD

 Dr. Hasan Ikhwani, MSc

 Dr. Wahyudi

 Dr. Eng. Rudi Walujo Prastianto

 Dr. Eng. Muhammad Zikra

 Nur Syahroni, PhD

 Herman Pratikno, PhD

 Agro Wisudawan, MT

 Dirta Marina Chamelia, MT

International Scientific Committee:

 Prof. Hitoshi Tanaka, Dr. Eng. (Tohoku University, Japan)

 Prof. Widi Agoes Pratikto, PhD (ITS, Indonesia)

 Prof. Daniel M. Rosyid, PhD (ITS, Indonesia)

 Prof. Eko Budi Djatmiko, PhD (ITS, Indonesia)

 Prof. Mukhtasor, PhD (ITS, Indonesia)

 Suntoyo, PhD (ITS, Indonesia)

 Makoto Umeda, Dr. Eng. (Tohoku University, Japan)

 Dr. Joost Stronkhorst (HZ University of Applied Sciences, Netherlands)

 Ir. Liliane Geerling R.T.D. (HZ Universityof Applied Sciences, Netherlands)

 Ahmad Sana, PhD (Sultan Qaboos University, Oman)

 Priyantha Ranjan, PhD (Curtin University, Australia)

 Dr. Eng. Totok Suprijo (ITB, Indonesia)

 Dr. Eng. Purwanto Bekti Santoso (Unsoed, Indonesia)

 Dr. Eng. Sitang Pilailar (Kasetsart University, Thailand)

 Dr. Nguyen Trung Viet (Water Resource University, Vietnam)

 Dr. Taufiqur Rachman (Hasanuddin University, Indonesia

Table of Contents

Preface v

Committees vi

Chapter 1: Hydrodynamics and Morphodynamics

Hydrodynamics and Sediment Transport of Benoa Bay, Semi-Enclosed Bay in Bali, Indonesia

I.G.B.S. Dharma and W. Candrayana ... 3 Turbulent Mixing in Raja Ampat Sea

A. Pamungkas, I.M. Radjawane and Hadikusumah ... 9 Effect of Tidal Current and Wave-Current Interaction on the Sediment Transport

and Morphological Change in the Channel Water Intake

Suntoyo, M.M. Wijaya, Silvianita and H. Ikhwani... 16 Characteristics of High Growth Casuarina equisetifolia and High Inundation

of Tsunami when Propagating through Greenbelt Vertical Rod

N.A.S. Purwono, Nizam and R. Triatmadja... 21 Shoreline Changes Dynamics at Bangkalan Regency

A.D. Siswanto, W.A. Nugraha and A. Wicaksono ... 27 Shoreline Changes in Tuban District in East Java Caused by Sea Level Rise Using

Bruun Rule and Hennecke Methods

M.I. Joesidawati and Suntoyo ... 34 Analysis of East Surabaya Shoreline Determination Using Tidal Data, Image

Satellite and RTK-GNSS

Khomsin ... 41 Characteristics of Tidal in Surabaya

E.A. Kisnarti ... 46

Chapter 2: Oceanography, Aquatic Biology, Ecology and Management of Coastal Lands

Preliminary Assessment of Wave Energy Potential around Indonesia Sea

M. Zikra ... 55 Oceanography Data Processing Online Using Internet

Suryadhi and E.A. Kisnarti ... 61 Seasonally Variation of Significant Wave Height for 25 Year Period Based

on JMA/MRI-AGCM3.2 Wind Climate Data

M. Zikra, N. Hashimoto, K. Mitsuyasu, T. Pitana and Silvianita ... 67 Prediction of Significant Wave Height Using Neural Network in the Java Sea

(North of Surabaya)

W.L. Dhanistha, R.A. Atmoko, P. Juniarko and R. Akbar ... 72 Landsat 8 Imagery Data Utilization for Mapping the Dynamics of Cooling Water

