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Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2015) 4(4): i-xvi

International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences

ISSN: 2319-7706 Volume 4 Number 4 (2015) pp. i-xv http://www.ijcmas.com

International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences (IJCMAS)

Aim &Scope

International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences ISSN:2319-7692 (Print), ISSN:2319-7706 (Online) is a multidisciplinary peer-reviewed journal with reputable academics and experts as members of its Editorial Board. The Current Microbiology aims to publish all the latest and outstanding research articles. Review and letters in all areas of major importance to techniques of microbiology and applied research with publishes high quality of review and research articles on novel aspects of Microbiology including Environmental, Food, Agricultural, Medical, Pharmaceutical, Veterinary, Soil, Water and Biodeterioration.

The Applied Sciences aims to publish Research articles in Biological Sciences, Biodiversity, Biotechnology, Clinical Sciences, Agricultural Sciences, Chemical Sciences, and Environmental Sciences.

Subject areas for suitable for publications include:

 Biomedical sciences

 Cellular Microbiology

 Environmental Microbiology

 Medical Microbiology

 Industrial Microbiology

 Soil and Agricultural

 Microbial Genetics

 Microbial Ecology

 Marine Microbiology

 Vermitechnology

 Medicinal Plants

 Biological Sciences

 Biochemistry

 Biotechnology

 Pharmacology Science

 Chemical Sciences

 Biological Engineering

 Chemical Engineering

 Agricultural engineering

 Applied Entomology and Zoology

 Aquaculture Microbiology

 Food and Nutrition

 Plant Physiology and Botany

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IJCMAS is designed for the prompt publication of peer-reviewed articles in all areas of the subject. The journal articles will be accessed freely online.

All manuscripts are pre-reviewed by the editor, and if appropriate, sent for blind peer review. Contributions must be original, not previously or simultaneously published elsewhere, and are critically reviewed before they are published. Manuscripts submitted to the IJCMAS are peer reviewing, initially reviewed according to the flow diagram reviewing and then reach to the technical reviewer. A minimum of three reviews related to subject is required for each Journal manuscript. IJCMAS publishes original articles, short communications to editor and reviews monthly.

IJCMAS is currently accepting manuscripts; you can support this journal (IJCMAS) by sending your manuscripts to us at [email protected]

A manuscript number will be emailed to the corresponding author within 48 hours.

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Publisher:

Excellent Publishers(Regd 71/2013) www.excellentpublishers.com

email: [email protected]

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Editorial Board

Editor-in-Chief

Dr.M.Prakash,M.Sc.,M.Phil.,Ph.D., Head, Department of Microbiology Kancheepuram, Tamilnadu, India.

Executive-Editors

Dr. Ravish Kumar Chauhan Department of Chemistry,

Indira Gandhi National College,Ladwa (Kurukshetra) Haryana, India Dr.M.H.Fulekar, Professor of Environmental Biotechnology

Department of Life Sciences, University of Mumbai Santacruz (E) Mumbai, India

Dr. Subbiahpoopathi

Scientist-F Vector Control Research Centre (Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Govt.of India)

Medical Complex, Indira Nagar,Pondicherry, INDIA Dr. K.Madhava Chetty,

Plant Taxonomist, Department of Botany, SVUCS, S.V. University, Tirupati, India

Dr.N.Sivakumar, M.Sc., Ph.D.,

Assistant Professor, Sultan Qaboos University Muscat, Oman.

Editorial Advisory Board

1) Dr.N.Karmegam, Govt. arts and Science, Salem, India

2) Prof. Thilagavathy Daniel, The Gandhigram Rural Institute-Deemed University, India.

3) Dr. B. Kadalmani, Bharathidasan University, India.

4) Dr. S. Karuppusamy, Madura College, India.

5) Dr. Arvind Bijalwan,Faculty of Technical Forestry,Indian Institute of Forest

Management (IIFM),An Autonomous Institute of Ministry of Environment, Forests &

Climate Change,Government of India, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India

6) Dr.C.M.Ramakritinan, Department of Marine and Coastal Studies, School of Energy, Environment and Natural Resources Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai – 625 021, Tamilnadu

7) Dr.T.Sathishkumar, MCC, Chennai, India

8) Dr.A.M.Saravanan, Caledonian University, Oman 9) Dr.A.Arunachalam, King Saud University, UAE

10) Dr.Zhengchao Wang, Provincial Key Lab for Developmental Biology and

Neuroscience College of Life Science (Qishan Campus), Fujian Normal University, P.

R. China

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11) Dr. Shahzad Akbar Khan (I.S), Department of Pathobiology Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, The University of Poonch, Rawalakot, Pakistan

12) Dr.Hazim Jabbar Shah Ali Al-Daraji, Animal Resource Department, College of Agriculture,University of Baghdad , Abu-Ghraib , Iraq

13) Dr. Subhash Chand, Division of Soil Science,Faculty of Agriculture, Wadura, Sopore- 193201,Jammu and Kashmir, India

14) Dr.Maged El-ashker, Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Mansoura University, Egypt

15) Dr.M.Jayakumar, Shri Ramana Maharishi College, Cheyyar, India 16) Dr. N. Amaresan, C G Bhakta Institute of Biotechnology, Gujarat, India

17) Dr. Sushama Talegaonkar, Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India

18) Dr.B.Ramesh,Sri Sankara College of Arts and Science,Enathur,India

19) Dr.Ugwu Okechukwu Paul-Chima, Department of Biochemistry, University of Nigeria Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria.

20) Dr. Elvis-Enowbeyang Tarkang, South West Region, Republic of Cameroon 21) Dr.S.M.Gopinath. Head, Department of Biotechnology, Acharya Institute of

Technology, Bangalore, India

22) Dr.Philippe Sessou, Cotonou / Benin

23) Prof. Satyanand Tyagi,President & Founder, Tyagi Pharmacy Association(TPA) &

Scientific Writer (Pharmacy),New Delhi, India-110074.

24) Prof. Dr. Soleiman Mahjoub, Ph.D.Professor of Clinical Biochemistry,Babol University of Medical Sciences,Babol, Iran.

25) Dr. Shamim Ahamad, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, UP, India 26) Dr.S.Vijayanand, Thiruvalluvar University, India

27) Prof. Parwez Qureshi, College of Science (Girls), Jazan University, Jazan Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

29) Dr. Subha Ganguly, Faculty of Fishery Sciences, West Bengal University of Animal and Fishery Sciences, Kolkata, India

30) H.A.Sayeswara, Department of Zoology, Sahyadri Science College(Autonomous), Shivamogga-577203, Karnataka state

31) Dr.Sami R. Al-Zubaydi, Biology Department, Faculty of Science. Duhok University, Kurdistan Region of Iraq.

32) Dr.P.J Hisalkar, Department of Biochemistry, People‟s College of Medical Sciences &

Research Centre, Karond Bypass Road, Bhanpur, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India 33) Dr.Mousavi Khaneghah Amin, Brazil St- Vanak Sq- Tehran- Iran.

