PDF Journal of Environmental Management and Tourism Country 6 - UNUD

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Journal of Environmental Management and Tourism

Country

Germany - SIR Ranking of Germany

6

H Index Subject Area and

Category

Environmental Science

Environmental Science (miscellaneous)

Neuroscience

Neuroscience (miscellaneous) Publisher Walter de Gruyter GmbH Publication type Journals

ISSN 20687729 Coverage 2013-ongoing

Scope Journal of Environmental Management and Tourism is an interdisciplinary research journal, aimed to publish articles and original research papers that should contribute to the development of both experimental and theoretical nature in the field of Environmental Management and Tourism Sciences.

Journal will publish original research and seeks to cover a wide range of topics regarding environmental management and engineering,

environmental management and health, environmental chemistry,

environmental protection technologies (water, air, soil), pollution reduction at source and waste minimization, energy and environment, modeling, simulation and optimization for environmental protection; environmental biotechnology, environmental education and sustainable development, environmental strategies and policies, etc. This topic may include the fields indicated above, but are not limited to these. Authors are encouraged to submit high quality, original works that discuss the latest developments in environmental management research and application with the certain scope to share experiences and research findings and to stimulate more ideas and useful insights regarding current best-practices and future directions in Environmental Management.

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Volume VII, Issue 4(16) Winter 2016

Quarterly

Volume IX Issue 5(29) Fall 2018

ISSN 2068 – 7729 Journal DOI

http://dx.doi.org/10.14505/jemt

ASERS

J ournal of Environmental Management

and Tourism

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Journal of Environmental Management and Tourism

FALL 2018 Volume IX Issue 5(29)

Editor in Chief

Ramona PÎRVU

University of Craiova, Romania

Editorial Advisory Board

Omran Abdelnaser

University Sains Malaysia, Malaysia Huong Ha

University of Newcastle, Singapore, Australia

Harjeet Kaur

HELP University College, Malaysia Janusz Grabara

Czestochowa University of Technology, Poland

Vicky Katsoni

Techonological Educational Institute of Athens, Greece

Sebastian Kot

Czestochowa University of Technology, The Institute of Logistics and International Management, Poland

Nodar Lekishvili

Tibilisi State University, Georgia Andreea Marin-Pantelescu

Academy of Economic Studies Bucharest, Romania

Piotr Misztal

The Jan Kochanowski University in Kielce, Faculty of Management and Administration, Poland

Agnieszka Mrozik

Faculty of Biology and Environmental protection, University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland

Chuen-Chee Pek

Nottingham University Business School, Malaysia

Roberta De Santis LUISS University, Italy Fabio Gaetano Santeramo University of Foggia, Italy Dan Selişteanu

University of Craiova, Romania Laura Ungureanu

Spiru Haret University, Romania

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13 Formation of the Mechanism of Corporate Social and Environmental Responsibility of the Trading Company

Yulija CHORTOK, Alona YEVDOKYMOVA, Yuliya SERPENINOVA

1011

14

The Green Economy in Market-Oriented Countries: The Case of Kazakhstan Kuralay Orazgalievna NURGALIYEVA, Ainur Uyizbaevna AMIROVA,

Akbayan Serikovna NURTAZINOVA 1019

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International Regulation of Environmental Auditing in the Countries of the European Union

Aizhan E. ZHATKANBAYEVA, Nazgul S. TUYAKBAYEVA, Araylym K. JANGABULOVA, Sailaubek T. ALIBEKOV, Elena V. KASATKINA, Elena A. MASLIHOVA

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16 Green Constitution: Strengthening Environment Principle in the Act of 1945

Netty S.R. NAIBORHU 1044

17

The Formation of the Efficient System of Ecological Enterprise Ilona YASNOLOB, Oleg GORB, Nadiia OPARA, Serhii SHEJKO,

Svitlana PYSARENKO, Olena MYKHAІLOVA, Tetyana MOKIIENKO 1052

18

Spending Behavior of Thai Tourists in Dan Sai District, Loei province, Thailand: Seemingly Unrelated Regression Estimation Analysis

