PDF NORTH AMERICAN INDIANS, - Smithsonian Institution

PORTRAITS

NORTH AMERICAN INDIANS,

WITH SKETCHES OF SCENERY, ETC.,

PAINTED BY

J.

M. STANLEY.

DEPOSITEDWITH

THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION.

WASHINGTON:

SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION.

DECEMBER,

1852.

PH

IL

AD ELTHI

A:

COLLINS, PPJNTER, ^70.5JAYNE STREET.

FEEFACE.

The

collection

embraced

inthis

Catalogue comprises

accu- rate portraits

painted from

life of fortj-three different tribes of Indians,

obtained

at the cost, hazard,

and inconvenience

ofa ten years' tour

through

the

South-western

Prairies,

New

Mexico,

California,

and Oregon. Of

course,

but

a short de- scription ofthe characters

represented

or of the leadinginci- dentsin their livesis given.

But even

these brief sketches, it is

hoped,

will

not

fail to interestthose

who

look at theirpor- traits,

and

excite

some

desire that the

memory,

at least, of these tribes

may not become

extinct.

J.

M. STANLEY.

CONTENTS.

PAGE

Seminoles 5

Creeks 8

Cherokees 14

Chickasaws 26

Potowatomies 2G

Stockbridges 29

MCNSEES 30

Ottowas 30

Chippewas 31

Delawares

31

Weeahs

34

Shawnees

34

Sacs

and

Foxes 35

Black

Feet 40

OSAGES 41

Quapaws

46

low

AS 46

WicHETAWS, OR

Pawnee

Picts 47

Caddoes 48

Anandarkoes

49

4

PAGE

Wacoes

50

Natchitoches 51

Towocconies 51

Keechies 52

Comanches 53

Pueblos 55

Umpquas

59

Klameths

59

Callapooyas 60

Chinooks 60

Clackmus 61

Willamette

FallsIndians... 62

Tlickitacks 63

Walla-Wallas

63

Catuses 65

Nez

Perces 66

Pelouses 66

Spokanes 67

Stony Island Indians 71

Okanagans

, 72

SEMINOLES.

The

SeminolesoriginallybelongedtotheCreekfamily; but,owing to

some

internal dissensions, theyleft

them

and formed a separate and independent band.

The

Creeks gave

them

the appellation of Seminoles, whichsignifies " runaways."

On

their removal west of the Mississippi, the

government

assigned to

them

a portion of the Creek country;but beingunwillingto

come

underthe thenexisting Creek laws, theyrefusedto occupyit,and took

up

their abode inthe Cherokee nation, in the vicinity ofFortGibson.

Here

theyresided untilthe spring of1845,

when

they

met

the Creeks incouncil; and through the exertions of

Major Wm.

Armstrong, Superintendent of IndianAffairs intheSouth-west,Gov.P.

M.

Butler,Cherokee Agent, andCol. Jas.Logan, Creek Agent,theircauses ofdissatisfactionwere removed, and they accordingly took

up

their abode in the Creek Nation,

upon

the waters ofLittleRiver.

1.

CO-WOCK-COO-CHEE,

or

WILDCAT.

(Painted Dec.1842.)

A

^{Seminole Chief,}

and

one of the

most

celebrated of his tribe

;

possessed of

much

vanityand an indomitable spirit, he has

won

for himselfan exalted

name

andstanding

among

his people.

At

the outbreak of the Florida

War,

he

was

a

mere

boy^; buthe shoulderedhisrifle,and fought with so

much

courage and despera- tion,that he wassoon looked

up

toasamaster-spirit. This gathered a

band

of warriorsabout him,

who

adopted

him

as theirchiefleader.

At

theheadofthispartyhe

became

aformidable

enemy

of theUnited Statestroops,and gave

them much

troubleduringthatcampaign,and probably

would

never havefalleninto the hands of the whites,

had

he been able to procure food and

ammunition

forhis

band

: being reduced toastate of starvation, he

was

obliged tosurrender, and,

by

treatystipulationswith theUnited States Government, was withhis people

removed

westof the Mississippi.

6

SExMINOLES.

2.

AL-LECK TUSTENUGGEE.

(Painted Dec.1842.)

This Chief ^is atthe head of the Mikasukie band, and duringthe Florida

War was

oneof the mostactive

among

theSeminoles.

During

this war,his

band

perpetrated

some

ofthemostcruel

mur-

ders on record;

among them

was that of Mrs.

Montgomery, who was

brutally massacred while riding on horseback, within a short distance of the post, whereher husband, Lieut.