34) Dr.Anand Prem Rajan, School of Bio Sciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology University, Vellore, India

35) Dr.Sankhadip Bose, Department of Pharmacognosy, Gupta College of Technological Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Ashram More, G. T. Road, Asansol, West Bengal, India

36) Dr.Sonali Jain, Department of Microbiology, Goldfield institute of medical sciences, Faridabad, India

37) Dr.D.Sathish Sekar, Department of Biotechnology, Arignar Anna College (Arts &

Science) Jakkappan Nagar, Krishnagiri, Tamilnadu, India

38) Dr.Tara Chand, Professor & Principal at Regional College of Pharmacy, Jaipur Rajastan, India

39) Prof.A.R.GULNAZ, Department of Biochemistry at Farooqia Dental College

&Hospital, Mysore, India

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40) Ahmet ADIGUZEL, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, Ataturk University, Turkey

41) Dr. Vinay B. Raghavendra, Department of Biotechnology, Teresian College, Affiliated to University of Mysore, India

42) Dr. Arvind Bijalwan, Faculty of Technical Forestry

Indian Institute of Forest Management (IIFM), Ministy of Environment and Forests, Government of India, Nehru Nagar, Bhopal– 462 003, Madhya Pradesh, India 43) Dr. Shivaji P. Chavan, Associate Professor, Department of Zoology,

School of Life Sciences, Swami Ramanand Teerth Marathwada University, Nanded- 431606, Maharashtra, INDIA.

44) Dr. Ruwan Duminda Jayasinghe Dept. of Oral Medicine and Periodontology, Faculty of Dental Sciences, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka

45) Dr. P. PANDIA VADIVU, Division of Cognitive Science, School of Education, Tamilnadu Open University, Chennai, India

46) Dr.Sanjay Shamrao Nanware, Research and Post Graduate Department of Zoology, Yeshwant Mahavidyalaya, Nanded M.S, India

47) Dr.Nagham Mahmood Aljamali, Department of Chemistry, IRAQ

48) Dr.Saher Mahmood Jwad Aljamali,Biology Department Kufa University Iraq 49) Rasha Khalil Al-Saad, Veterinary Medicine, Iraq

50) Rachana Bhatt, Department of Biomedical Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, NJ, USA

51) Dr. Said Elshahat Abdallah,Department of Agricultural Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture,Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr Elsheikh, Egypt

52) Dr. D. Dhanavel,Department of Botany,Annamalai University,Annamalainagar,INDIA 53) Dr.Swaminathan Palanisami,Center for Bioenergy, Cooperative Research, Lincoln

University of Missouri Jefferson City, Missouri 65101

54) Ling-juan Zhang,Laboratory of Richard Gallo, Division of Dermatology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA 92121, USA

55) Dr. Abd El-aleem Saad Soliman Desoky, Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Sohag Univ., Sohag, Egypt

56) Dr. Idress Hamad Attitalla, Department of Microbiology (Head),Faculty of Science, Omar Al-Mukhatr University, Al-Bayda, Libya

57) Dr.C.Manikandan,Assistant Professor, P.G & Research Dept. of

Microbiology,Marudupandiyar College (Arts & science),Thanjavur, Tamilnadu, India 58) Dr.S.Prakash, Professor and Director - Research, Nehru Institute of engineering and

Technology, Nehru Group of Institutions, Coimbatore, India

59) Dr. Khaled Abdel Rahman Youssif Elbanna, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Agricultural Microbiology Fayoum University, Fayoum, Egypt

60) Dr. S. Umavathi, PG and Research Department of Zoology J.K.K. Nataraja College of Arts & Science Komarapalayam – 638183, India

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Volume 4 Number 4 CONTENTS April 2015 Original Research Articles

1. Aida, A. Elsharief and Eltayeb, E. A. Ahmed

DNA Polymorphism of Three Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) Landraces from Sudan Using RAPD Markers. Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci.2015.4(4): 1-8

2. Sarika Chaturvedi, Rajni Singh and SM Paul Khurana

Production of Bacterial - Xylanolytic Enzyme using Agricultural Waste by Solid State Fermentation

Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci.2015.4(4): 9-16 3. Prajakta Mane and Vidya Tale

Overview of Microbial Therapeutic Enzymes Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci.2015.4(4): 17-26 4. Kavita Chaudhary and R.K. Singh

Vesicular – Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungus Diversity in the Agricultural Soil Sample of Banda District (U.P), India

Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci.2015.4(4): 27-31 5. P.Vijayalakshmi

Incidence of Staphylococcus aureus in Surgical Site Infections in a Teaching Hospital Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci.2015.4(4): 32-34

6. Vaishali A. Thakur and Paramjit Kaur Jite

Air monitoring of fungal spores inside the B. J. Wadia Library, Pune, India Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci.2015.4(4): 35-40

7. J. Nirmala and R. Pandian

Extraction and Characterization of Silver Nano Particles Synthesized Using Plant Extract of Kedrostis foeditissima (jacq). Lin

Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci.2015.4(4): 41-47

8. Muhammad Aziz Ur Rahman, Abdul Rehman, Xia Chuanqi, Zhang Xing Long, Cao Binghai, Ji Linbao and Su Huawei

Extrusion of Feed/Feed Ingredients and Its Effect on Digestibility and Performance of Poultry: A Review

Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci.2015.4(4):48-61

9. Asmaa El Haj Moussa, Mohammad H. El-Dakdouki, Zakia Olama and Essam El Din Moussad

Antimicrobial Effect of Rana ridibunda Skin Gland Peptides against Multidrug Resistant Pathogens

10. T.Jaya Chandra, R.Selvaraj, Ramesh Reddy Allam and YV Sharma

Same day sputum smear microscopy for the diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis:

modified ZN staining versus LED FM

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11. Razzaq Shalan Augul, H. H. Al-Saffar, Hayder B. Ali and M. S. Abdul – Rassoul First Record of Hairy Rove Beetle, Creophilus maxillosus (Linnaeus, 1758) (Coleoptera; Staphylinidae) for Iraq

12. Francis Annan Hughes, Abraham Adu-Gyamfi and Victoria Appiah

Microbiological and Parasitological Quality of Local Beef Retailed in Accra and Radiation Sensitivity of Salmonella sp

13. Zakir S. Khan, Vikas Nanda, M.S. Bhat and Aabid Khan

Kinetic Studies of HMF Formation and Diastase Activity in Two Different Honeys of Kashmir

Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci.2015.4(4):97-106 14. Shah Pratibha J and Williamson Manita T

Antibacterial and Synergistic activity of Calendula officinalis Methanolic Petal Extract on Klebsiella pneumoniae Co-producing ESBL and AmpC Beta Lactamase

Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci.2015.4(4): 107-117 15. S. G. Chaudhari and A. M. Deshmukh

Studies on Sewage Treatment of Industrial and Municipal Wastewater by Electrogens Isolated from Microbial Fuel Cell

16. S.G.Pujari, N.R.Kadam, S.G.Chaudhari, P.P.Dixit and A.M.Deshmukh Studies on Isolation of Antimicrobial Actinomycetes from Osmanabad Soil Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci.2015.4(4): 123-126

17. Vidya Pradhan, Yashvant Kamble, Vishal Ladniya and Maviya Mogul A overview of Species Identification by DNA Barcoding

18. Ahmed G. Hegazi, EL-Feel M. A., Eman H. Abdel-Rahman and Abed Al-Fattah M. A Antibacterial Activity of Bee Venom Collected from Apis mellifera Carniolan Pure and Hybrid Races by Two Collection Methods

Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci.2015.4(4): 141-149 19. Nisreen Husain and Anil Kumar

Comparative Study of Phytochemical Constituents in Flower of Wedelia trilobata, Achyranthes aspera and Chrysanthemum from Durg District of Chhattisgarh, India Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci.2015.4(4): 150-156

20. Somayeh Ramezanli, Afifeh Rahmanian Koshkaki, Malihe Talebizadeh, Zohreh Badiyepeymaie Jahromi and Marzieh Kargar Jahromi