Sakkarin NONTHAPOT, Thanet WATTANAKUL, Kitiya WANGKEEREE 1062

19 The Role of Internet in Successful Marketing in Tourism Organizations

Fatos UKAJ 1071

20

Analysis of Community Based Tourism Development to Increase SME Performance and Welfare Level. Case Study in West Sumatra

Edy SUPRIYADI, Haryani Hatta IHA, Achmad DJAMIL, Putra DHARMA 1077

21

Environmental Responsibility of Enterprise in Tourism and Hotel Business in Russia

Mikhail А. MOROZOV, Natalia S.MOROZOVA 1085

22

Methods of Sustainable Regulation of Agricultural Enterprises at the Present Stage

Baglan AIMURZINA, Mazken KAMENOVA, Ainura OMAROVA, Ainakanova BAKYTGUL, Kazkenova AIGUL, Shaikenova NURGUL

1091

23 Innovation Policy Developmet Conceptual Framework for National Resource Security Providing

Olha PROKOPENKO, Vitaliy OMELYANENKO, Janusz KLISINSKI 1099 24 Approaches to the Formation of a Theoretical Model for the Analysis of

Environmental and Economic Development

Denys HOROBCHENKO, Viacheslav VORONENKO 1108

25

Ensuring Food Security in the Context of the Development of Integration Processes

Saniya SAGINOVA, Rauza ABELDINA, Valeriy BIRYUKOV, Gulnar SAPAROVA, Alken TEMIRBULATOV, Saltanat YSSUPOVA

1120

FALL 2018 Volume IX Issue 5(29)

Editor in Chief

Ramona PÎRVU

University of Craiova, Romania

Editorial Advisory Board

Omran Abdelnaser

University Sains Malaysia, Malaysia Huong Ha

University of Newcastle, Singapore, Australia

Harjeet Kaur

HELP University College, Malaysia Janusz Grabara

Czestochowa University of Technology, Poland

Vicky Katsoni

Techonological Educational Institute of Athens, Greece

Sebastian Kot

Czestochowa University of Technology, The Institute of Logistics and International Management, Poland

Nodar Lekishvili

Tibilisi State University, Georgia Andreea Marin-Pantelescu

Academy of Economic Studies Bucharest, Romania

Piotr Misztal

The Jan Kochanowski University in Kielce, Faculty of Management and Administration, Poland

Agnieszka Mrozik

Faculty of Biology and Environmental protection, University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland

Chuen-Chee Pek

Nottingham University Business School, Malaysia

Roberta De Santis LUISS University, Italy Fabio Gaetano Santeramo University of Foggia, Italy Dan Selişteanu

University of Craiova, Romania Laura Ungureanu

Spiru Haret University, Romania

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Journal of Environmental Management and Tourism

987

Diversity of Mangrove Plant for Support Ecotourism Activities in Nature Conservation Forum Putri Menjangan, Pejarakan Buleleng-Bali

I Ketut GINANTRA Biology Study Program, Faculty of Mathemathic and Natural Science Udayana University Bali-Indonesia

[email protected] Ida Bagus Made SUASKARA Biology Study Program, Faculty of Mathemathic and Natural Science

Udayana University Bali-Indonesia [email protected]

Martin JONI Biology Study Program, Faculty of Mathemathic and Natural Science,

Udayana University Bali-Indonesia [email protected]

Suggested Citation:

Ginantra, I.K., Suaskara, I.B.M., Joni, M. (2018). Diversity of Mangrove Plant for Support Ecotourism Activities in Nature Conservation Forum Putri Menjangan, Pejarakan Buleleng-Bali. Journal of Environmental Management and Tourism, (Volume IX, Fall), 5(29): 987-994. DOI:10.14505/jemt.v9.5(29).10

Article’s History:

Received July 2018; Revised September 2018; Accepted September 2018.