Distribution Based on Changes in SST in the Coastal Waters

D. Saptarini, A.B. Cahyono, C.B. Pribadi, Mukhtasor and H.D. Armono ... 78

Ocean Science and Coastal Engineering viii

Sea Level Rise on Tuban Coast in East Java and its Consistenty with MAGICC/SCENGEN Prediction

M.I. Joesidawati, Suntoyo, Wahyudi and K. Sambodho ... 83 Estimation of Sea Surface Temperature (SST) Using Split Window Methods

for Monitoring Industrial Activity in Coastal Area

A.B. Cahyono, D. Saptarini, C.B. Pribadi and H.D. Armono... 90 Impact Identification of Estuarine Water Quality to Marine Biota: A Case Study

in Wonorejo Estuary, Indonesia

W. Sakinah, Suntoyo and Mukhtasor ... 96 Characteristics of Temperature and Salinity Distribution in the Wonorejo Estuary,

Surabaya, Based on Field Measurement

A.D. Pahlewi, Suntoyo, Wahyudi and M. Taufik ... 102 Influence of Seawater to the River Water Quality in Kalibuntung Estuary

Southeastern Coast of Surabaya City Indonesia

Wahyudi, Suntoyo and Sholihin ... 107 Biodiversity Solen sp. in Madura Island

E.A. Wahyuni, Insafitri, M.N. Ihsan and G. Ciptadi ... 115 Effect of Natural Feed on Feed Consumption Level and Feed Conversion Ratio

of Tropical Abalone Haliotis asinina on Sea Cage

Hadijah ... 121 Median Lethal Concentration (LS-50) of Lead and the Effect on Osmoregulation

of the “Red Tilapia” Fish (Oreochromis sp.)

Nuhman and F. Lailatin ... 127 The Regional Distribution Map of Carbohydrate Producer and the Feed Material

Quality of Vannamei Shrimp in South Sulawesi

Zainuddin, S. Aslamyah and Haryati ... 132 Dynamic Model of Land Area Changes in the East Coast of Surabaya

V.D. Prasita, Nuhman and N. Rosana ... 138 LPI-Based Severity Mapping of Earthquake Induced Soil Liquefaction in Pacitan

City Coastal Area Indonesia

Wahyudi ... 144 Dynamic Modeling System for Analysis Smelter Development Plan in National

Baluran Park, Situbondo

A. Listriyana, M. Zikra and D.M. Rosyid ... 154 Management of Baluran National Park Resources for Coastal Ecotourism Based

on Suitability and Carrying Capacity

N.I. Nuzula, H.D. Armono and D.M. Rosyid ... 161 Development Efforts of Coastal Community after Lapindo Mud Flow

Alaudin, M. Mustain and D.M. Rosyid... 168 The Combination Process between Disc-Mill and Distillation Evaporation

in Producing Salt Diversification Products

I. Baroroh, B. Suwasono and A. Munazid ... 174 Coastal Studies for Implementation of Law 27/2007 jo 01/2014 in Sumenep Regency

A.D. Siswanto and W.A. Nugraha ... 182 Groundwater Profile Model around Mud Reservoir and Sidoarjo Coastal Area

Yusman and M. Mustain ... 189

ix Applied Mechanics and Materials Vol. 862

Chapter 3: Port Engineering and Maritime Logistics

A Transport Telematics Contribution to Sustainable Development of Small Islands, Case Study: Maratua Island

S. Nugroho, Murdjito, M.B. Zaman and A.Z. Abidin ... 197 A Petri Net Model and its Simulation for Straddle Carrier Direct-System Operation

in a Container Terminal

P.H.N. Prayoga and T. Shinoda ... 202 Model of Determining Operation Coverage Area of Port: Case Study East Java

F. Hadi, A. Mustakim, I.T. Yunianto, S.D. Lazuardi, H.I. Nur and D.H. Islamiati... 208 Identifying Characteristics of Accidents in Japan's Five Major Ports