A Study of the Coping Strategies Used by Nurses Working in the Intensive Care Units of Hospitals Affiliated to Jahrom University of Medical Sciences

21. Gaikwad, S.M., Hembade A.S., Landge S.N. and Chate B.N

A Comparative Study of Physicochemical and Sensorial Properties of Indian Desiccated Dairy Product Ujani basundi and Basundi

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Microalgal diversity of Parthasarathy temple tank, Chennai, India Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci.2015.4(4): 168-173

23. Patel Bhumika C., Chauhan, H.C., Chandel, B.S., Dadawala, A.I. and Jain, B.K

Seroprevalence and Molecular Characterization of Brucella spp. in Buffalo from North Gujarat, India

Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci.2015.4(4): 174-180 24. Ali Abdallah Ali Mekdad

Sugar Beet Productivity As Affected By Nitrogen Fertilizer and Foliar Spraying With Boron

25. S.Tamilselvan, S.Sivagnanam, K.Iniya, S. Jayachitra, K.Balasundaram and C.Lavanya Gross Morphology of Placenta in Mare

26. S. Tamilselvan, K. Iniyah, S. Jayachitra, S. Sivagnanam, K. Balasundaram and C.

Lavanya

Gross Anatomy of Os Coxae of Ostrich (Struthio camellus) Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci.2015.4(4): 201-205

27. P. Vasundara, V. Rangaswamy and M. Johnson

Effect of Seed Treating Pesticides with Trichodermaa viridae on Rhizosphere Mycoflora and Plant Biometrics at 75 DAS of Groundnut (Arachis hypogeae L.) Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci.2015.4(4): 206-215

28. BAN-BO Bebanto Antipas, Bidjeh Kebkiba and Dzhupina Simon Ivanovich The Question of Eradication – Newcastle Disease Virus

29. Adel E El-tarras, Ahmad F. Shahaby and Abdel Elah Banaja

Assessment of Genetic Diversity in Saudi Goats, Saudi Arabia Using Genetic Finger printing

Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci.2015.4(4): 223-231 30. Pallavi Sharma, Adya Chaturvedi and Laxmi Sharma

Parametric Optimization for Extracellular Tannase Production in Submerged Fermentation by Isolated Aspergillus Species

31. Mahnaz Yadollahi, FroodAzadi, HalehGhaem, Ali Ghaem, Shahram Paydar, Shahram Bolandparvaz, Hamidreza Abbasi and Mohammad Farahmand

The association between socioeconomic status and injury in patients referring to expert accident hospital, Shiraz, Iran

Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci.2015.4(4): 240-247 32. S. B. Mishra and A. K. Patnaik

Viscosity studies of Ni (NO3)2.6H2O in Propan-2-ol + Water at 303.15 K Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci.2015.4(4): 248-251

33. Firas Mahmoud Faleh Hayajneh

Variations in the water soluble antioxidative capacity in the blood of sheep Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci.2015.4(4): 252-255

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34. Petya Stefanova, Galena Angelova, Tzveta Georgieva, Velitchka Gotcheva and Angel Angelov

A novel Multiplex PCR Method for Simultaneous Detection of Genetically Modified Soybean Events

35. Anwar Ahmed Heiba, Omar Fathy Dessouki, Nader Nemr, Lobna Metwally, Nahed Ibrahim Gomaa and Gehan Sedik Elhadidy

The Role of T Regulatory Cells and Pro-and Anti-inflammatory Cytokines in Viral Persistence and Clinical Outcome in HCV-Infected Patients

Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci.2015.4(4): 269-282 36. Jayalakshmi Krishnan

Taking a Toll in Brain: Role of TLR4

37. Vanya Koleva, Asya Dragoeva, Zheni Nanova, Teodora Koynova and Georgi Dashev An ethnobotanical study on current status of some medicinal plants used in Bulgaria Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci.2015.4(4): 297-305

38. Salwa H. Gomaa, Mohmed Ahmed Abdel Mohsen, Hanan Mostafa Mostafa, and Mohamed Abd El Rahman Ahmed

Interleukin 28B rs12979860 polymorphism and High serum Gamma-glutamyl

transpeptidase activity Predict Non- Virological response to Interferon-alpha/Ribavirin Combined Therapy in Chronic hepatitis C genotype 4 Egyptian patients

39. Atul Jain, Shweta Sonkusre, Pradeep N Tavane, Asmita Singh, Pankaj Gupta, B.

Gurudutt Nayak, Anjali Gupta and D. Deepti

Evaluation of Microleakage Between Silorane Based And Supra Nanofill Composite In Class II Cavities: An In-Vitro Study

Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci.2015.4(4): 321-327 40. Chamandi G, Olama Z and Holail H

Antimicrobial effect of Propolis From different Geographic Origins in Lebanon Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci.2015.4(4): 328-342

41. Kavita R. Pandey, Pramod S. Shinde and Babu V. Vakil

Evaluation of molecular variations in Probiotic Bacillus coagulans and its bacteriophage resistant mutants

Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci.2015.4(4): 343-355 42. Vincent Sequeira and J.S. Chandrashekar

Vermicomposting of Biodegradable Municipal Solid Waste Using Indigenous Eudrilus Sp. Earthworms

43. Sonia Sharma, Rama Sikka, Antariksh Deep, Seema Mittal, Aakanksha Sharma and Uma Chaudhary

Comparative study of three phenotypic methods for detection of Metallo-β-lactamases in clinical isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa

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44. S.Chandrasekhar, S. Raghu ram mohan, P. Annapurna, S.Sandhya anil, H.Sandhya rani and D.Suneetha Devi

The Fibroepithelial Variant of Basal-cell carcinoma - Eye lid A case report Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci.2015.4(4): 371-374

45. Boubacar M. Moussa, Abdoulaye Diouf, Salamatou I. Abdourahamane, Nouhou Salifou Jangorzo, Ali Mahamane, Jørgen Aagaard Axelsen and Jean-Marie Karimou Ambouta

Soil Physicochemical Characteristics Under Different Ecosystems in Western Niger Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci.2015.4(4): 375-383

46. I.Mantzourani, M.Panopoulou, I.Theodoridou, I.Tsirogiannis, V.Papaemmanouil, B.

Johnson, D. Biedenbach, S. Bouchillon, E.Stavropoulou and E. Bezirtzoglou Comparative Antimicrobial Susceptibility Profiling of Tigecycline and Other Antibiotics against Clinical and Environmental Isolates

Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci.2015.4(4): 384-396 47. Ignatova-Ivanova Ts., S. Ibrjam and R. Ivanov

Study of the Effect of Lactic Acid Fermentation End Products on the Speed of the Corrosion Process

Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci.2015.4(4): 397-401 48. Kunal kishor, Keerti Singh and Farooz A. Dar

A Study of Microbiological analysis and its sensitivity pattern of Postoperative Wound Infections

Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci.2015.4(4): 402-407 49. R. Kalaivani and V.Sukumaran

Enhancement of Technique for Optimized Production of PHA from Marine Bacteria, Utilizing Cheaply Available Carbon Sources at Thanjavur District, India

Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci.2015.4(4): 408-417 50. Babita Selakoti and S.N. Rao

A study on seasonal fluctuations in physico-chemical variables in spring fed Kosi River at Almora province from central Himalaya, India

Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci.2015.4(4): 418-425 51. Kalibushi B J, Wright RL and Chazotte C

Thoracophagus conjoined twin with one heart - Uncommon case Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci.2015.4(4): 426-428