Montgomery,

of the U.S.A.,wasstationed. Since the removalofhispeoplewestofthe Mississippi, theyhare been quite peaceable, butnot altogether con- tented. Great

numbers

havediedfrom local diseases, and the in- temperate use of whiskey,

which

they procureon thefrontier.

He

inquired particularly after the health of Gen.

Worth,

of the U.S.A., of

whom

he spoke in the highest terms.

He

wore

many

ornamentsand articlesofdress,the giftsof that distinguished ofl&cer.

I asked of

him

the privilege of painting one of his wives.

He

repliedthathis

women had

been hunted through the everglades of Floridauntiltheywere unfit tobe seen; butwhenever theyrecruited, he

would

not objectto theirbeingpainted.

3.

NOKE-SUKE TUSTENUGGEE.

(Painted Dec.1S42.)

A

Seminole Sub-chief of theMikasukie band.

A

warrior of dis- Imction,andAl-leckTustenuggee's aid.

4,

AL-LECK TUSTENUGGEE, NOKE-SUKE TUSTENUGGEE, CUDJO,

and

GEO. W. CLARKE.

(Painted Dec.1842.)

CudjoisanegroInterpreter,

who

served theUnited Statesduring the Florida

War

;

and

Geo.

W.

Clarke is Seminole Agent.

SEMINOLES.

5.

TUSTENUGGEE CHOP-KO,

or

THE BIG WARRIOR.

(Painted Dec.1S42.;

A

Seminole Mikasukie Sub-chief, and one of the

most

distin- guishedwarriors ofhis tribe.

He

issix feet three inchesinheight, and well proportioned,

and

is esteemed one of the bestball-players

among

hispeople.

His

countenance indicatesany thingbutintelli-

gence or shrewdness; on the contrary, it exhibits evidence of a capacity to

commit any

act, however cruel andatrocious, atthe bid- dingof his chief.

He

^is said tohavecutoffthehandsofMrs.

Mont- gomery

afterhermurder,forthe purposeofprocuringthe rings

upon

herfingers.

6.

CHO-CO-TE TUSTENUGGEE.

(Painted Dec.1842.)

A

Sub-chief, of

some

noteasawarrior, but abandoned and dissi- pated; heis painted in thecostume in which he presented himself, with a bottle of"fire-water" in his hand.

He

possesses an amiable disposition,

and

is passionately fond ofjoking, which has acquired for

him

the celebrity ofpunsterto theband.

7.

HAL-BURTA-IIADJO,

or

ALLIGATOR.

(PaintedAug.1843.)

A

Seminole Chief,celebrated for his prowess as a warrior.

His name

has been frequently before the public, as the instigator

and

perpetrator of

many

atrocious murders, duringtheFloridacampaign.

He

has suffered

much

from sicknesssince his removal, andlooksde- jectedand careworn.

8.

COT-SA,

OR

TIGER.

(Painted Dec.1842.)

A

^{Seminole Warrior, andson ofAlligator.}

CREEKS.

9.

SEM-I-WOC-CA.

(PaintedSept. 1843.)

Representedas about crossing a small stream,witha corn-basket underherarm. Sheisattired inthe costumepeculiartothe Creek and Seminole

women.

Their dress consists of calico, of a coarse, cheapkind,

worked

to thedepthoffromtwelveto fifteeninchesfrom thebottomwithdifferent colours, in variousdevices.

I foundit exceedinglydifficult togetthe

women

^of this tribe to sitfor their pictures, owingtothe opposition of their chiefs,

who

do notconsider

them

worthyofsuch anhonour.

CREEKS.

These

peopleformerly residedin Georgia and Alabama,butwere

removed by

the United States

Government

in 1836, andare

now

re- siding ontheArkansas, sevenhundred mileswest of the Mississippi.

They

are

somewhat

advanced in civilization and the arts.

They

mostly follow agricultural pursuits, having extensive farms and

many

negroes.

The

principal productions of the soil are corn and sweet potatoes; theyraise

some

cotton,from whichtheymanufacture a very substantial cloth, suitable to their

own

wants. Vegetables of almost every description areproduced in abundance.

They

raise largestocks ofhorses, hogs,and cattle,towhichtheircountryiswell adapted, being mostlyprairie, and one ofthefinestgrazing countries in the world.

They

adhere tenaciouslytoall theirancient customs, with a super- stitious

awe

andveneration, having

among them

their rain-makers, medicineormystery

men,

inthe potencyof whose charms theyare firm believers.

CREEKS.

10.

OPOETII-LE-YO-IIOLO.

(PaintedJuly, 1843.)

