Any reproduction, reference or personal use of the work must expressly identify the original source. Statements and opinions expressed in the chapters are those of the individual contributors and not necessarily those of the editors or the publisher.
Molecular Approaches to Achieve the Food Quality
Strategies for Iron Biofortification of Crop Plants
- Introduction
- Overview about Fe homeostasis in plants
- Biofortification strategies
- Examples for Fe biofortification research in plants 1 Reduction of phytic acid content
- Increase of ferritin content
- Increase of nicotianamine content
- Combination of factors affecting bio-availability of Fe
- Breeding for novel traits
- Conclusion
- References
Fe can be stored in the form of ferritin in the plastids, which also serves to reduce oxidative stress (Briat et al., 2010b). Excessive nicotianamine can limit the availability of Fe when it is present in the apoplast (Cassin et al., 2009).
Monitoring Harmful Microalgae by Using a Molecular Biological Technique
- The noxious dinoflagellate Heterocapsa circularisquama
- Materials and methods
- Organisms and culture conditions
- Cell collection and DNA extraction
- Real-time PCR
- Results and discussion
- Development of a DNA extraction method
- Validity of the real-time PCR assay
- Application to environmental samples
- Acknowledgment
- References
The DNA extraction was performed by the TE boiling method and the real-time PCR assay was performed in triplicate. The DNA extraction and the real-time PCR assay were performed as described above.
Species Identification of Food Spoilage and Pathogenic Bacteria by MALDI-TOF
Mass Fingerprinting
- Spoilage bacteria
- Pathogenic bacteria
- Bacterial identification methods
- Bacterial identification by classic methods
- Bacterial identification by DNA-based methods
- Mass spectrometry for bacterial identification
- MALDI-TOF MS fingerprinting, a rapid and reliable method for bacterial identification in food
- Sample preparation protocol
- Data analysis and phyloproteomics
- Conclusion
- Acknowledgements
34;Comparative analysis of protein extraction methods for the identification of seafood-borne pathogens and spoilage bacteria by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry." Analytical methods. 34;Rapid species identification of seafood spoilage and pathogenic Gram-positive bacteria by MALDI-TOF mass fingerprinting ." Electrophoresis. 34; Identification of dermatophyte species causing onychomycosis and tinea pedis by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry." Experimental Dermatology.
34; Ongoing revolution in bacteriology: routine identification of bacteria by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry".
Raman Spectroscopy: A Non-Destructive and On-Site Tool for Control of Food Quality?
Raman spectroscopy
- An experimental view on Raman spectroscopy
- Fragments of Raman theory
- Improving Raman sensitivity by nanotechnology
- Extracting information from "molecular bar codes" by multivariate analysis
The Raman signal is calculated by a computer by performing a fast Fourier transform of the interferogram data. Resonance enhancement of the Raman signal can be used to obtain information about specific parts of a large molecule, e.g. The difference between the amplification of the Raman signal and the fluorescence can be attributed to the difference in the coherence properties of the two processes.
The coherent properties of the Raman process can be used to generate a 3-way multivariate data set.
Three real life applications of Raman spectroscopy and multivariate analysis The applicability of Raman spectroscopy in food analysis is demonstrated through the
- Raman imaging and multivariate analysis in the revelation of a content of pork in minced lamb
- Discrimination between two nearly identical anti-oxidants by applying RADIS and a Tucker 3 multivariate model
- Non-destructive detection of chlorinated pesticide residues on fruits and vegetables applying a portable Raman spectrometer and SERS
Raman spectra of pure carotenoid standards, β-carotene, α-carotene, and lutein can be found in Figure 3 in reference H. Another possibility is to include the polarization properties of the Raman spectra in the analysis S. Some of the approaches that can used to ensure that the pesticide behaves reproducibly close to the surface are 1.
Raman spectrum of a 10−3M pesticide solution (blue), SERS spectrum of the same solution (red), and a Raman spectrum of bare AgFON.
Outlook
The SERS setup included a portable FT-Raman spectrometer (785 nm) and specially prepared SERS-active capillary probes for chemical extraction of the pesticides and generation of the SERS signal. Further information about the experiments and production of the substrates as well as the possibilities for implementation can be obtained from the authors ([email protected]).
Advances in Infrared and Raman Spectroscopy (Vols. 1 - 12) and Advances in Spectroscopy (Vols. 13 et seq.), Vol. Reference Rama spectra of ddt and five structurally related pesticides containing the norbornene group, AOAC Journal. Discrimination of isogenic cancer cells and identification of altered polyunsaturated fatty acid content as 71 Raman Spectroscopy: A Non-Destructive and In-Situ Tool for Food Quality Control.
Surface-enhanced Raman spectra of Escherichia coli cells using zno nanoparticles, Digest Journal of Nanomaterials and Biostructures.