52. Nikki Agrawal and Sushil Kumar Shahi

An Environmental Cleanup Strategy - Microbial Transformation of Xenobiotic Compounds

53. Mohamudha Parveen Rahamathulla and Belgode Narasimha Harish

Outcome of Cephalosporins Treatment in Patients with Extended Spectrum β- Lactamase (ESBL) Producing Bacterial Infections

Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci.2015.4(4): 462-473 54. Ezzat A. El Fadaly and Said A. El- Enany

Lead free Ceramic Cooking ware from Egyptian Raw Materials Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci.2015.4(4): 474-487

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A review on optimization of parameters for vegetable waste biomethanation Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci.2015.4(4): 488-493

56. Uzma Ahmad, Saltanat Parveen, Taskeena Hasan and Bilal Nabi Bhat Diversity of Aquatic macrophytes of Aligarh, U.P. India

57. Awolu, OlugbengaOlufemi and Oyeyemi, Sanjo Oyetuji

Optimization of Bioethanol production from Cocoa (Theobroma cacao) Bean Shell Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci.2015.4(4): 506-514

58. S.Guzmán-Trampe, D. Lemus, O. Jiménez, B. Ruiz-Villafán, A. García- Carrancá, R.

Hernández-Fernández, E. García-Zepeda, R. Rodríguez- Sanoja, M. L. Macías- Rubalcava and Sergio Sánchez

Evaluation of the potential bioactivity of an endophytic bacteria isolated from Magnolia dealbata Zucc

Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci.2015.4(4): 515-525 59. P. Nalini, P. Ellaiah, T. Prabhakar and G. Girijasankar

Strain improvement studies on Kurthia species for the production of alkaline phosphatase

Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci.2015.4(4): 526-533 60. Nwankwo, I.U., Osaro-Matthew, R C and Ekpe, I.N.

Synergistic Antibacterial Potentials of Citrus aurantifolia (Lime) and Honey against Some Bacteria Isolated from Sputum of Patients Attending Federal Medical Center Umuahia

Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci.2015.4(4): 534-544 61. Nwankwo, I.U., Osaro-Matthew, R.C. and Okereke, J.E

Comparative study on the sensitivity pattern between the Cephalosporins and Fluoroquinolones on wound infection isolates

Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci.2015.4(4): 545-552 62. A Joshi, C. K. Bhokre and A.B.Rodge

Evaluation of gum content and viscosity profile of different genotypes of guar from different locations

63. Apurba Mukherjee, Sutapa Mukherjee, Jaydip Biswas and Madhumita Roy Phytochemicals in obesity control

64. Keithellakpam Ojit Singh, Minerva Shamjetshabam, Oinam Avijeet Singh, Thingujam Indrama and Onkar Nath Tiwari

Potential Cyanobacteria from Loktak Lake, a Freshwater Lake in North-East Region of India as Source of Phycobiliprotein, a Natural Colourant

65. El-Demery Mervat, Khaled F. Mahmoud, Gamil F. Bareh and Waleed Albadawy Effect of fortification by full fat and defatted flaxseed flour sensory properties of wheat bread and lipid profile laste

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xii 66. Santwana Rani and Baidyanath Kumar

Glycemic control efficacy of Phyllanthus niruri. Linn extract in Diabetic Mice model Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci.2015.4(4): 599-609

67. Ahmad Ashfaq, Sabir Mohammad, Mohd. Kaifiyan and Arti Maheshwari Evolution, impacts and sustainability assessment of renewable energy Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci.2015.4(4): 610-616

68. Ahmad Ashfaq, Mohd. Kaifiyan and Sabir Mohammad

Production Technologies, Economic Performance and Future Development Policies of Alternative Fuels: An Environmental Approach

69. Ihsan Flayyih Hasan AI-Jawhari, Noor Jabar Mhail and Saher Abed AI-Rutha Ali Efficiency of some filamentous fungi to treatment of effluent petroleum wastewaters from refinery

70. Somayeh Ramezanli, Afifeh Rahmanian Koshkaki, Malihe Talebizadeh, Zohreh Badiyepeymaie Jahromi and Marzieh Kargar Jahromi

Quality of Life Assessment in Women Suffering From Urinary Incontinence Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci.2015.4(4): 642-646

71. R.Saraswati Jayanthi and Jose Jomy

Phenotypic Characterization of Clinically Significant Coagulase Negative Staphylococci and Their Susceptibility Pattern in a Tertiary Care Hospital Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci.2015.4(4): 647-652

72. Anukthi C. Poojari, Sandip D. Maind and Satish A. Bhalerao

Effective removal of Cr (VI) from aqueous solutions using rind of Orange (Citrus sinensis), (L.) Osbeck

Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci.2015.4(4): 653-671 73. Shivi Bhasin, Arvind N. Shukla and Sharad Shrivastava

Observation on Pseudomonas aeruginosa in Kshipra River with Relation to Anthropogenic Activities

74. Kesumadewi, AAI, M. Sudana, M. Adnyana and W. Suarna

Prediction of the Effect of Deforestation Followed by Intensive Vegetables Cropping Systems on Population Density and invitro Ability of Phosphorhizobacteria in Tropical Highland of Bali Island, Indonesia

Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci.2015.4(4): 685-700 75. Manish Bhat and Thankamani Marar

Cytotoxic Effect of Purified L-asparaginase from Salinicoccus sp. M KJ997975 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci.2015.4(4): 701-712

76. Pooja Thakkar, H.A.Modi and J.B.Prajapati

Isolation, characterization and safety assessment of lactic acid bacterial isolates from fermented food products

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xiii

77. Malvika Singh, Barnali Kakati, R.K.Agarwal and Aarti Kotwal

Detection of Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemases (KPCs) among ESBL / MBL producing clinical isolates of Klebsiella pneumoniae

Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci.2015.4(4): 726-731 78. Satish A. Bhalerao and Amit S. Sharma

Chromium: As an Environmental Pollutant Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci.2015.4(4): 732-746 79. Zeinab A. K., Aly, M.S, Faiza A., K., Fatma E. M.

Effect of Spirulina platensis and Lactobacillus rhamnosus on growth and biochemical performance of Nile Tilapia((Oreochromis niloticus) fingerlings

Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci.2015.4(4): 747-763 80. Vani Madhavi Kommula and G.N.Kusneniwar

A Study of Domestic Accidents in the rural area of South India Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci.2015.4(4): 764-767

81. Pennap, Grace Rinmecit, Ajegena, Samuel and Dodo, Usman

Intestinal Parasitosis among HIV Positive Patients Accessing Healthcare in a Medical Centre in Norhtern Nigeria

82. João Batista de Andrade Neto, Cecília Rocha da Silva, Rosana de Sousa Campos, Francisca Bruna Stefany Aires do Nascimento, Daniel Domingues Freitas, Maria Aparecida Alexandre Josino, Larissa Nara Dantas de Andrade, Thially Braga

Gonçalves, Jacó Ricarte Lima de Mesquita, Hemerson Iury Ferreira Magalhães, Felipe Augusto Rocha Rodrigues, Danielle Macedo Gaspar, Manoel Odorico de Moraes, Marina Duarte Pinto Lobo, Frederico Bruno Mendes Batista Moreno, Thalles Barbosa Grangeiro, Akenaton Onassis Cardoso Viana Gomes, Luciana de Camargo Nascente, Luiz Antonio Soares Romeiro, Bruno Coelho Cavalcanti and Hélio Vitoriano Nobre Júnior

Effects of Piperonal Nitro Derivatives on Candida species: Antifungal Activity against Fluconazole-Resistant Strains is Associated with Oxidative DNA Damage