Sjeaker of the

Upper

Creeks. ''This

man

holds the rank of prine.pal counsellor, or speaker of the councils, over which hepre- sides vith greatdignity. Hisinfluenceis so great, thatthequestions submitved tocouncil are generally decided according to his will; for his tribit consider

him

as the organ of their chief,and suppose he only speiksashe isdirected.

"His

p-)werissuch overthem,thatthey havefrequentlyrequested

him

to subiiit himselfasa candidate forthe principal chieftainship

j

but he prefers his positionasspeaker,which brings

him more imme-

diatelyin contact with hispeople, and gives

him

the advantage of displayinghisaddress andeloquence.

"During

thelate

unhappy

contest betweenthe United Statesand theSeminoleIndians, itwastobe expectedthatthesympathiesofthe Creeks

would

bestrongly excited in favour of the latter,

who

are a wandering^tribe, descendants fromthe Creek nation. Accordingly, in 1836,

when

the

war

grew hot,and the Seminoleswere successful in severalsanguinaryengagements, thespirit of revoltspreadthrough the Creeknation, atd

many

ofthatpeople were urged,

by

^the fatal destiny which seemed to have

doomed

thatwhole race to extinction, into open war. Sau-gah-at-chee,one of the towns of Opoeth-le-yo- holo's district,wasthefirsttorevolt.

The

warriors,withouta single exception, painted themselves forwar; the

young men

rushed out

upon

the highways,

and

murderedallthetravellers

who

fell in their way. Opoeth-le-yo-holo, on hearing the intelligence, immediately placedhimselfatthe head ofthe warriors ofhis

own

town,

marched upon

the insurgents, burned their village,and,havingcaptured

some

of their men, delivered

them

over to the military, by

whom

they were imprisoned."

—

3IcKlnMey.

11.

OPOETII-LE-YO-IIOLO.

(1843.)

Representedin the

manner

in which hepaintshimself

when

going to war.

One

would hardly recognise this celebrated chiefin this disguise.

He

insisted on being thus painted, and ^it waswithdiffi-

10 ^CREEKS.

culty that he wasafterwards inducedto

wash

his face, and sit for i?

portraitwhichhis friendswould be abletorecognise. SeeNo.10.

12.

A CREEK BUFFALO DANCE.

(PaintedAug.1843.)

This danceisenacted every year during the season of ^theirbusk orgreen-corn dances; andthe men,

women,

and children,al'takean active partintheceremony.

They

investthemselves withthe scalp ofthebuffalo, with the hornsand tailattached,and danc« about in acircle, utteringsounds in imitation of the animal they represent, with their bodies in a half-bent position, supporting ^iheir weight

upon

their ball-sticks,whichrepresent theforelegsoftie buffalo.

13.

TUSTENUGGEE EMATHLA.

(PaintedJune,1843.)

" This isa fine-looking

man,

sis feetand one inch in height, and well proportioned, of

manly

andmartialappearance

and

great physical strength, andiswell calculated to

command

the respect of a

band

of savagewarriors.

He

isgenerally

known by

tie

name

of

Jim

Boy.

Tustenuggee

means

'warrior;'

and

Emathla, 'nextto thewarrior.'

''

He

is and alwayshasbeena firmandundeviating friend of the whites: he ledaparty of seven hundred andseventy-sixwarriors to Florida, and endeavoured, firstasmediator,to induce the Seminoles to

abandon

the bloodyandfruitlesscontesc inwhich they were en- gaged, but

was

unsuccessful.

" Soon afterhis arrival at

Tampa,

hejoinedthe

camp

ofCol.Lane,

by whom

hewassent,withtwo hundred of his warriors, tolookafter the Seminoles.

He

fellinwith aparty of thelatter,anddrove

them

into a

swamp,

fromwhich they opened afire,

and wounded

several of hismen.

He

was then sent tomeet Gov.Call,andarrivedatthe spotwhere Gen. Gaines

was

surrounded, soon after that ofiicer had beenrelieved.

On

the following day, he joined Gov. Call,

and

pro- ceeded to Fort Drane, where the Seminoles, though numerous, re- fused

them

battle,fled, and werepursued.

The

Creekswere unable

to overtake

them

; butthe Tennessee horsefell in with

them

onthe following day, and a fight ensued, inwhich severalwere killed on

CREEKS.

₁₁ each side. Tustenuggee

Emathla

and his party joined the

army

again atFort

Dade;

andthe Seminolesbeing ina

swamp

hard by, anattack wasplanned,inwhichthe Creekswere invited to go fore- most, an honour which they promptlydeclined,while theycheerfully agreed to advance side

by

side with the white men. Inthis fight the Creekslostfourmen, besidesone

who was

accidentallykilled

by

the whites,butthe Seminoleswerebeaten.