A.B. Sulistiyono, W. Mutmainnah and M. Furusho ... 214 Introducing 4M Overturned Pyramid (MOP) Model to Analyze Accidents

in Maritime Traffic System (MTS): A Case Study on Collisions in Japan Based on Occurrence Time

W. Mutmainnah, A.B. Sulistiyono and M. Furusho ... 220 Study of Port Tariff Structure and Port Pricing Approach

T. Achmadi, F. Hadi, H.I. Nur, I.T. Yunianto and C. Boyke... 226 Observation Study the Walking Speed and Distribution of Ship’s Passengers

as Basis for Passenger Evacuation Simulation

T. Pitana, K.B. Artana, D. Prasetyawati and N. Siswantoro ... 232 Analyzing the National Logistics System through Integrated and Efficient Logistics

Networks: A Case Study of Container Shipping Connectivity in Indonesia

S.D. Lazuardi, B. van Riessen, T. Achmadi, I. Hadi and A. Mustakim ... 238 Profile of Capture Fisheries in the Southern of East Java as the Basis

for the Development of Fishing Ports

N. Rosana and V.D. Prasita... 244

Chapter 4: Offshore Engineering and Shipbuilding

Behavior Prediction of Ship Structure due to Side Impact Scenario by Dynamic-Nonlinear Finite Element Analysis

A.R. Prabowo, D.M. Bae and J.M. Sohn ... 253 Reliability Analysis of APN-A Offshore Jacket Using Monte Carlo Finite Element

Method

A. Wisudawan, D.M. Rosyid and M.L. Baihaqie ... 259 Developing the Structural Integrity Management System for Ageing Fixed Offshore

Oil Platforms in Indonesia

R.D. Riyanto and Murdjito ... 265 Fatigue Life Re-Assessment of FSO Spread Mooring System

M. Irfan ... 271 Effects of Parallel-Middle-Body Relative Length and Stern Form on the Wake

Fraction and Ship Resistance

K. Suastika and F. Nugraha ... 278 An Investigation into the Effect of Bilge Keels to the Roll Motion Response

of Fishing Vessel

Hasanudin, J.H. Chen, I.K.A.P. Utama and H. Hendratmoko ... 284

Ocean Science and Coastal Engineering x

Wave Load Analysis of the Corvette Ship in the Sea Water of Indonesia

A. Sulisetyono and T. Putranto ... 291 Pipe Transmission Project Planning Using What If Analysis Method

Silvianita, A.H. Winda, M. Yeyes and Suntoyo ... 296 Strength Analysis of Portable Blast Room Using Modular Glass Reinforced Plastics

Wall Panel by Finite Element Method

A. Windyandari, D.S. Solichin and A.F. Zakki ... 302 Effect of Underwater Welding in Marine Environment and Surface Welding

to Mechanical Properties of Steel Weld Joint

H. Pratikno ... 308 Project Delay Analysis on Jacket Structure Construction

Silvianita, F. Redana, D.M. Rosyid, D.M. Chamelia and Suntoyo ... 315 Vibration Analysis on the Dog Leg Subsea Pipeline due to Internal Fluid Flow

D.M. Chamelia, W. Wardhana and Silvianita... 321 The Effect of Spring System Design on Scavenging of Two Stroke Single Cylinder

Spark Ignition Free Piston Linear Engine

A.Z.M. Fathallah and A.R. Firdaus... 326 Numerical Model for Prediction the Scour Depth around Two Pipelines in Tandem

G.S. Lasatira, Suntoyo and H.D. Armono ... 332

Keyword Index ... 339 Author Index ... 343

Characteristics of Tidal in Surabaya ENGKI A. Kisnarti

^1,a*

1Oceanography, Faculty of Engineering and Marine Science, University of Hang Tuah, Surabaya, Indonesia

aandriUHT@gmail.com

Keywords: tidal, wind, monsoon

Abstract. Ocean tides are the result of gravitational and centrifugal effect. Tidal motion in certain places does not only depend on the gravity moon and sun, but also by non-astronomical factors. The purpose of this study is to analyze the characteristics of the tides in Surabaya. The Methodology of this research are data collection, calculation using admiralthy methods, harmonic analysis, and trend analysis. The results showed that the waters of Surabaya has a type of tidal mixed semi diurnal.