83. Abdelrahman Ismail Adam, Ismail Mohamed Fangama and Abdelrahim Ismail Hamid Influence of Human Activities on Carrying Capacity of Grazing land in Semi-arid area at Kilemindo Locality, North Darfur State, Sudan

Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci.2015.4(4): 793-799 84. Ismail Mohamed Fangama Abdalla

Environmental Impact of Red Brick Manufacturing on the Bank of the Blue Nile at Soba West, Khartoum, Sudan

85. Subhashish Das, Mamatha Kale, P.M.Beena and Harendra Kumar

Bacterial Contamination of Platelet at University Hospital: "A Prospective Surveillance Study"

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xiv 86. S. Laxmi and T.D. Nikam

Decolorisation and Detoxification of Widely Used Azo Dyes by Fungal Species Isolated from Textile Dye Contaminated Site

87. G.Praveen Kumar Reddy, G.Narasimha, Kanderi Dileep Kumar, G.Ramanjaneyulu, A.

Ramya, B.S.Shanti Kumari and B.Rajasekhar Reddy

Cellulase production by Aspergillus niger on different natural lignocellulosic substrates Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci.2015.4(4): 835-845

88. N. F. Nasr

Applications of Nanotechnology in Food Microbiology Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci.2015.4(4): 846-853 89. Prabhu K and Rajan S

Assessment of Antiulcer Activity of Ethanolic Extract of Mangifera indica Seed Kernel Using Acid Ethanol Induced Ulcer Model

Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci.2015.4(4): 854-860 90. Rahul Kamble

Acinetobacter species in Health Care setting: Clinical significance and Antimicrobial sensitivity

Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci.2015.4(4): 861-869 91. Rahul Kamble

Bacteremia due to Shigella flexneri in an adult Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci.2015.4(4): 870-873

92. Trusha B. Mistry, Nimisha D Patel and Nilofar M. Shaikh

Bacteriological Quality of Raw Buffalo milk from different villages in Bardoli, Gujarat, India

93. Mapary Lakshmikantha, Verma Devki and Chander Yogesh Is Kocuria kristinae an upcoming pathogen?

94. Ansari SK, Randhawa VS, Mishra S and Choudhury SR

Microbial etiology and risk factor analysis of paediatric surgical site infections in a tertiary care hospital

95. Arti Agrawal, Uma Shanker, Ankur Goyal, P.K.Singh, Suneel Bhooshan and D.N.Pandey

Clinical and Microbiological study of Tinea unguium in a tertiary care centre Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci.2015.4(4): 899-905

96. Obeagu Emmanuel Ifeanyi and Obeagu, Getrude Uzoma

The Values of CD4 Count, among HIV Positive Patients in FMC Owerri Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci.2015.4(4): 906-910

97. Obeagu Emmanuel Ifeanyi and Obeagu, Getrude Uzoma

The Values of Prothrombin Time among HIV Positive Patients in FMC Owerri Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci.2015.4(4): 911-916

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xv 98. Hayam M. I Ibrahim

Chemical composition, minerals content, amino acids bioavailability and sensory properties of meat and fish balls containing fish protein isolate

99. Sandesh Reddy Yaratapalli, N.Jambu and B.Samuel Chittaranjan

Functional and radiological outcome of total knee replacement in varus deformity of the knee

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Rapid identification of Meticillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) using chromogenic media (BBL™ CHROM agar™ MRSA) compared with conventional methods

Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci.2015.4(4): 939-947 101. Aliyu Ibrahim

Hepatitis A Virus Infection among Primary School Pupils in Potiskum, Yobe State, Nigeria

102. P.Vasundhara Devi, P.Sreenivasulu Reddy and Maria Sindhura John

Prevalence of Metallo-β-Lactamases Producing Pseudomonas aeruginosa among the Clinical isolates: A study from tertiary care hospital

Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci.2015.4(4): 955-961 103. Avinash Laghawe, Apoorva Tripathi and S B Saxena

Aetiology of Urinary Tract Infection and antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of urinary isolates in tertiary care hospital in Central India: A retrospective analysis

104. Galal Abas Fashir, Ismail Mohammed Fangama and Nancy Ibrahim Abdalla

Influences of Agricultural Expansion on Grazing lands in Tendalti Locality, White Nile State, Sudan

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Comparative Diversity Study of Nitrifying and Denitrifying bacteria from National Parks of Gujarat, India

106. Duru C.B, Oluoha R.U, Uwakwe K.A, Diwe K.C, Merenu I.A, Emerole C.A, Ndukwu E.U and Iwu C.A

Pattern of PAP Smear Test Results among Nigerian Women Attending Clinics in a teaching Hospital

Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci.2015.4(4): 986-998 108. D.L.Bharamal and D.S.Korgaonkar

Water Quality Status of Kokisare-Nadhwade Ponds in Vaibhavwadi Taluka, District Sindhudurg, India

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xvi

109. T.O.Adejumo, M.E.Coker and V.O.Akinmoladun

Identification and Evaluation of Nutritional Status of some Edible and Medicinal Mushrooms in Akoko Area, Ondo State, Nigeria

110. Nishali Sam, Seeni Palanichamy, Subbiah Chellammal, Patchaiah Kalaiselvi and Gopalan Subramanian

Antifouling effects of silver nano particles synthesized from tropical seaweeds Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci.2015.4(4): 1029-1042

111. Gloria Y. Ponciano

Enhanced BM Inoculant Using Bio carrier for Bioremediation Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci.2015.4(4): 1043-1050

112. Alaa A. Faisal, Raid M. H. Al-Salih and Ali N. Assi

Study of Effect of Thyroidectomy on Serum Oxidant-Antioxidants Status Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci.2015.4(4): 1051-1060

113. Pavlina Dolashka, Aleksander Dolashki, Wolfgang Voelter, Jozef Van Beeumen and Stefan Stevanovic

Antimicrobial activity of peptides from the hemolymph of Helix lucorum snails Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci.2015.4(4): 1061-1071

114. N.S. Chavan, R.D.Phadtare and T.B.Chavan

Effect of aqueous extracts of different medicinal plants on control of Streptococcus mutans

Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci.2015.4(4): 1072-1081 115. Zeinab A. K., Aly, M.S, Faiza A., K., and Fatma E. M

The Plackett-Burman Design to Evaluate Significant Media Components for Antimicrobial Production of Lactobacillus rhamnosus

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INDEX

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Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2015) 4(4): 685-700

685

Original Research Article

Prediction of the Effect of Deforestation Followed by Intensive Vegetables Cropping Systems on Population Density and invitro Ability of Phosphorhizobacteria in Tropical Highland of Bali Island, Indonesia

Kesumadewi, AAI¹*, M. Sudana², M. Adnyana² and W. Suarna²

1Faculty of Agriculture, The University of Udayana, Permanent Address: Jl. By Pass Ngurah Rai No. 208, Sanur Village, Denpasar City, Province of Bali, Indonesia

2Agricultural Sciences of Doctorate Program, The University of Udayana, Indonesia