He was

afterwards sent to a place towards St. Augustineforprovisions,and was in several skirmishesnotworthrecording.

"He

^{says he} joinedour

army

underapromise

made by

the com-

manding

general, thatinthe removalofhis peoplewest of the Mis- sissippi, about to take place, his property

and

family should be attended to,

and

that he should be indemnified for any loss that might happen inconsequenceofhisabsence. Thesestipulations, he alleges, were broken

by

the removal of his

women

and children, while hewas absentinthe service of the government,

whereby

his entire property

was

destroyed.

Nor

wasthis theworst of his mis- fortunes.

His

family, consisting of a wife and ninechildren,were

among

theunfortunate persons

who

were on board of the steamboat

Monmouth, when

thatvesselwassunk

by

the

mismanagement

ofthose to

whose

careit

was

intrusted, and two hundred andthirty-sis of the Creeks, including four of his children,were drowned. Melancholy as such an occurrencewould be under

any

circumstances, the catas- tropheisinfinitelythe

more

deplorable

when

happeningto an igno- rant people, while emigrating, unwillingly,under thecharge of our public agents, and to a people whose whole intercourse with the whiteshas tendedto render

them

suspiciousof the faith ofcivilized

men."

—

McKlnney.

He

speaksEnglish quitefluently,butwillnot conversewitha

man

unless well acquaintedwith

him

; and hewillnotthenspeakit,inthe presence of the Indians,lesthe should compromise thedignity cha- racteristic of Indian greatness.

For

hisinterferenceinthe Florida war, he has entailed

upon

himself the lasting hatred of the Semi- noles: they hold

him

insuchutterabhorrence and detestation, that they

would

neverlook

upon

his portrait,while in

my

studio, without manifesting dissatisfaction

and

disgust.

He

^is about fifty-two years of age, vigorous and ^active, and is still able to undergo

much

fatigue andhardship.

He

is beloved and respected

by

his people, and ^is one of the leading

men

of bis nation.

12 ^CREEKS.

14.

TO-MATH-LA-MICCO,

or

THE LITTLE KING.

(PaintedJune,1843.)

PrincipalChiefof the

Upper

Creeks. Distinguished onlyas a

War-

rior, he

was

elected tothe chieftainship throughthe instrumentality of Opoeth-le-yo-holo,

who

has great influence over him.

He

^is

painted in the attitude of holding a red stick, which is invariably carried

by

him, during the ceremonies of the

busk

or green-corn dance. Itisemblematicalof the red-stickor lateCreek war.

Possessing no merit as anorator or counsellor, his will ^is easily

swayed by

^hisspeaker.

He

is mild and amiablein his disposition, and

much

beloved

by

hispeople.

15.

TUCK-A-BACK-A-MICCO,

or

THE MEDICINE-MAN

or

PHYSIC- MAKER.

(PaintedJune, 1843.)

Thisis the great Medicine or Mystery

Man

of the Creeks; his fieldsof corn are cultivated

by

the people of the town inwhich he resides, and asalaryof five hundred dollars per

annum

^is allowed

him

from the treasury of the nation,for his services.

They

suppose

him

to be indued with supernatural powers, and capable of

making

^itrain copiouslyatwill.

In his

town

isa building of rather a singular and peculiar con- struction,used during theirannual busk or green-corn dances as a dancing-house. Itis of acircularform,about sixty feet in diameter andthirty feethigh,built of logs; and was planned by ^this

man

in the following

manner

^:

—

He

cut sticksinminiature of every log required in the construc- tion ofthe building, anddistributed

them

proportionately

among

the residents of thetown, whose duty ^itwas to cut logs corresponding with their sticks,and deliver

them upon

theground appropriatedfor the building, at a given time.

At

^{theraising of the house, nota}

logwas cutorchanged from its original destination; all

came

to- gether in their appropriate places, as intended

by

^{the designer.}

During

the planningof this building, which occupied

him

sixdays, he did not partake of the least particleoffood.

CREEKS. 13 He

has in his possession, and wears, amedal said to have been presentedto hisparents

by

Gen. Washington.

He

is paintedinthecostume which heusually wears.

16.

TAH-COO-SAH FIXICO,

or

BILLY HARDJO.

(PaintedAug.1843.)

Chief of one of the

Upper

Creek towns.

He

^is amerchant or trader

among

his people; also, has an extensive farm and several negro slaves, which enable

him

to livevery comfortably.