Results of the analysis of the tides in the Port of Perak shows there has been a rise in the function y

= 0.0164 (x) + 156.86 every month from January 1994 - December 2009 or 1.97 mm per year. The lowest Mean Sea Level (MSL) occurred in January 1998, which is 141 cm. MSL in Surabaya unstable to Western Monsoon ends. The highest MSL occurs in transition between Eastern Monsoon towards the Western Monsoon, April 2008 amounted to 179 cm.

Introduction

Ocean tides are the result of gravitational and centrifugal effects [1]. The centrifugal effect is a boost towards the outside of the center of rotation. Gravity varies directly with the mass but inversely proportional to the distance. Although the size of moon is smaller than sun, the moon's gravity two times greater than the gravity of the sun to generate ocean tides because the distance of moon to earth is closer than the sun.

Tidal somewhere described by harmonic constants, so the tidal harmonic analysis is a way to determine the nature and characteristic of tidal somewhere from tidal observations within a certain time. Ideally tide observations during 18.6 years [2].

Tidal movements in certain places does not only depend on the gravity of moon and sun, but also determined by friction, the earth's rotation (Coriolis force), the resonance wave caused by the shape, area, depth, underwater topography and the relationship waters with the sea in the vicinity (open ocean/high seas with a closed sea/ocean isolated) [1]. In addition there are non-astronomical factors that affect the tides such as atmospheric pressure, wind, sea water density, evaporation and precipitation [3].

The characteristics of ocean tides in Indonesia is divided into two classification [2] : diurnal tidal dominating tidal waters of western Indonesia and semi diurnal tidal dominated Eastern Indonesia.

Haryono and Narni [4] has calculated the value of the number Formzahl in Surabaya at 1.463.

Formzahl value indicates that the kind of tidal in Surabaya is tidal mixed semi diurnal. In both of these research, the data tidal used only one year.

To complete the existing research, the purpose of this research was to analyze the characteristics of the tide in Surabaya by using the data for 20 years. Results from this research are expected to help the hydrographic surveyor, fishing, coastal engineering fields, and others who require information about the characteristics of the ocean tides Surabaya.

Methodology

Achievement of the purpose of the research carried out by several stages of data collection, harmonic analysis, and trend analysis. The data used in this research is tidal data from 1994 until 2011 were obtained from the Geospatial Information Agency (GIA) Jakarta. The GIA has tidal stations in Tanjung Perak Port, Surabaya. Harmonic analysis is performed to find out the harmonic

Applied Mechanics and Materials Submitted: 2016-06-28

ISSN: 1662-7482, Vol. 862, pp 46-51 Revised: 2016-08-11

doi:10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMM.862.46 Accepted: 2016-11-02

© 2017 Trans Tech Publications, Switzerland Online: 2017-01-18

All rights reserved. No part of contents of this paper may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means without the written permission of Trans Tech Publications, www.ttp.net. (#72593967-26/12/16,16:47:27)

tidal constants. The method used in this harmonic analysis is a method of admiralty. Using the admiralthy method, we searched constants harmonic tidal consisting of sea level average (MSL is Mean Sea Level), the amplitude and phase of nine, major components constant tides (M2, S2, N2, K1, O1, M4 , MS4, K2 and P1).