Abstract

This study aims to identify the species of mangrove constituents and determine the zonation of the growing community of mangrove plants from the seaward to the landward zone, of the Nature Conservation Forum (NCF) Putri Menjangan coastal Pejarakan village Buleleng from July to October 2017. Identification of mangrove plant species based on the following characteristics: habitus, root type, fruit shape, inflorescence, leaf shape and leaf arangement. Zoning of mangrove grown is determined from vegetation analysis conducted in 3 zones (front zone, middle zone and back zone) with quadrat method, the area of each square is 20 m x 20 m. Parameters specified in each kwadrat are the density, dominance and frequency of presence of each species. Zoning of mangrove community is determined based on the important value of mangrove plant species. The diversity of the mangrove community is calculated by the Shanon-Wiener Diversity Index. The results of the study identified 13 species of true mangrove plants (mangrove) and 14 mangrove mangrove associates. The dominant species are Sonneratia alba (important value / iv is 98.19), Lumnitzera racemosa (iv. is 40.75), Rhizophora apiculata (iv.is 35.53), Rhizophora mucronata (iv. 33.02), Ceriops decandra (iv.23.61) and Avicennia marina (iv. 22.22). The diversity index of mangrove species (H) is 2.07, then it is considered good. The pattern of growing mangrove plants in coastal Pejarakan Buleleng, in general follow the natural pattern of mangrove zonation. Typical characteristics and patterns of growing mangrove zonation become interesting attractions and reference for mangrove area managers in ecotourism development and efforts to conserve mangrove forests.

Keywords: mangrove forest; mangrove plant characteristics; ecotourism.

JEL Classification: Q26; Q30; Q57; Z32.

DOI : http://dx.doi.org/10.14505/jemt.v9.5(29).10 DOI: https://doi.org/10.14505/jemt.v8.3(19).01

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Volume IX, Issue 5(29) Fall 2018

988 Introductions

Mangrove forests in the coastal area of Pejarakan Village is quite wide, reaching 160 Ha in area (Riyastini, 2015). Mangrove forests in this area are being managed by Nature Consevation Forum Putri Menjangan (NCF Putri Menjangan). Area management includes mangrove conservation and development of educational tourism/ecotourism (NCF Putri Menjangan, 2016).

The diversity of mangrove plant species, the growing zonation pattern and its characteristic are the main attraction for ecotourism. The results of preliminary study found several species of true mangrove plants including Rhizophora spp., Bruguiera sp., Ceriops spp., Avicennia sp., Sonneratia sp. and also found some mangrove associated plants such as waru (Hibiscus tiliaceus), Ipomoea pes-capreae, and widuri (Calatropis gigantea)

In recent years, the mangrove forest utilization paradigm has changed from land conversion (fisheries) to sustainable use. Which means the utilization while maintaining the ecological of the mangrove ecosystem. One of the sustainable management efforts is to utilize mangrove ecosystem for ecotourism activities (Fuad et al.

2012; Januarsa and Lutfi 2017; Sawitri et al. 2013).

Identification of the species of mangrove plants, zonation of mangrove plant species and the important role of mangrove plants for the ecosystem is very important to do. In the education tourism or ecotourism in the mangrove area the typical characteristics of the species of mangroves (habitus, morphology of leaves, fruits, seeds, flowers), growing zonation and the role of mangrove community in maintaining coastal environment is the object of attraction. Thus, the objectives in this study are; Identification and description of species of mangrove constituent in coastal area of Pejarakan Village; and determining the growing zonation of mangrove plant communities (front zone, middle zone, and rear zone).

Materials and Methods

Study Sites

Research conducted in July to October 2017, field survey conducted 2 times The study was conducted in the mangrove ecosystem area of NCF Putri Menjangan, Coastal Pejarakan village, Buleleng Regency (Figure 1)

Figure 1. Map of research location in Pejarakan coastal mangrove area (NCF, Putri Menjangan)

Source: google.map.com Plants Mangrove Diversity Identification

Identify the species of mangrove plants based on the following characteristics: habitus (herbs, shrubs, trees);

root type (stilt root, knee root, pneumatophor, buttres, no prominents aerial roots); fruit type (cylindrical, ball, bean-like); the inflorescence and flower color; leaf shape and leaf arrangement. The characteristics of each

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989

species are photographed with a digital camera. Identification is done to the species of level referring to Kitamura et al.(1997) and Tomlinson (1994)

Vegetation analysis was conducted at 3 stations (front zone, middle zone and back/rear zone). Each station is placed 4-5 squares. The method used is the quadrat method, with the area of each square is 20 m x 20 m. Laying the square vertically follows the mangrove zonation (from the direction near the sea to the mainland).