He

^is

much

belovedandrespected

by

his people.

The

dressin which he

ispaintedis that of aball-player, as theyat first appear

upon

the ground.

During

theplaythey divest themselves of all their orna- ments, which areusuallydisplayed on these occasions, for the pur- pose of bettingon the result of the play^: such istheirpassion for betting,thattheopposingpartiesfrequentlybetfrom fivehundred to athousanddollarson asinglegame.

CHILLY McINTOSH.

(PaintedJune,1843.)

An Upper

CreekChief. This

man

is abrother ofGen. Mcintosh,

who was

killed

some

years since

by

his people, for negotiating a treatywith the United States

Government,

contraryto the laws of his.country. Chilly was pursued

by

the

same

party

who

massacred his brother, but succeeded in

making

his escape

by swimming

a river, which arrestedhispursuers.

"Menawa, who

iscalledthe Great Warrior,

was

commissioned

by

thechiefs to raise a partyto

march

to the Indian Springs and exe- cutethe

judgment

of.theirlaw

upon Mcintosh

on his

own

hearth- stone.

With

theusualpromptitudeoftheIndiansinthe prosecution ofbloodybusiness,

Menawa was

soonatthe headof one hundred of his Oakfuskee braves,and, after a rapid march,arrived before the house of thefated

Mcintosh

before day, onthe

morning

of thefirst of

May,

just seventy-sevendays afterthe signing of thetreaty.

The

house having been surrounded,

Menawa

spoke:

—

_{'Let the} white people

who

are in the house

come

out, and also the

women

and children.

We cone

notto injure them.

Mcintosh

hasbroken the law

made by

himself,and

we

are

come

totake hislife.'

"

14 CHEROKEES.

This

summons

w.as obeyed

by

all to

wLom

^{it was addressed.}

Chilly, who, havingsigned the treaty, was in the list of meditated victims, was enabled

by

his light complexion to pass out with the whites, and escaped.

Out

of this occurrence arose two parties

among

theCreekIndians.

One

was composed of thebulk ofthenation

—

^{the other of the fol-}

lowers ofMcintosh, headed by Chilly.

He

speaks Englishfluently, and has seen

much

of civilized life,

having spent

much

time at Washington, transacting business with the heads ofDepartments,in behalfof his people.

He

^is

^among

^the

first

men

of his nation.

IS.

KEE-SEE-LAH

and

AII-SEE-HEE.

(PaintedAug. 1S43.)

Daughters ofOpoeth-le-yo-holo.

The

latteris

commonly

denomi- nated the

Young

Queen.

The

remaining figure onthe right is a half-breedand the wife ofa white trader.

CHEROKEES.

This

nation's territory borderson Arkansas and Missouri.

They

are asemi-civilizedpeople, and are

more

advanced in the arts

and

agriculture than any ^other Indian Nation.

They number

about twenty thousandsouls.

Most

of

them

cultivatethe soil with

much

success. Their farms are cultivated

by

slaves, of which they

own

greatnumbei'S. Cornis thestaple production of the soil, although theyraise somesmall grain,and enough cottonfor

home

consump- tion.

Many

of

them

manufacture cloth sufficient forthemselvesand slaves.

They

display

much

tasteinthe formation of their patterns,

many

^{of which aretruly}beautiful.

A

^sample

may

befound

among

the various IndianCuriosities attachedto the Gallery.

CHEROKEES. 15 The

National Authorities have established schools in everydis- trictthroughoutthe nation,and engaged competent ^{teachers to}take chargeofthem. Missionaries of variousdenominationsareassiduously engaged

among

them, from whosepious andexemplary conduct they are receivinglasting benefits.

19.

COO-WIS-COO-EE,

OR

JOHN ROSS.

(PaintedSept.1844.)

PrincipalChiefoftheCherokees. Mr. Rosshasbeenfora

number

of yearsat thehead ofhispeople,whichfact issufficient evidence of the high estimation inwhich theyhold

him

asa

man

capable of discharging the responsible dutiesdevolving

upon

theoffice. Mr.

R.

is a

man

of education, and asastatesman would do honour to the legislative halls of

any

country.

His

hospitality is

unbounded;

from his softand bland manners,hisguests are at once

made

to feel athome, andforget that they are far from thebusy scenes ofcivil- ization, and surrounded

by

the red

men

of theforest.

His

houseis the refuge of the poor,starved,

and naked

Indianj

when

hungry, he

is suretofind at theabode ofthisexemplary

man

something where- with to appease his hunger,and if naked, a garment to cover his nakedness.