The next of these constants, it can determine the type tidal using the formula Formzahl [5]:

(1)

Where :

F = Value of Formzahl

AK1, AO1 = amplitude of tidal main diurnal AK1, AO1 = amplitude of tidal main semi diurnal

In general, tidal in various regions can be divided into four types :

a. The semidiurnal tide, the value of F < 0.25, it means that in one day, there are two times of high water and low water, with a height of two successive low and high water are almost same

b. The mixed semidiurnal tide, the value of 0.25 < F <1.5, it means that in one day occur twice tide and low tide but different height and period

c. The mixed diurnal tide, with a value of 1.5 < F <3.0, it means that in one day there is only one tide and one low tide, but sometimes temporarily occur twice ups and downs twice the height and different periods

d. The diurnal tide with F > 3.0, it means that in one day there is only one time and one time ebb tide.

Trend analysis was conducted to determine the sea level rise occurred. The data included in this analysis is MSL form of data that has been calculated by the method admiralthy, then further analyzed by the method of least squares regression analysis to obtain the trend line function of mean sea level for 20 years.

Results and Discussion

From the data that has been known MSL, MSL value every month of the year is not the same.

This can be seen in Table 1 and Figure 1, which shows the monthly MSL tables and charts every year.

Table 1 and Figure 1 show the highest MSL in April-June in every year. The highest MSL in April 2008 is 179.04 cm, while the value of MSL of October to January is the lowest MSL value in every year. The lowest MSL at January 1998 is 141.28 cm.

Table 1. MSL calculation results admiralty data Information Geospatial Agency

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

1994 149.3204 150.6923 149.7644 157.3247 140.7385

1995

1996 151.6092 151.2198 151.8147 158.6509 164.8549 161.1940 160.0230 158.8980 157.2055 165.7773 166.5805 162.0273 1997 155.0244 153.5934 155.1106 155.2658 159.8233 159.4583 150.7414 151.4440 151.9555 153.6121 153.4698 155.9856 1998 141.2802 149.5359 158.3405 163.8463 172.0172 166.2787 164.5790 159.3261 164.5603 169.7644 1999 162.9310 158.4770 161.3980 162.8319 171.4928 164.7313 158.3822 157.2830 167.7213 157.6767 163.6236 161.6954 2000 151.8908 152.4626 155.9994 158.1810 160.1523 158.0172 162.0761 163.4024 2001 158.5704 157.4488 161.5158 163.6968 166.8541 166.6351 161.5509 158.6639 154.6558

2002 156.6207 159.9807 158.0905

2003 161.3130 157.1236 159.9957 159.0216 159.6425 149.3980 151.8516

2004 161.8506 150.7945 152.2586 159.7744 166.2270 162.4109 164.8779 150.5963 152.1078 149.5603 158.2931 156.0575 2005 152.9265 157.2945 163.5416 164.2665 164.8493

2006 149.8578 153.7551 153.8776 152.9095 151.7457 149.2141 148.1230 151.4827 145.8549 2007 157.6609 149.7040 153.0503 163.4339 169.0374 161.9641 156.8549 154.7184 154.2385 155.4698 160.2198 161.4080 2008 168.8175 163.0474 171.7500 179.0402 176.0661 166.0388 158.0790 159.8376 162.0920 159.3951 160.9540 159.9382 2009 161.8463 155.4784 163.9095 167.7198 170.2989 169.1868 157.4339 153.4511 148.7414 150.9713 158.4583 159.9239

Applied Mechanics and Materials Vol. 862 47

Fig. 1. The value of MSL monthly, every year

The highest average Mean Sea Level occurred in May, while in 1999 and 2008 the highest mean sea level is not occur in May, but in November 1999 and April 2008 (Fig. 2). Mean Sea Level in 1999 and 2008 greatly deviate from the tidal patterns yearly (1999-2009). This is caused by the quality of observational data or non-astronomical factors.