*Corresponding author

A B S T R A C T

Introduction

Phosphorus (P) is the most important macro

nutrient after nitrogen for plant growth

(Donahue et al., 1990). The total content of P in the soil rangingfrom 200 to 3000 ppm ISSN: 2319-7706 Volume 4 Number 4 (2015) pp. 685-700

http://www.ijcmas.com

Population density of phosphorhizo bacteria known to be different between natural forest and agricultural lands. In the present study, the differences were quantified between natural forest land and the adjacent agricultural lands covered by a fertile Andisolin a tropical highland. The first study on this field of knowledge in Bali and probably Indonesia aimed to determine the effect of either deforestation followed by cropping systems orcropstype onthe population density and in vitro ability of phosphate solubilizing rhizobacteria (PSB)in dissolving phosphor (P). The density of PSB population was enumerated by the pour plate method while dissolving ability of P wasestimated according to either P solubilisation index (SI)or the amount of dissolved P2O5. Rhizosphere of natural forest plantswas inhabited by 26.20x10⁶CFU.g^-1dry soils of PSB with an average Ca3(PO4)2dissolving ability at9.64 ppm P2O5 and SI of 1.94. The decline of PSB population density ofintensive agricultural soils comparedwiththe adjacent natural forests amounted to50.23%, 31.21%, and 26.56%, respectively for the soil in monoculture of lettuce, monoculture of leek and mixed strip intercropping systems. Ability to dissolve P by PSB was generally 29.90-43.47%loweron intensive agricultural soils than natural forest soils. Among the major vegetables types cultivated in the selected agriculture lands, rhizosphere of carrots were colonized by the significant highest number of PSB, while the least was in the rhizosphere of potatoes. The conclusion of this study were (1) deforestation followed by intensive vegetable cultivation activities substantially decrease PSB population density and its ability to dissolve P, (2) monoculture cultivation system with a lower dose of fertilizer as well as mixed stripintercroppingsystems harboring rhizosphere PSB both inhigher population density and in vitro ability to dissolve P, and (3) the carrot planthad the possibility of improving the density of PSB in intensive agricultural land.

K e y w o r d s Rhizosphere, phosphate solubilizing bacteria, natural forest, cropping systems, vegetable fields

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686 (Harrison, 1987) but less than1%that can be immediately utilized by plants (Richardson et al., 2009) because most of orthophosphate ions bound by soil fractions (Gyaneshwar et al., 2002; Hao et al., 2002). The availability of soil P and crops production mostly enhanced by fertilization but the increase of accumulated P fertilizer in soil begins to be criticized. Therefore, the use of phosphate solubilizing microbes (PSM) then widely studied to make efficient use of P fertilizer and mine P that accumulates in the soils (Harrison et al., 1972; Marra et al., 2011;

Sharma et al., 2013).

PSM is a group of microbes which are capable of dissolving P of mineral and organic form through the activity of enzymes, protonation, and release of organic acid compounds and chelate agent (Nahas, 1996; Kim et al., 1997). Some fungi and bacteria were published to be capable of solubilizingsoil P (Narsian and Patel, 2009;

Alia et al., 2013). PSM was found to be associated with various types of plants (Baon et al., 2012; Keneni et al., 2010;

Sharma et al., 2012) at varying ecological types (Harrison et al., 1972; Gupta et al., 2007; Chitrapriya et al., 2013; Paul and Sinha, 2013). They inhabit different ecosystems types with a high variation of population densities of between 10³and 10⁹ (Yahya and Al-Azawi, 1989;Naher et al., 2013). Beside fungi the group of bacteria capable of solubilizing P (PSB) was also extensively studied. PSB population known to be affected by cropping systems (Kim et al., 1998), while the environmentconditions also influence the efficiency of P dissolution by PSB (Taiwo and Ogundiya, 2008).

Microenvironmentalvariations due to the diversity of root exudates excreted by various crops are probably related to the degree of PSB colonization. Root exudates are the primary energy source for soil microbes (Naher et al., 2009) which

selectively favor microbial colonization in rhizosphere zone (Shi et al., 2011) and affect the production of organic acids by PSB (Hwangbo et al., 2003).

PSB is very potential to be developedasa biological fertilizer because it can increase P uptake,growth and crops production (Hameeda et al., 2008; Lara et al, 2013;

Surapat et al., 2012). PSB inoculant is generally applied at a much higher population density than natural populationpresent in soils (Igual et al., 2001;Sabaruddin et al., 2010) for improvement of soil P uptake as well as plants growth and yields. Unfortunately, the population of exogenous beneficial microbes rapidly declined after its application on soils (Jacoud et al., 1998). Therefore, the empowerment of indigenous PSB would be better andan attempt should be considered to maintain the PSB community in the soils.

Numerous studies on PSBhave beenintensifiedfor several decades.

However, little attention has paid to the the PSB associated with the rhizosphere of forest and vegetables plants(Mohan and Rhadakrishnan, 2012;Alia et al., 2013),particularly with respect to deforestation and agricultural expansion that most prevalent in the tropics since mid 20^th century (FAO, 2012). The processes in upland areas can lead to land degradation (FAO, 2011). Tropical natural forests are world resources for genetic diversity (CBD, 2010) which reported contain some beneficial soil microbes (Jasper, 2007)including some groups of microbes capable of dissolving P (Mohan and Rhadakrishnan, 2012; Raj and Cherian, 2013; Raj et al., 2014). Forest conversion often causes important changes of soil properties (Neill et al., 1997; Post and Kwon, 2000;Carney et al., 2004; Kara and Bolat, 2008) and decrease the diversity and

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687 abundance of soil organisms (Atlavinyte, 1964; 1965). In fact, soil microbes are recognized to play someimportant roles in functioning of soil ecosystem (Nannipieri et al., 2003).

Vegetables are known to be micronutrients sources of food and are of economically valuables. Vegetables provide much higher income and job per hectare than staple crops for low capital farmers (Johnson et al., 2008). Most of vegetable crops preferred lower temperature (Ali, 2000).This preferenceis one of the main reasons for expansion of vegetables production to the highlands and for Indonesian country, this is the nowadays strategic issue. However, the effect of deforestation and intensive agriculture on the population density and the ability of PSB have not been well documented. Thus, this study was aimed to explore the changing of population density and ability of rhizosphere PSB caused by deforestation followed by intensive agriculture activities with highlight on vegetable cropping system in tropical highland. Prediction was done by comparing the density of the PSB population between natural forest land and the adjacent lands of intensive vegetable production. The comparison among vegetables crops were also conducted to determine the most suitable crop type in maintain the native PSB population in intensive agricultural soils. The knowledge is important for reference in designing the necessary land management in accordancewiththe opinion of Jasper (2007) who stated that the proper land management to enhance the beneficial soil microbes is highly recommended.

Materials and Methods

Description of Selected Study Sites and Sampling Locations

The selected study sites were located at an altitude of 1200-1500 m above sea level in

Bedugul, Bali Island, Indonesia. The soil on theresearchareawas classified to the soil family of Mollic Ustivitrands, medial isohyperthermicaccording to USDA Soil Taxonomy and Classification Systemand C3 Oldemann climate type system with 5 consecutive months each for dry and rainy seasons (Adnyana, 2006; Nugroho, 1997). In the former time, the study siteswere a tropical natural forest that part of it had been gradually converted to agriculture land mostly for vegetable production more than 70 years ago. The selected study siteson the present study were including land use types of natural forest and the adjacent dry land vegetables cultivationlands. Undisturbed natural forest land was covered by a variety of forest plants at a density of 125 trees.Ha^-1 (Sumantera, 2004), while agricultural land cultivated with some highland vegetable crops. Vegetables cultivatedlands were groupedinto 3based on cropping systems performed for the last 7 years. They were :the monoculture of lettuces (Lactuca sativa L.), monoculture of leeks(Allium porumL.) and mixed strip intercropping ofleeks, carrots (Daucus carotaL), chilli (Capsicum annuum) and celery (Apium graveolens L.