Of

his private andpoliticalhistory

much

might besaid;

but

we

leave it to those

who

are

more

competent to the task, and ableto do

him

thatjustice dueto soeminenta

man.

20.

KEETH-LA,

or

DOG.

(Painted 1844.)

Commonly

called

Major

George Lowery, Second or Assistant Chief of the Cherokees; an office which he has filled for a

num-

berof yearswith

much

credit to himself

and

the entire satisfaction of his people.

He

is about seventy years of age, speaks English fluently,andis an exemplaryChristian.

He

^ispaintedintheattitude ofexplaining the

wampum,

a tradition of the

manner

in which peace was first brought about

among

the the variousIndian tribes. (SeeNo. 27.)

IC CHEROKEES.

21.

STAN WATIE.

(Painted June,1843.)

A

^{highlygiftedand} talented Cherokee. This

man

isabrother of Boudinot,

who

was murdered

some

years since for his participation innegotiating with the UnitedStates the

New

Echotatreaty, (which hascausedso

much

internal dissension

among

the Cherokees,) con- traryto the laws of his country. Stan

Watie

was also one of the signers of that instrument, but has thus far escaped the horrible death that befell his brother.

He

is reputed to be one of the bravest

men

of his people.

During

the session of the International Council, at Tah-le-quah, in June, 1843, hesat for his portrait; he was surrounded

by

hundredsof hisenemiesat the time,butdidnot manifest theleast

symptoms

of fearduring hissojourn.

A

^biogra-

phy

ofthisman'slife would forma veryinterestingvolume.

22.

THOMAS WATIE.

(Painted 1842.)

Brother of

Stan Watie,

a fine-looking man, but abandoned

and

dissipated.

He

is a printer bytrade, and speaks English fluently and writes agood hand.

23.

YEAH-WEE-00-YAH-GEE,

or

THE SPOILED PERSON.

(Painted _1844.J

This

man

was oneof the signers ofthe first treaty

made

with tb^

Cherokees

by

the United States Government, during the administra- tion of General Washington.

He

^says he was at that time quite a

young

warrior, buthe distinctly recollects

how

the General looked, andallthat took place.

He

describes the

manner

in which the In- dianswere received

by

theirGreat Fatherasfollows^:

—

^'<

The

white

men

stood likegeese flying, the Great Father standing atthe head.

The

Indianswere told

by

theinterpreter, that they

must

not shake handswithany oneuntil theyhad shaken the

hand

of their Great Father_; theyall passed through the centre,and each in his turn shook

him by

the hand."

He

also gave an amusing description of the dinnerwhich wasprepared for

them en

that occasion.

CHEROKEES. ₁₇ During

the Creek

war

he fought with the whites against the Creeks,andatthebattleofHorse Shoe receivedseveralwounds.

He

is

now

about 88 years ofage,and receivesa pension from theUnited States for his servicesduring thatwar: he is still in the full en- joymentof all his faculties, havingridden thirtymiles on horseback tositfor theportrait

now

exhibited.

24.

OH-TAH-NEE-UN-TAH,

oa

CATCHER.

(Painted1844.)

A

^CherokeeWarrior.

25.

CHARLES McINTOSH.

(Painted1842.)

A

Cherokee half-breed, about twenty-three years of age, little

known among

hispeopleuntilDecember, 1842,

He

then distinguished himself

by

killinga

man upon

the Prairies,

by

the

name

of Merrett, an escaped convict from the jail at

Van

Buren, Arkansas,

who

with his brotherwas under sentence tothe State Prison, had escaped,and fled tothePrairies, where theycarried on asortoflandpiracy, rob- bing and murdering all travellers

whom

chance threw into their power.

26.

WE-CHA-LAH-NAE-HE,

or

THE

SPIRIT.

(Painted1844.)

Commonly

called

John

Huss.

A

regular ordained minister of the Presbyterian denomination,

and

speaks no English.

He

is avery piousand good man.

The

following letter, writtenin the Cherokee language,which Ireceived from him, will give the reader

some

idea of thesituationof the peopleunder hispastoral charge.

Tah-le-quah, Cherokee

N-»tjon;

January

30^/t, 1844.

My Friend

^:

— You

wish that Ishould tell

you

something about the Cherokees livingon

Honey

Creek. Isuppose

you

wish to

know

whether the people arc acting as a civilized or uncivilized people I

am

very glad tohear that

you

wishto

know

something about tho

2

18 CHEROKEES.

Cherokees. Iwillwrite to

you

in Cherokee,itbeing theonlylan- guagewhichI can write. I cannot write the English language as theWhites.

