Arguments about building, buying, and using the machine portray two recurring themes in the history of technology. The new constitution of 1809 set the stage for the gradual restoration of press freedom. Edvard Scheutz was 16 years old when he undertook the construction of a differential engine model (Figure 3.
Since only final values had to be printed, it had to be connected only to the top row of the machine. For some time in 1855 the machine was set up in the quarters of the Royal Society at Somerset House. I n February 1856, Georg Scheutz was elected a member of the Swedish Academy of Sciences in the Class of Practical Mechanics.
In the latter communications, Babbage proposed to make Scheutz a member of the Legion of Honor. In the ensuing discussion, Leverrier praised the ability of the Scheutzes, but expressed his reservations about the machine. At the 1853 meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, at which a leader of the group.
While publication of the Specimens was being completed, the machine itself traveled to America.
THESE PAGES ARE DEDICATED,
IKORGE AND EDWARD SCHEUTZ
On August 8, Winlock acknowledged Batchelder's receipt of the machine plates and requested a meeting before electrotyping them. This was to be done through the publisher Weld, to whom some of the plates had already been transmitted. The bitter arguments, in which the purchase of the Scheutz car played a role, led to a sequence of publicized accusations and counter-accusations.
T he Scheutz-Donkin calculator followed the basic construction of the first machine, although it differed in certain details. Farr accompanied this with a brief discussion of the machine and a description of its use to form one of the tables. Of the most important parts of the machine, the printing apparatus was again said to require the most improvement.
He was particularly intrigued by the challenge of building a machine that would be smaller than that of the Scheutzes. The machine had the same capacity as that of the Scheutzes; it can calculate fourth differences of 15-digit numbers. Grant described the design represented in this model in the August 1871 issue of the American Journal of Science.
The version of the machine described in this 1871 article shared numerous features with the Scheutz machine. An important distinction between this differential machine and the model described in 1871 lay in the arrangement of the number wheels. This at least partly gave them a better chance of overcoming the problems of the past.
Before and behind the columns of the frame, which carry the counting wheels, there are guides or grooves v, parallel to each other and to the counting rows. The reciprocating and forward movement of the gills is carried out by a toothed chain, the ends of which are attached to the glands. By effecting a faster movement of the machine (in which case the momentum of the calculating wheels must be moderated, as they must not be allowed to exceed their release point), small clicks b with inclined plane falling into the free space [sic ].
3°, arranging the calculating wheels in columns perpendicular to the same planes, and each column containing the wheels for the figures belonging to the terms of the different differences. 9°, the combination of the whole machine as specified above, and in the annexed outlined drawings.
GRAVATT ON THE OPERATION OF THE CALCULATOR
This particular machine is able to express u and its differences up to the fourth order, in fifteen places of figures; but we may have to deal with differences of more than fifteen places, even though we require only four, five, six, seven, or at most eight places of the figures, to be printed as tabular values of u. Now if the machine is to be worked, to give many values of u, it is clear that the lack of 16th, etc., places of figures can start to show in the result of the table. To avoid this, it is necessary to know how many u values we can get without error, in the lower figure of the printed result.
To this end, if, considering what has gone before, we imagine that the machine set, as shown in the first column below, inserts only one value A, and that in the fourth order of differences. In this way we can always have the machine show us the differences with which it was set. 5th and nth columns, where the coefficients for A are necessarily and obviously figures of the various orders (in this case up to the 5th order), but with the 2nd and 3rd figures put forward one term, and the 4th and 5th. figures set up two expressions - the law of any machine that takes in any order of differences that are obvious.
From this we see that if the error in omitting the 16th, etc., is digits a in the first difference, and /3, y, 8 in the 2nd, 3rd and 4th difference respectively (where e is the error in Pn), we must always have e less than. The following method of finding the correct differences by which to adjust the machine (based on the fifth entry of the third book of the Principia) is general and extremely simple in practice. Now it is possible that u (the function of (as will be the case in most cases). amply sufficientScientifically) the value of u.,- derived from four orders of differences (of which I write % . ) where the value of u^ is derived from six orders of differences.
By which differences we may set the machine and tabulate forwards from UQ through Ui to «2j and changing the sign of the odd differences in the manner shown before, we may tabulate backwards from u-o through U-: to u-2, and this without even knowing the form of the function we are tabulating, it is sufficient that we have five values taken at equal intervals.*. The way I use the above formula in practice is to start, on the right side of properly ruled paper, with the 4th difference, and do the calculations line by line in the order shown in the example on page 8. As a easy (and certainly a very favorable) example of the power of the machine, let us calculate with it a table of the logarithms of the natural numbers up to 10,000, to five decimal places.
We must first, by any known method, actually calculate the logarithms of and 19, to seven decimal places, from which we shall at once obtain the logarithms of. Thus, using the formulas just given, with ten simple calculations and ten adjustments of the machine back and forth, we will get a stereo formed table of up to 10,000. The time occupied by the machine at the ordinary rate of work (namely 120 numbers per hour) would be seventy-five hours; ten plus and minus (say twenty) adjustments would not take as much as two hours; the calculations by the formulas given of the respective differences to be set up in the machine could not have caused a delay of two hours, the time taken (without the previous calculation of logarithms and 19) being altogether about seventy -nine, or say eighty hours.
DISCUSSION AT THE ACADEMY OF SCIENCES, PARIS
Let's compare these costs with those of the tables calculated using the machine. And the machine logarithm tables will be safe from the errors of the hand-calculated and compiled tables. It is arranged by author; journals edited by Georg Scheutz are listed under the journal title.
In addition, the United States Naval Observatory Library and the Dudley Observatory library were consulted for materials relating to the history of the Albany car;. Sweden, Riksdagen 1851 and accompanying protocols of the four chambers for the years 1851 and. Lindgren 1968 and Platbarzdis 1963 have references to Sparre regarding banknote production and the history of the Riksbank.
T he documentation of Babbage's efforts on behalf of the machine found in London, British Museum Add. Weber 1926 provides a chronology relevant to the history of the Naval Observatory and the Nautical Almanac Office. Centenary-related description of the difference machine and the like; this collection also partially documents L.
Remarks addressed, at the last anniversary, to the President and Fellows of the Royal Society, after the presentation of the medals. On the application of the Brunsviga-Dupla calculator to double summation with finite differences. Report on the visit of the Emperor, Archduke Ferdinand-Maximilian, and Oscar of Sweden to the Observatory.] Cosmos, 8:561.
Examples of letter scratching by most of the trustees of the Dudley Observatory. In Catalog of the Collections in the Science Museum, South Kensington with Descriptive and Historical Notes and Illustrations. On the introduction of letterpress for the numbering and date of Bank of England notes.
A key to the "Trustee's Statement": Letter to the majority of the trustees of the Dudley Observatory. Synonyms in the zoology and paleobiology series should use the short form (taxon, author, year:page), with a full reference at the end of the paper under "Literature Cited.".