Contamination of Foods by Migration of Some Elements from Plastics Packaging
Experimental 1 Samples
- Neutron Activation Analysis (NAA)
- Quality assurance for NAA analysis
- Study of elemental migration
- Experimental arrangement and ICP-MS analysis
- Quality assurance for ICP-MS analysis
Table (1) shows the comparison of the certified values and these obtained in this work for each reference material. Comparison of elemental concentration of the standard reference material (SARM18 and NIST 1632c) in this work and their certified values. Each flask contained a mixture of 2.5 g of the sample powder and 25 ml of one of the four foods.
To evaluate the analytical procedure and perform comparative analysis, a standard reference material (SRM), natural water Nist-1640, purchased from the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), USA, was analyzed in the same way as all other samples.
Results and discussion
To assess the maximum possible value of elemental migration, the samples were prepared under the influence of severe contact conditions between the bag materials and the food. This influence was created by mixing the bag material, in powder form, with the food and exposing the mixture to high temperatures (80-100 °C). The samples were elementally analyzed using a Perkin-Elmer Sciex Instruments multi-element ICP-MS spectrometer, type ELAN6100, equipped with a standard torch, crossflow nebulizer and Ni sampler and skimmer cones.
Comparison of elemental concentration of the reference material ( NIST 1640) in this work with the certified values.
Wang J, Nakazato T and Sakanishi K, (2004) Microwave decomposition with HNO3/H2O2 mixture at high temperatures for determination of trace elements in coal by ICP-OES and ICP-MS, J.
Some Case Studies Improving the Food Quality
Senescence of the Lentinula edodes Fruiting Body After Harvesting
Phenol oxidases involved in browning of fruiting body after harvesting The postharvest preservation of L. edodes fruiting bodies causes gill browning, which is
- Tyr involvement in gill browning after harvest
- Lcc involvement in gill browning after harvest
A correlation between melanin synthesis and intracellular Lcc in Cryptococcus neoformans has been reported (Ikeda et al., 2002). Tyr activity was reported to increase in the gills during post-harvest preservation (Kanda et al., 1996a). The browning of the surface of vegetative mycelia is regulated by light and the blue light receptor PHRB regulates Letyr (Sano et al., 2009).
Lcc2 is expressed in brown gills of fruiting bodies after harvest (Nagai et al., 2003).
Cell wall degrading enzymes involved in fruiting body autolysis
- exo-β-1,3-glucanase
- endo-β-1,3-glucanase
- endo-β-1,6-glucanase
- lentinan degradation
- Chitinase
Genes with similarity to TL proteins have been reported to be highly conserved in fungi (Sakamoto et al., 2006). One gene from the GH16 family, mlg1, was found in post-harvest fruiting bodies (Sakamoto et al., 2009). Genes encoding chitin-degrading enzymes were identified in post-harvest fruiting bodies (chi1, .. Senescence of the Lentinula edodes Fruiting Body After Harvesting 93 chi2; Sakamoto et al., 2009).
Other genes encoding putative enzymes related to chitin modification were cloned from postharvest fruiting bodies ( Sakamoto et al., 2009 ), including chitin deacetylase ( chd1 ) and chitosanase ( cho1 ).
Regulation of senescence related genes
- Unknown genes increased after harvesting
- putative senescence related gene transcription regulating factor exp1
The function of the hypothetical proteins is unclear, but gene expression is specifically increased in L. For example, the expression of tlg1, which is a homologue of one of the cell wall degrading enzymes for senescence in L. The expression of these wall degradation cellular enzymes also increased after harvest, suggesting that the systems for cell wall lysis in the fruiting body after harvest and after spore diffusion are similar in L.
The Y axis represents the ratio of tlg1 mRNA levels to gpd levels.
Genes downregulated after harvesting
- Transcription, translation, and protein metabolism related genes
- Mitosis and meiosis related genes
- Putative transcription factors identified by reverse subtraction
Expression of the cell division-related genes septin and cdc48 was reported to be decreased after harvest (Sakamoto et al., 2009). Genes encoding the cytoskeleton-associated proteins actin and beta-tubulin were also downregulated after harvest (Sakamoto et al., 2009). The putative transcription factor, zin1 and zin2, were also highly transcribed in fresh fruiting bodies, with a decrease in expression after harvest (Fig. 10; Sakamoto et al. 2009).
Lentinula edodes fruiting body senescence after harvest 101 involved in cell morphogenesis (Chew et al., 2008).
Future perspectives
The putative zip1 amino acid sequence has a leucine zipper DNA sequence, which is found in several transcription factors, and also has a posterior osmotic stress domain (Fig. 11). Proving the function of genes will require gene disruption or gene silencing studies. A homologous gene recombination system has also been constructed (Irie et al. 2003), but a gene disruption system by homologous recombination has not yet been constructed in L.
Therefore, post-harvest up-regulated genes will be knocked down by RNAi, which will reveal the functions of genes, such as exp1 and exg2, in senescence.