You

can get

some

personto interpret this foryou.

When we came

^{to this}countryand settledon

Honey

Creek, there were but few

who

emigratedfromeastof theMississippi,thatformerly wereconnectedwith the church,

who

had settled in this place; but

now

^{therearea great}

^many,

^and

^we

^{havebuiltahouse of God, and} on the Sabbath-day

we

pray to

him

atthat place,and

we

have the gospel of

God

preachedto us,and

we

meethereevery Sabbath.

The

people attend to

what

issaid during divine service,and

we

havea Sunday-school.

The

children attendtolearn toread,bothinChero- kee and English;

we

have also formeda

Temperance

Society,and have

met

once,which

was

on the first of the

month;

itwasavery cold day, and onlyfewattended, butIthink about fifty signed the pledge.

We

have latelyformeda Bible Society in this neighbour- hood,and have

met

once. There were aboutthirtysubscribed their

names

to give

money

to

buy

good books. There wereonly twenty dollars received. Inthis

manner

thepeople are graduallyimproving under the influence of the gospel,andI believe theyhave

become

acquainted with

God

andhis Son,

I

am

yourob't servant,

JOHN HUSS.

INTERNATIONAL INDIAN COUNCIL.

(Painted1843.)

This council was convened

by John

Ross, at Tah-le-quah, in the Cherokee Nation,in the

month

of June, 1843, and continued in session fourweeks. Delegates from seventeen tribes were present, and the whole assemblage

numbered some

ten thousand Indians.

During

the session, each of the chiefs and warriors of the several delegations delivered a "talk;" but

want

of space compels us to confine ourselves to the explanation of the

wampum

^belt, and the speech ofMr. Ross.

Major

George Lowrey, Second ChiefoftheCherokees,(No.20,)in explanation of the

wampum,

spoke asfollows^:

—

"You

will

now

hear atalk from ourforefathers.

You must

not think hard,if

we make

afewmistakesin describing our

wampum

; if

we

do,

we

will tryandrectifythem.

CHEROKEES. ₁₉

"My Brothers,

youwill

now

hear

what

ourforefathers saidtous.

"In

the first place, the Senecas, a great

many

years ago, devised a planfor usto

become

friends.

When

this plan was firstlaid,the Seneca rose

up

and said, I fear the Cherokee, because the toma-

hawk

isstuck in several partsof hishead.

The

Seneca afterward remarked, that he sawthe

tomahawk

stillstickingin all parts ofthe Cherokee's head,and heard

him whooping

and hallooing say thathe

was

too strongto die.

The

Senecafurthersaid:

Our

warriorsinold timesusedtogo to

war

;

when

they didgo,theyalwayswentto fight theCherokees; sometimes oneortwowouldreturn

home —

^sometimes

none.

He

further said,

The

Great Spirit

must

love the Chero- kees, and

we must

be inthe wrong, going to

war

with them.

The

Senecathensaid, Suppose

we make

friendswith the Cherokee, and

wash

his

wounds

andcause

them

to heal up, thathe

may grow

larger than he was before.

The

Seneca, after thus speaking, sat down.

The Wyandot

then rose

and

said,

You

have done right,and let it be. I

am

your youngestbrother,and youareouroldest. This

word

wastoldtothe

Shawnees

: theyreplied.

We

^{are glad, letitbe};

you

are ourelderbrothers.

The

Senecasthen said,theywould go about and prayto theGrreat Spirit forfour years to assist

them

in

making

peace,andthatthey wouldset asideavessel of water and coverit,

andat theendofevery yeartheywould take the cover ofi",and ex-

amine

the water, which theydid: every time they opened it, they foundit was changed; attheend of fouryears they uncovered the vesseland foundthat the water

had

changed toa colour that suited them.

The

Seneca thensaid.

The

GreatSpirithas had

mercy upon

us,and the thinghas takenplace justas

we

wished it.

"The Shawnee

thensaid,

We

will

make

straightpaths; butletus

make

peace

among

ourneighbouringtribesfirst,before

we make

this path tothose afaroff.

"

The

Seneca thensaid. Before

we make

peace,

we must

giveour neighbouringtribes

some

fire; foritwill not do to

make

peace with- outit,

—

they might be travelling about,and run ^againsteach other, and probablycause

them

to hurt each other. These three tribes said, before

making

peace that this firewhich was tobe given to

them

shouldbe kindledin order that a big light

may

be raised, so they

may

see each other atalong distance; this istolastsolong as the earth stands; theysaidfurther, that this law of peace shall last fromgenerationtogeneration

—

^{so longasthere shall be ared}

^man

living on this earth; they also said,that the fire shall continue

20 CHEROKEES.

among

us andshallnever be extinguished as long as one remains.