The sum of squares sampling across the region is 14 squares. In each quadrat conducted measurements of the number of species individual of mangroves and cover areas (Stiling 1996).

Parameters measured in vegetation analysis were:

Density (Ni)=Number of Individuals/area of squares Dominance (Di)=% Cover species-i/area squares

Presence frequency (Fi): the presence of a species in the sampling quadrat Data Analysis

The characteristic data of the mangrove plant species were analyzed descriptively, with drawings and brief descriptions of the main features (habitus, rooting, leaves, fruit shape, and flowers). Zoning of the mangrove community from the front (near the sea) to the rear (near the mainland) is determined based on the important values of the mangrove plant species. The value of each species of mangrove is based on the sum of the relative density, relative dominance and the relative frequency of each species. The plant diversity index uses the shanon-Wiener index, H=-Σ (ni/N) Ln(ni/N), which ni is the important value of the species-i and N is the total important value of all species (Stiling, 1996).

Results and Discussion

Characteristic and Diversity of Mangrove Forest in NCF, Putri Menjangan

There are 13 species of true mangrove and 14 mangrove associates (mangrove associate). Of the 13 species of true mangrove consisting of 9 species are major component and 3 minor components. The species of plants with their characteristics are presented in Table 1.

Tabel 1. Characteristics of the species of mangrove plants in coastal Pejarakan Buleleng

No Spesific name Local name Characteristics

1 Sonneratia alba Prapat

Habitus of tall trees reaches 15 meters; root of type pneumatofor; single leaf, oblong shape sheet, opposite leaf layout; Flower with 6-8 lobes petals, green and red color inside, white flower crown, stamen lot; the fruit of the ball, smooth surface green, the fruit of apple (about 4 cm in diameter) (Figure 2 A)

2 Avicennia officinalis Api-api/sia-sia putih

Habitus tree, height reached 8 m; root type pencil-like or pneumatophore; leaf single, arrangement obovate, eliptical shape leaf sheets; spika compound flowers, 7-10 flowers on each stalk, 4 yellow petal, calyx 5 lobes; fruits shape pale yellow heart, diameter about 2.5 cm, length about 3 cm.

3 Avicennia marina Api-api

Habitus of tall trees reaches 8 m; roots type is pneumatophore/pencil-like; single leaf, opposite layout, elliptical leaf sheet; compound flowers, flower crown 4, yellow and somewhat orange, petals 5 lobes, stamen 4;

fruit type rounded the short-shaped end of the tip, the size of the fruit diameter of about 2 cm, length about 2 cm, the color of pale green fruit, smooth fruit surface

4 Ceriops tagal Mentigi

Habitus tree reaches 5 m high; buttres-supporting root form at the base, and develop into knee roots (knee roots);

single leaf, opposite layout, leaf shape obovate rounded tip; compound floers, 5 white and brown petal, 5 lobes green calyx; fruit type cylindrical (cylindrical), fruit diameter about 1 cm, length about 20 cm, color green-brown (Figure 2 B)

5 Ceriops decandra kenyongnyong Habitus shrubs, height reached 3 m; roots type buttres

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No Spesific name Local name Characteristics

originating stil-liketroot; single leaf, opposite layout, obovate leaf sheets, rounded ends; fruits of cylindrical shape, fruit diameter about 1.1 cm, length about 14 cm, 6 Rhizophora apiculata Bakau

Habitus of tall trees reached 14 m; root type is stilt roots with reddish root bark; single leaf, opposite layout, elliptical leaf sheet, apiculate tip; cylindrical type fruit with hypocotyl green-brown, fruit length about 24 cm

7 Rhizophora mucronata Bakau genjah

Habitus tree, height reached 20 m; root type is stiltroot with pale white root skin; single leaf, opposite layout, eliptical leaf sheets, aristate / apiculate ends, the widest leaves among the genera Rhizopora (length ± 18 cm); compound interest flowers 4-8 flowers, 4 white petal petals 4 green lobes; cylindrical type fruit with hypocotyl green-yellow, fruit length about 65 cm (Figure 3A)

8 Rhozophora lamarckii Bakau slengkreng

Habitus tree, tree height reached 7 m; root type is stiltroot;

single leaf, opposite layout, eliptical leaf sheets; 4 flower cyme, petal 4 and calyx 4 lobes; usually sterill and never produce fruit and seed

9 Rhozophora stylosa Bakau kurap

Habitus bush, height reaches 6 meters; root type is stilt roots with white roots colours; single leaf, opposite layout, elliptical leaf shape, aristate tip; flower compound interest cyme, 8-18 flowers on each stalk, 4 white petal, calyx is 4 lobes yellowish green, stamen 8; cylindrical type fruit with yellowish green-green hypocotyl, fruit diameter about 2 cm, length about 30 cm.