Conclusion
This research will provide useful data for breeding strains with fruiting bodies that remain fresh for longer after harvest.
Acknowledgment
Senescence of the Lentinula edodes Fruiting Body After Harvesting 103 Bryant, M.K.; May, K.J.; Bryan, G.T. glucanase gene from the grass endophytic fungus Epichloë festucae. Gene expression studies of the dikaryotic mycelium and primordium of Lentinula edodes by array analysis of gene expression. 2008) Purification and characterization of a novel exo--1,3-1,6-glucanase from the fruiting body of the edible mushroom Enoki (Flammulina velutipes). 2000) Some fungi express -1,3-glucanase similar to thaumatin-like proteins. 2004) Isolation of genes specifically expressed in the fruiting body of the edible basidiomycete Lentinula edodes.
Gene silencing of the Lentinula edodes lcc1 gene by expression of an inverted repeat homologous sequence, Microbiol Res (in press).
Feeding Habits of Both Deep-Water Red Shrimps, Aristaeomorpha foliacea and
The deep-water fishes’ diet habits: Some notes on the present and the future knowledge
So far, studies of deep-sea fish feeding habits have mainly focused on depth-related changes and only a few studies have addressed aspects of seasonal or diel feeding cycles. Studies on the distribution of food resources are sparse in offshore marine environments, with few studies conducted in deep-sea communities at the community level and within a single food guild (e.g., Carrassón & Cartes, 2002). In general, food is considered to be the most important limiting factor in the functioning of deep-water ecosystems and trophic aspects are considered to be the most important factor for the organization of deep-sea fauna (Jumars & Gallagher, 1982).
The result of further detailed studies could offer important elements for our learning about the taxonomic composition, life history and physiological studies, such as feeding habits (Randall & Farrell, 1997).
Feeding habits in Decapod crustaceans of shallow and deep-sea waters – General aspects
There are many delays regarding the type of bottom, the spatial and temporal distribution of many fish and the taxonomic composition of the fauna.
Mediterranean deep sea waters
- Mediterranean deep sea fauna
- Mediterranean deep sea crustacean fauna
Several studies have described low-abundance and low-diversity conditions for marine invertebrates in the eastern Mediterranean (Tselepides & Eleftheriou, 1992). At depths below 1500 m, there is an increase in the relative abundance of crustaceans compared to fish (Company et al., 2004). Decapod crustaceans are one of the dominant megafaunal groups in the deep-sea communities of the Mediterranean (Sardà et al., 1994a).
Thirty-nine decapod species have been reported in the eastern Ionian Sea (E. Mediterranean Sea), of which eight are Dendrobranchiata and 31 Pleocyemata (17 Caridea, 9 Brachyura, 3 Anomura, 1 Astacidea and 1 Palinura) (Politou et al., 2005).
Aristeidae: Distribution and particular hydrological conditions
- Aristaeomorpha foliacea: Distribution and importance
- Aristeus antennatus: Distribution and importance
This difference in the relative abundance of these two groups has been explained by the low availability of food at greater depths and the higher adaptation of crustaceans to low energy levels (eg Company et al., 2004). Of the decapods identified, Acanthephyra eximia, Philoceras echinulatus and Pontophilus norvegicus were first mentioned in E. The giant red shrimp has recently been found in large numbers in the Colombian Caribbean Sea (Paramo & Urlich, in press) (Figure 3). ).
In addition, the deep-water transient in the Eastern Mediterranean (Klein et al., 1999) may play a role in the increased density of A.
Diet studies on Aristeids mainly in the E. Mediterranean – The aim of this study
- The study area
- Feeding activity and food quality
- Food habits in relation to sex, season and size
- Aristeus antennatus’ feeding habits .1 Feeding activity and food quality
- Seasonal differences
- Ontogenetic differences
The results of the feeding habits and diet of both aristids in the East Ionian are given below. In addition to the seasonal nutritional adaptation to the biological requirements (reproductive process), food availability also plays an important role for these species in the Eastern Ionian Sea. Such fluctuations in food availability were also shown in the diets of both sexes of A.
The observed low number of empty stomachs in the Greek Ionian (mean value of the empty stomachs in men was 6.53 and for women was 8.54) could be explained by their high metabolic rate (Company, 1995).
Conclusions
Dietary comparison of the bathyal shrimp, Aristeus antennatus (Risso, 1816) and Aristaeomorpha folicea (Risso, 1827) (Decapoda, Aristeidar) in the Eastern Mediterranean. Optimal exploitation of a demersal resource in the Western Mediterranean, the deep-sea shrimp fishery A. Feeding ecology of the red deep-sea shrimp Aristeus antennatus in the NE Ionian Sea (E. Mediterranean).
Biology of the giant red shrimp (A. foliacea) in an unexploited fishing ground in the Greek Ionian Sea.