Fig. 2. Mean Sea Level 1996-2009

Indonesia is located in the equatorial region, located between the continents of Asia and Australia, as well as between the Pacific and Indian Oceans. Great little air pressure is influenced by the position of the sun to the earth. On June 21, circulate position of the sun at 23½ ° N. On

130 140 150 160 170 180 190

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13

Mean Sea Level (cm)

moon

Year

1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009

145,0 150,0 155,0 160,0 165,0 170,0

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13

Depth (cm)

Month

Mean Sea Level 2004

150,0 160,0 170,0 180,0 190,0

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13

Depth (cm)

Month

Mean Sea Level 2008

140,0 150,0 160,0 170,0 180,0

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13

Depth (cm)

Month

Mean Sea Level 2009

150,0 155,0 160,0 165,0 170,0

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13

Depth (cm)

Month

Mean Sea Level 1996

155,0 160,0 165,0 170,0 175,0

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13

Depth (cm)

Month

Mean Sea Level 1999

140,0 150,0 160,0 170,0 180,0

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13

Depth (cm)

Month

Mean Sea Level 2007

145,0 150,0 155,0 160,0 165,0

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13

Depth (cm)

Month

Mean Sea Level 1997

48 Ocean Science and Coastal Engineering

September 23, circulate position of the sun above the equator. On December 22, circulate position of the sun at 23½ ° S. On March 21 circulated position of the sun at the equator [6].

Fig. 3. Western Monsoon (left) and Eastern Monsoon (right)

Eastern Monsoon winds begin from April to October (Fig. 3), when the apparent position of the sun next to the northern hemisphere, in Asia as a result of air pressure and low air pressure high in Australia so that wind blows from Australia to Asia. The wind passed through the vast desert in Australia so it is dry. Therefore in Indonesia experienced a dry season. From Table 1 and Figure 1, seen in April-June is the highest MSL value in every year with the highest value in April 2008 MSL is 179 cm. In May and November have wind speeds generally range between 7-11 knots. Season transition occurs in March to May, while the highest MSL in April, so the value of the highest MSL occurs in transition Monsoon between Monsoon Eastern to Western.

Last research [3] concluded that based on the research at 45 observation stations, the seasonal cycle of sea surface in Indonesian waters is closely related to seasonal changes in wind patterns.

The pattern of surface currents in Sunda Continent (the Java Sea, the Karimata Strait, Gulf of Thailand and the southern part of the South China Sea are shallow) matches the pattern of the monsoon winds that blow on the waters [3]. According to him, during the Southeast monsoon (the Southeast monsoon), the surface of the western part of the Java Sea rose about 10 cm and the Northwest monsoon, East Java Sea level rise of about 5 cm, while the western portion dropped 10 cm of Mean Sea Level.

The average value of Formzahl is 1.45. Thus the type of tides in Tanjung Perak Port is tends to mixed semi diurnal. These result similar with the result of research conducted by the tides [3] and [4]. The tidal in Surabaya is a tidal propagation of the Indian Ocean and the Pacific.

The calculation result of admiralty produce 9 component in the form of amplitude and phase difference i.e. M2, S2, K1, O1, N2, M4, MS4, K2 and P1 for 1994-2009. It can be seen in Table 2 and 3.

The main components of the nine ones are M2, S2, K1, and O1. In the Table 2 and 3, the constant M2

is the most dominant component. The annual analysis give the results of the amplitude M2 is in range between 14 – 45 cm with an average 33 cm. M2 constant phase difference between the 296⁰- 360⁰ average of 327⁰. The results of the annual analysis of the amplitude of the S2 ranges between 8-53 cm with an average of 21 cm. S2 constant phase difference between the 219⁰-358⁰ average of 331⁰. The results of the annual analysis of the amplitude K1 ranged from 11-185 cm with an average of 52 cm. K1 constant phase difference between the 212⁰-346⁰ average of 307⁰. The results of the annual analysis of the amplitude of O1 ranges from 8-35 cm with an average of 25 cm. O1 constant phase difference between 207⁰-357⁰ with an average of 275⁰.