10 Lumnitzera racemosa Kedukduk

High shrub habitus, reaches 5 m; has no aerial roots;

single leaf, alternate layout, obovate leaf sheets, roundaed ends (emerginate); spika flower, 5 white petal, calyx is 5 green lobes; fruits shaped like vases (vase-shaped) are smooth yellowish green (gloosy), fruit diameter about 0.4 cm, about 1.5 cm long (Figure 3 B)

11 Aegiceras floridum Kacangan

Habitus bush, about 3.5 m high; have no aerial roots;

single leaf, opposite layout, obovate leaf sheets, rounded- emerginate tip, about 5 cm long; compound flowers, 5 white petals, petalscalyx is 5 green lobes; fruits ellip-like chili, diameter about 0.5 cm long, about 3 cm long.

12 Excoecaria agallocha Buta-buta

Habitus tree, height reaches 10 m; has no aerial roots;

single leaf, alternate layout, elliptical leaf sheets, acute on tip ; inflorescence spika, yellowish green color, gummy white color, dangerous in contact with eyes/skin, fruit shaped 3 small ball combinations, fruit diameter of about 0.5 cm, green color

13 Bruguiera gymnorhiza Tanjang merah

Habitus tree, high ± 15 m; knee roots and small buttrees root at the base of the stem; single leaf, opposite layout, elliptical sheet shape, acuminate tip; large flowers, white- brown petals, red calyx with 10-14 lobes; cylindrical shape fruit, dark green-brown fruit color, smooth surface, about 1.9 cm in diameter, about 22 cm long

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Figure 2. Characteristics of Sonneratia alba (A) and Ceriops tagal (B)

Figure 3. Characteristics of Rhizophora mucronata (A) and Lumnitzera racemosa (B)

Result of analysis of true mangrove vegetation found 13 species, dominant species are Sonneratia alba (value 98,19), Lumnitzera racemosa (important value 40,75), Rhizophora apiculata (important value 35,53), Rhizophora mucronata (important value 33.02), Ceriops decandra (important value 23,61) and Avicennia marina (important value 22,22). The dominant species are all major component mangroves. Rhizophora lamarckii and Aegiceras floridum is a rare species (low importance value), these two species are indeed a minor mangrove component (Kitamura et al. 1997). However, Bruguiera gymnorhiza which is a major component is also a rare species. Its diversity index (H) is 2.07. Hardjosuwarno (1989) grouped that species diversity in vegetation mangrove with diversity index> 1 including the category of good. Thus, the mangrove community in the coast of

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penjarakan included in the category of steady (good). The mangrove variety (true mangrove) of coastal jungle is presented in Table 2.

Tabel 2. Analysis of mangrove diversity in coastal Pejarakan Buleleng

No Mangrove Species Relatif

density (%)

Relative Dom.

(%)

Relatif Frek.

(%)

Important value

Index

1 Sonneratia alba 39,32 38,15 20,000 97,46 -0,37

2 Lumnitzera racemosa 13,11 12,72 14,545 40,37 -0,27

3 Rhizophora apiculata 10,26 10,36 14,545 35,16 -0,25

4 Rhizophora mucronata 10,26 15,23 7,273 32,76 -0,24

5 Ceriops decandra 7,69 6,59 9,091 23,38 -0,20

6 Avicennia marina 7,41 5,49 9,091 21,99 -0,19

7 Avicennia officinalis 7,69 4,71 5,455 17,86 -0,17

8 Ceriops tagal 1,14 2,04 5,455 8,63 -0,10

9 Excoecaria agallocha 1,14 1,57 3,636 6,35 -0,08

10 Aegiceras floridum 0,85 0,78 3,636 5,28 -0,07

11 Rhizophora lamarckii 0,57 0,94 3,636 5,15 -0,07

12 Rhizophora stylosa 0,28 0,78 1,818 2,89 -0,04

13 Bruguiera gymnorhiza 0,28 0,63 1,818 2,73 -0,04

100.00 100.00 100.00 300.00 -2.10

H = 2.10

The pattern of growing mangrove plants in coastal Pejarakan Buleleng, in general follow the natural pattern of mangrove zonation. Some types of mangroves grow in all the zones of Sonneratia alba, Rhizophora apiculata and some are able to grow in the front and back zones of Lumnitzera racemosa (Figure 4).