Dulce). In monoculture system, a short rotation of main crops with other crops was also conducted (such as local carrots and potatoes) for 1 planting period with planting area of <25%. Each plant required fertilizer with varying amounts. The following was the order of the highest to lower need of chemical fertilizers for plants cultivated in the study sites :potato>chili> celery>

leek>lettuce>carrot.

Collecting and Preparation of Soil Samples

Triplicates soil samples were collected from the plant rhizospheres on both land uses, including each vegetable crop on eachcropping systems. Approximately 0.5 kg of rhizosphere soils were compositely

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688 taken at a depth of 0-30 cm. All soil samples were brought separately in labeled plastic bags to the laboratory. Soil samples free of roots and debris were passed through2 mm sieve size and was later stored at 5 ° C prior to analysis.

Enumeration of Population Density of PSB

PSB population was enumerated using pour plate method in Pikovskaya medium supplemented with tricalcium phosphate as the sole source of P (Pikovskaya, 1948).

Each 1 ml of 10^-4and10^-5of soil dilutions in sterile saline solution (0.85% NaCl) wascultured on solid Pikovskaya medium in petri dish. The petri dishes were incubated at 27^oC for 5 days and colonies showing halo zone then counted. Three colonies were randomly selected from each soil sample then purified and stored in slant agar medium.

Estimation of in vitro P Solubilisation by PSB

Estimation of in vitro P dissolving ability of PSB was carried out according to Edi- Premono et al. (1996). In the qualitative analysis, onemilliliter of each liquid culture containing 10⁸ CFU.ml^-1 PSB of selected colony was spotted in a solid Pikovskaya medium and incubated at a temperature of 27^oC. The diameter of colonies and halozone formed were measured on day 5.

The quantitative capability of dissolving P by PSB was measured based on the amount of P2O5 dissolved in Pikovskayabroth medium.One milliliter of the same cultures as proceed abovewas grown separately in 50 ml of Pikovskaya broth in a 125 ml Erlenmeyer flask. The cultures were incubated in a horizontal shaker (100 rpm and 25^oC). After 72 hours, the liquid cultures were centrifuged at a speed of

10,000 rpm for 20 minutes. ThpH of the supernatant was then measured with a pH meter, while the amount of P2O5 dissolved in the medium was quantified according to

phospho-molybdate blue colour method (Murphy & Riley, 1962).

Statistical Analysis

The effect of land uses and plant types on PSB population density and ability to dissolve P was analyzed by General Linear Model of Mannova (p=0.05). Least significant difference test was applied to differentiate the mean value among observed variables (p=0.05). The development of ecological groups based on population density and the ability of PSB was generated with hierarchical grouping analysis. Statistical analysis was proceed using 20^thversion of SPSS software system.

Results and Discussion

PSB can be found in variety ofterrestial ecosystems and associated with numerouskinds of plant (reviewed by Sharma et al., 2013). In this study, PSB rhizobacteriawas found throughout the natural forest land and agricultural lands, but the population density and the ability to dissolve P varied among land use types and among vegetable crops.

The difference of Population Density and in vitro Ability of Rhizosphere PSB between Natural Forest Land and Vegetable Cultivation Lands Rhizosphere area of natural forest plants were inhabited by 26,02x10⁶CFU.g^-1dry soils of PSB (Table 1). The PSB population densityfall within the range of the total PSB population in the forest in other parts of Indonesia(Suliasih and Widawati, 2005;

Widawati and Suliasih, 2006).The difference

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689 between the PSB population density of natural forest land in Indonesia was assumed to be due to differences in the soil properties. The soil under this study was classified as Andisol (JunusDai and Rosman, 1970; Nugroho, 1997; Adnyana 2006) while the soil in the Halimun Mountain was classified as Latosol (Djuansyah, 1997) which was equivalent to Alfisol, Ultisol and Oxisol according to USDA Soil Taxonomy and Classification System.

The average ability of native rhizosphere PSB of natural forest plants in dissolving tricalciumphosphate were indicated by 1.57 cm of halo zone diameter, 1.94 of SI and 9.64 ppm P2O5 dissolved (Table 1). The diameter of halozone formed by PSB of natural forest land was in the range generated by PSB isolated from Halimun Mountain forest that ranges from 0.8 to 2.5 cm (Widawati and Suliasih, 2006).

Compared with the SI value of PSB from other natural forest that had been reported (Muleta et al., 2013), the SI value of PSB natural forests in Bedugul was slightly lower.

Intensive vegetable plantation on deforested lands showed significant lower population density of PSB and their ability to dissolve P compare to PSB in the adjacent natural forest land (p<0.05). However, no significant difference was observed on colony size of PSB between those land uses (p>0.05). The range of PSB population density in intensive agricultural lands were 50.23- 26.56 % lower than PSB in natural forest land. Unlike the rhizosphere PSB population density, the effect of agricultural activity was relatively diverse on the ability of PSB in dissolving P (Table 1). The difference of native PSB population density and their ability among land use types in this study supported Sharma et al. (2013) s

report which stated that the type of land use affect the microbes community. However, the pattern of PSB population change due to land transformation ever published was inconsistent and reports for land conversion of natural forest to tropical highland vegetable cultivation land was still very limited. This research result was the first in Bali and probably in Indonesia which predicts changes in population density and the ability of dissolution of PSB P because of deforestation, followed by intensification of vegetables production in the highland zone.

PSB population density was lower in agricultural land than natural forest land which in this study was consistent with that published by Gupta et al. (1986), but in contrast to those reported by Naheret al.

(2013). Contradiction of these results with the findings of Naheret al. (2013) allegedly due to differences in soil fertility status.

Andisol soil of Bedugul highland had quite good physical and chemical fertility despite having a total-N content which was classified as low. In those conditions, nutrients and organic materials were assumed not a limiting factor for growth and development of PSB community. Those conditions were different from the study site of Naheret al. (2013) which was a soil deficit of macro nutrients.

Deforestation and agricultural intensification followed by changes in vegetation cover soil, microclimate conditions and soil properties according to the type of land use.

Compared with changes in the land use types, the shift of microbial community composition was more influenced by specific changes in edaphic properties, especially pH and nutrient status (Lauber et al., 2008). In line with Lauber et al. (2008), Jecus et al. (2009) proved that the soil pH changes due to land conversion in the

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690 Amazon tropical forest greatly affect bacterial community composition. However, it was apparently not the case in this study due to the average differences in soil pH between the natural forest land to agricultural lands only 0.33 points (unpublished data). Therefore, a decrease in population density and ability to dissolve P in vegetable cultivation area could be under the influence of other factors that were not identified in this research, for instance toxic effect of agrochemicals being used.

Intensive agriculture systems characterized by intensive use of pesticides, herbicides and synthetic fertilizers can cause changes in the physical, chemical, and biological soil properties (Dick, 1992). Agricultural activities in the study area were characterized by intensive used of those agrochemicals (no data records for the dose of agrochemicals had applied). Application of agrochemicals, especially pesticides might be associated with the population density declines of PSB as a response to changing of environmental conditions for microbial growth. According to Turco et al.

(1994), soil microbes are very sensitive to external disturbances in their habitats. Some research shows the diversimpact of pesticides on soil microbial communities.