Table 2. Tide amplitude (cm) in Surabaya (1994-2009)

M2 S2 K1 O1 N2 M4 MS4 K2 P1

MIN 14 8 11 8 2 0 0 2 4

MAX 45 53 185 35 22 4 7 14 61 AVERAGE 33 21 52 25 7 2 2 6 17

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Table 3. Tide phase (⁰) in Surabaya (1994-2009)

M2 S2 K1 O1 N2 M4 MS4 K2 P1

MIN 286 219 112 207 100 102 117 219 112 MAX 360 358 346 357 360 359 349 358 346 AVERAGE 327 331 307 275 307 269 248 331 308

To find out the sea level rise at Tanjung Perak Port regression analysis on the data that has been acquired MSL. Assuming the value of MSL as a function of the month then there are the data points are scattered in the xy curve. To get the trend of these functions, the regression analysis least squares method to obtain a line function (g (x)) representing the distribution of the data of f (x) or the so-called trend line (Fig. 4). The distribution of data values has a standard deviation of 4.15 MSL.

Fig. 4. Graph functions of the MSL and the trend line

Using regression analysis, we obtained the trend line formula i.e. y = 0,0164x + 156.86 while the relation coefficient is 0.197. By extrapolation formula has done to look for the rise in Perak harbor.

Extrapolation is done by entering a value of x = 1 (January 1994) and x = 192 (December 2009). By extrapolation, it is known that the enhancement occurred during January 1994 - December 2009 amounted to 3.1362 or 0.0164 cm every month. So that sea level rise per year is 0.0164 x 12 = 0.1968 cm per year or 1.97 mm per year.

Sea-level rise is happening in the Tanjung Perak Port is not much different from the rise in sea level that occurred in the study area waters Semarang [8]. Sea-level rise due to global warming in the waters of Semarang at 2.65 mm / year.

Conclusions

The tidal in Surabaya has a mixed semi diurnal type. The analysis of tides in Tanjung Perak Port shows there has been a rise in the function y = 0.0164 (x) + 156.86 every month from January 1994 - December 2009 or 1.97 mm per year. MSL lowest value occurred in January 1998, which is 141 cm. MSL value in Surabaya is unstable.

Acknowledgement

The author would like to thank the Directorate General of Higher Education and the University of Hang Tuah who has provided financial support to the author and Geospatial Information Agency which has been providing data information tidal waters Surabaya.

(y = 0.0164x + 156.86) 130

140 150 160 170 180 190 200

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200

MSL (cm)

MSL trendline

50 Ocean Science and Coastal Engineering

References

[1] L. Kurniawan, Analisis Harmonik Pasang Surut Pantai Teluk Prigi, Jawa Timur (Upaya Antisipasi terhadap Tsunami), Jurnal Alami, 2000, Volume 5 No. 2, Jakarta.

[2] J.I. Pariwono, Gaya Penggerak Pasang Surut dalam Pasang Surut, LIPI, Jakarta, 1989.

[3] D. K. Mihardja, dan R. Setiadi, Analisis Pasang Surut di Daerah Cilacap dan Surabaya, Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan Oseanologi Lembaga Ilmu Pengetahuan Indonesia, Jakarta, 1989.

[4] Haryono dan S. Narni, Karakteristik Pasang Surut Laut di Pulau Jawa. Forum Teknik. Vol. 28, No. 1 (Januari 2004) 1-5.

[5] Hydrographer of the Navy, Tides and Tidal Streams, Admiralty of Hydrographic Surveying, Taunton, 1969.

[6] K. Wyrtki, Physical Oceanography of Southeast Asean Waters, Naga Report Vol II, University of California, La Lolla. 1961.

[7] A. Wijaya, Karakteristik Angin Permukaan Skala Bulanan Stasiun Meteorologi Perak 1 Surabaya Periode Tahun 2000-2014. Laporan BMKG, 2015.

[8] A Wirasatriya, A. Hartoko, Suripin, Kajian Kenaikan Muka Laut sebagai Landasan Penanggulangan Rob di Pesisir Kota Semarang. Jurnal Pasir Laut. Vol. 1 No.2 (Januari 2006) 31-42.

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