Figure 4. Zonation pattern of mangrove in NCF Putri Menjangan

Natural zonation patterns of mangrove forests by Kitamura et al. (1997) and Giesen et al. (2007) organized as follows; the exposed mangrove / seaward zone (near the sea) is generally dominated by Avicennia sp. Sonneratia sp, central zone of the Rhizopora sp., Bruguiera sp.and rear mangroves (mostly near mainland) is predominantly dominated by Bruguiera, Lumnitzera, Xylocarpus sp. and other species of terrestrial plants capable of growing on mangroves (mangrove associate), and a zone in the river stream near the brackish mangrove waters. In this zone is often found community Nypa frutican, Aegyceras sp. and sometimes found Sonneratia caseolaris and Xylocarpus granatum. However, river flow zone is not found in mangrove NCF Putri Menjangan, because there is no river that permanently flows towards the sea through the mangrove area.

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993 Mangrove Ecotourism

Utilization of sustainable mangrove is the concept of ecotourism refers to the 3 main of the value of community empowerment around in management, ecology and economic value (Sawitri et al. 2013; Sudarto 1999; Wahyuni et al. 2006). Utilization of mangrove in Coastal Pejarakan already meet the 3 pillars of ecotourism. In terms of community empowerment, the mangrove area is managed by the NCF Putri Menjangan whose members are the community, local community leaders concerned with the conservation of the coastal environment. Ecological values, mangrove preserved ecosystems and diversity of flora and fauna, replanting efforts on the lands of each open are continuously conducted. In terms of economic value, the area is developed for educational, research, or nature recreation tourism, both for students, students and the general public, tourists get educated from the ecological value and the role of mangrove biodiversity for the coastal environment. For educational tour program, tour tracing mangrove, mangrove species-mangrove research, NCF has built a trails and hut/resting point made of bamboo. These trailers are made to make it easier for tourists to enter the mangrove area while recognizing the species and characteristics of plants species mangroves (Figure 5).

Figure 5. Trail and resting point in mangrove forest NCF Putri Menjangan

Sari et al. (2015) stated that the feasibility of mangrove forest ecosystem for ecotourism is viewed from the diversity of mangrove species, mangrove density (individual number/m²), mangrove thickness (long of mangrove ecosystem from coast to coast), perception of surrounding community and also condition mangrove forest. Duangjai et al. (2014) stated that the existence of mangrove plants as an asset in ecotourism management is based on the number of true mangrove species, ie true mangrove <2 species is low category; 2- 5 species are medium category; and> 6 species including high category. In terms of the number of species, diversity of mangrove areas in NCF Putri Menjangan is considered to be a high category as an ecotourism asset, namely 13 species of mangrove and 14 species of mangrove association. In terms of mangrove conditions this area is still considered good/steady based on diversity index

Presidential regulation no. 73, (2012) on national strategy of mangrove ecosystem management has stated firmly that management of mangrove ecosystem is preservation/conservation effort, protection and utilization of mangrove for public prosperity. Preservation means the diversity of individuals, species and mangrove ecosystems must be maintained. Protection means the existence of mangrove ecosystem, should not be damaged, harassed, altered, there are sanctions if for offenders. The presidential regulation is very much in line with the concept of ecotourism.

Conclusion

The diversity of mangrove species in mangrove forest NCF Putri Menjangan is categorized as good, consisting of 13 species of true mangrove and 14 species of mangrove association. Zone to grow mangrove species is generally a natural zoning of mangrove forest. The introduction of plant species, growing zonation, the uniqueness of mangrove species and the specificity of their habitats support the attractions for ecotourism activities.