The application of pesticide can substantially affect populations and activity of PSB (Sethi et al., 2012) and biochemical processes including dissolution of soil P (Niewiadomska, 2004) because of the negative impact of pesticide on the synthesis and metabolism of both enzymes and proteins (Boldt and Jacobsen, 1998;

Srinivasulu and Rangaswamy, 2014). Some pesticides increased activity of enzymes and ATP levels (Shukla and Mishra, 1997;

Megharaj et al. 1999), the opposite may decrease> 90% of the phosphatase activity of Klebsiella sp and Pseudomonas putida (Ahemad and Khan, 2011; 2012 ) at 3 times of recommended dose. Therefore, the lower

of PSB population density and ability on this agricultural soils than the adjacent natural forest soil was suggested partly due to the negative effects of pesticides applied by local farmers.

In order to determine the effect of cropping systems on the population and activity of PSB, thena comparison was made between the cropping systems. Differences in the cropping system being applied lead to a noticeable variation in population density and the ability of PSB (p<0.05).The decline magnitude of rhizosphere PSB population density and dissolution ability of P were different among cropping systems (p<0.05).

The largest decrease in the PSB population density compared with natural forest (50.23%) was found in the land of monoculture lettuce, followed by the land of monoculture leek (31.21%) and the lowest on the land under mixed intercropping systems (26.56%). Deforestation and intensive agricultural cultivation generally also followed by decline in ability to solubilize P by PSB in the range from 29.90% to 43.47% except on lettuce monoculture land (Table 1). The difference cropping systems in the area of research had been done since the last 7 years because of economic, technical and social consideration. Differences in the cropping system turned out to cause a noticeable difference in population and the ability of PSB (p<0.05). This was contradictory to that ever published by Azzis et al. (2012) and Santa-Regina et al. (2003) that the local PSB resilient enough so that the effect of cropping systems was relatively short for population density differences of PSB.

According Azzis et al (2012), PSB population was significantly higher in pasture land and rangeland compared with monoculture soil only in the first year of sampling. On the other hand, Santa-Regina et al. (2003) reported that the number of soil

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691 PSB population was significantly different on several compositions of cover crops for 3 seasons except in the fall. It was different from the local PSB in Bedugul agricultural land which were likely to be sensitive to changes in the environment, especially the chemical properties of different soil between cropping systems (unpublished data) The difference between the population and the ability of PSB in Bedugul seemed to be controlled by soil properties in accordance with the opinions of Fierer and Jackson (2006). However, the distribution of the bacterial communities was potentially very site-specific and varied as stated by Alele et al. (2014) so that observation was further carried out at the level of plant types.

There were substantial differences observed in the ability of rhizosphere PSB origin of different cropping systems (p<0.05). PSB inhabiting rhizosphere of continuous leek and strip intercropping systems showed ability to dissolve P successively lower by 79.67% and 29.88% (p<0.05), respectively compared with PSB isolated from natural forest. Interestingly, the dissolution of P by PSB which was isolated from the rhizosphere soil of lettuce monoculture was 75.93% higher than the PSB isolated from natural forest. Dissolution of P by PSB was highly depend on the activity of phosphatase enzymes and excretion of extracellular organic acids produced by the PSB.

Although toxic effect of pesticides potentially influence microbial population and ability (Niewiadomska, 2004; Sethi et al., 2012), it seemly not the main cause of variability in P solubilizing activity by PSB among cropping systems because all agricultural fields on this study had been treated with those chemicals. Thus, the main factors affecting the difference ability of PSB among cropping systems in this study was remained unknown and needs to be further investigated. There were three

necessary possibilities left to be addressed in continuing the present study, namely : (1) PSB with higher P dissolving capability possibly eliminated from leek monoculture system and mixed strip intercropping, (2) The present PSB in the two cropping systems had lost some ability of P solubilization due to changes in land use types, and (3) There was any exogenous PSB with much higher cap abilityto dissolve P successfully struggle in monoculture fields of lettuce.

Results of our study showed different pattern of PSB response over different land use types based on the selected variables had been observed. Generalization of variables respond then further apparently important in determining the proper land use systems in order to maintain the native PSB communities in the soils. Land use clustering using hierarchical analysis had elucidated three ecological groups arising from the study area. Land of leek monoculture and mixed strip intercropping systems were considered to constitute one ecological group (group 1), while the lettuce monoculture land and natural forest was divided to group 2 and group 3, respectively.

This finding means that soil monoculture cultivation system of lettuce had the relative nearest population density and PSB ability with natural forest so that the planting system can be applied to maintain the local community of PSB. In an effort of improving the population density of indigenous PSB, then the effect of different cultivated vegetable crops over PSB population and ability then mainly examined.

The difference of Population Density and in vitro Ability of Rhizosphere PSB among Selected Plant Types Soil microbial communities are closely

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692 related to plants (Duineveld et al., 2001;

Smala et al., 2001) because variations in root exudates produced by different plant species (Mittal and Johri, 2007) selectively facilitate the composition of microbial communities in the rhizosphere (Jha et al ., 2014). The plant selectivity to PSB colonization was proven in this study as indicated by the high variation of PSB population density and ability among vegetables crops cultivated in each cropping systems (Table 2). All the vegetable plants observed were colonized by PSB. The range of the population density of PSB was between 4.83 and 36.74x10⁶ CFU.g^-1. The density of PSB population was lower than mostly reported for vegetable crops by Alia et al. (2013) that ranged between 8x10⁵and 1.3x10⁹CFU.g^-1 dry soils. Although all of the vegetable crops harboring PSB population in different density, their number were possibly not high enough to support their function in improving soil P availability and plant growth. An optimum population of PSB density must be required for agronomic purposes. Sabaruddin et al.

(2010) through laboratory-scale study found that the optimum population number for enhancing the availability of P in Ultisolin Sumatra was 1x10⁹CFU.g^-1 dry soil. An adequate soil management system might be useful to increase the population of the soil PSB. For examples by introducing PSB into the soil or rotating crops more suitably for habitat of PSB. In a limited availability of novel PSB to be applied, rotation of the more suitable crops as habitat for the native PSB could be preliminary studied.

Changes in PSB population density in the selected cropping systems potentially induced by short rotation of suitable vegetable types other than the main crop.

According to some reports (reviewed by Nannipieri et al., 2007), plant types would cause different effects on rhizosphere

microbial communities. Justin et al. (2012) published that the cropping pattern was affecting the composition and relative populations of bacteria and fungi. Alia et al.

(2013) reported the considerable difference of crop types with the highest population density of phosphobacteria among vegetable fields in Pakistan, although those crops were cultivated in all studied fields. They specified variation of PSB among vegetables crops in three different places (Mansehra district, Taxila area and Islamabad) without indicating the actual cropping systems. This study further addressed the effect of crop type s rotation in each cropping systems to PSB population and ability. The results of this study showed a greater influence of crop types over cropping system on PSB population size developed in the rhizospheres (p<0.05). In the monoculture of lettuce, short rotation with carrots and potatoes did not significantly change the total number of PSB population (p>0.05) but the highest ability of rhizosphere PSB to solubilized P found in carrot plants (Table 2). In contrast, short rotation crops changed the population density of rhizosphere PSB in monoculture of leeks and mixed strip intercropping systems. PSB population density was found significantly higher on carrots rhizosphere (p<0.05) in both cropping systems. In the mixed strip intercropping system, the highest colonization of PSB also found in the rhizosphere of carrot plants while PSB population density in this cropping system was significantly different among croptypes (Table 2).

The highest PSB population density was found in the rhizosphere of carrot plants as a short rotation plants on the entire cropping systems, whereas the lowest was on a short rotation crop of potatoes in the monoculture land of lettuce and onion welch. The crops list from the highest level to the lower