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994 Acknowledgements

We would like to thank the Head of Research Centre and Community Service of Prosperity, and the Dean of the Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences Udayana University who have funded this research. Thanks to Mr.

Gatot (co-ordinator NCF Putri Menjangan) who has assisted in the field survey. Thanks to Gede Yeyen Suharta and A. A Ngurah Bagus Adi Permana who have helped in the analysis of vegetation and mangrove sample collection.

References

[1] Duangjai, W., Tuntates, U. and Kroeksakul, P. 2017 The Comparative Evaluation of Community-based Ecotourism Management at Mangrove Forest Communities in Satun Province, Thailand. International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering. 4(6): 42 – 48.

[2] Fuad, M., Basuni, S., Munandar, A. and dan Purnomo, H. 2012. Study of Supporting Power of Mangrove Forest Ecotourism Blanakan, Subang, West Java. BIOMA, 14(2): 64-72.

[3] Giesen, W., Wulffraat, S., Zieren, M. and Scholten, L. 2007. Mangrove Guidebook for Southeast Asia. Fao and Wetlands International. Dharmasarn Co., Ltd.

[4] Hardjosuwarno, S. 1989. Plants Ecology. Biology Faculty UGM. Yogyakarta.

[5] Januarsa, I.N. and Luthfi, O.M. 2017. Community Based Coastal Conservation In Buleleng, Bali Konservasi Pantai Berbasis Masyarakat Di Buleleng, Bali. Ecsofim Journal of Economic and Social of Fisheries and Marine 04 (02): 166 – 173.

[6] Kitamura, S., Anwar, C., Chaniago, A. and Baba, S. 1997. Handbook of Mangroves in Indonesia.

[7] NCF Putri Menjangan. 2016. Profile of NCF Putri Menjangan Bali, Indonesia. Desa Pejarakan. Not published.

[8] Presidential regulation. No. 73 2012. National strategy of mangrove ecosystem management. Available at:

http://www.bphn.go.id/

[9] Riyastini, I.A.P. 2015. Economic Valuation Mangrove Pejarakan Village, District Gerokgak, Buleleng District.

Department of Marine and Fishery Bali Province.

[10] Sari, I.P., Yoza, D. and Sribudian E. 2015. Feasibility Analysis of Mangrove Ecosystem as an Ecotourism Object in Teluk Pambang Village, Bantan District, Bengkalis District. Jurnal Faperta, 2(1) Februari.

[11] Sawitri, R., Bismark, M. and Karlina, E. 2013. Mangrove Ecosystem as Tourism Object Nature in Conservation Area Mangrove and Proboscis in Town of Tarakan. Jurnal Penelitian Hutan Dan Konservasi Alam, 10(3): 297-314.

[12] Stiling. P. 1996. Ecology, Theories and Aplications. Prentice Hall Internationan Inc. New Jersey.

[13] Sudarto, G. 1999. Ecoturism. Nature Conservation, Sustainable Economic Development and Community Empowerment. Yayasan kalpataru bahari dan Yayasan Keanekaragaman hayati Indonesia.

[14] Tomlinson, P. B. 1994. The Botany of Mangroves. Cambridge University Press, USA.

[15] Wahyuni, I G.A.S., Ardhana, I.P.G., Sudirga, S.K. and Ginantra, I.K. 2006. Plants As Ecotour Attractions around Trail of Mangrove Information Centre In Mangrove Forest Of Southern Bali. Jurnal Bumi Lestari, 6 (2) Agustus.

PDF Journal of Environmental Management and Tourism Country 6 - UNUD

Journal of Environmental Management and Tourism

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Quarterly

Volume IX Issue 5(29) Fall 2018

ISSN 2068 – 7729 Journal DOI

http://dx.doi.org/10.14505/jemt

ASERS

J ournal of Environmental Management

and Tourism

Table of Contents:

FALL 2018 Volume IX Issue 5(29)

Editor in Chief

Editorial Advisory Board

FALL 2018 Volume IX Issue 5(29)

Editor in Chief

Editorial Advisory Board

Diversity of Mangrove Plant for Support Ecotourism Activities in Nature Conservation Forum Putri Menjangan, Pejarakan Buleleng-Bali