The

Senecafurthersaid tothe Shawnees, I have put a belt around you, and havetied

up

the talk inabundle, and placed it on your backs;

we

will

now make

apath on which

we

willpasstothe Sioux.

The

Seneca said further,

You

shall continue your path until it shallreach the lodge oftheOsage.

When

the talkwas brought to the Sioux, they replied,

We

feelthankful to

you

and will take your talk;

we

can seealightthrough the pathyou have

made

for us.

"

When

the

Shawnee

brought thetalk totheOsages, theyreplied,

By

to-morrow,

by

the middle of the day,

we

shall have finished our business.

The

Osage said further,

The

GreatSpirithasbeen kindto

me

; he hasbrought somethingtome,Ibeing fatigued hunt- ingforit.

When

the

Shawnee

returnedto thelodgeof the Osages, theywere informed that theyweretobe killed,and theyimmediately ly

made

their escape.

''

When

the

Shawnees

returned totheir

homes whence

they came, they said they had been near beingkilled.

''The Seneca then said to the Shawnees, that theOsages must be mistaken.

They

sent

them

back to

them

again.

The Shawnees went

again tosee the Osages

—

they told

them

theirbusiness.

The

Osages remarked,

The

Great Spirit has been good to us,

—

to-morrow

by

^themiddle of theday he will giveus somethingwith- outfatigue.

When

the Shawnees arrived atthelodge, anold

man

of the Osages told

them

that theyhad better

make

their escape;

thatif they didnot,

by

the middleof the following day,they were

all to be destroyed, and directed

them

to the nearest point of the woods.

The

Shawnees

made

their escape about midday.

They

discovered the Osagesfollowing them, and threw

away

their packs, reserving thebagtheir talk was in, and arrived at their

camp

safe.

When

theShawneesarrivedhome,theysaidtheyhad

come

nearbeing killed, and the Osages refused to receive their talk.

The

Seneca then said, If the Osages will not take our talk, let

them

remain as they are;

and when

the rising generation shall

become

as one, the Osagesshall be like

some

herb standing alone.

The

Seneca further said,

The

Osages shall be like a lone cherry-tree, standing in the prairies, where the birdsof all kinds shall light

upon

itat pleasure.

The

reasonthis talkwas

made

about theOsageswas,thatthey prided themselves

upon

theirwarriorsandmanhood, anddid not wish to

make

peace

"The

Senecafurthersaid.

We

havesucceededin

making

peace with

CHEROI^ES. 21

all the Xorthern and neighbouring tribes.

The

Seneca then said totheShawnees,

You must now

turn yourcourse to the South:

you must make

yourpathto the Cherokees, and even

make

it into their houses.

When

the

Shawnees

started atnightthey took

up

their

camp

andsat

up

all night, praying tothe Great Spirit to enable

them

to arrive in peace

and

safety

among

the Cherokees.

The Shawnees

stillkepttheircourse, untilthey reached aplacecalled Tah-le-c^uah, where they arrived in safety, as they wished, and there

met

tlie chiefsand warriors of the Cherokees.

When

they arrived nearTah- le-quah, theywent toahouse andsent two

men

tothe head chiefs.

The

chief's daughter was the onlyperson in the house.

As

soon asshe saw them, she

went

out and

met

them, and shook

them by

the

hand

and asked

them

into the house to sit down.

The men

were allinthefield at

work —

the girl'sfather

was

withthem.

She

ran

and

told

him

that therewere two

men

inthe house,and that they were enemies.

The

chief immediately ran to the house

and

shook

them by

thehand,

and

stoodat thedoor.

The

Cherokees all

assembled around the house,and said.Letuskillthem, forthey are enemies.

Some

ofthe

men

saidNo, the chief'sdaughter hastaken

them by

the

hand

; so also hasourchief.

The men

then

became

bet- ter satisfied.

The

chiefaskedthetwo

men

ifthey werealone.

They

answered,no; thattherewere

some more

with them.

He

told

them

togoafter

them

andbring

them

tohis house.

When

thesetwo

men

returnedwith the rest of their people,the chief asked

them what

theirbusiness was.

They

thenopened thisvaluablebundle,and told

him

thatitcontained a talk forpeace.

The

chief told them,I can- notdo business alone; allthe chiefs are assembledata place called Cho-qua-ta, whereIwillattend toyourbusiness in general council.

When

themessengersofpeace arrivedatCho-qua-ta,theywere kindly received

by

thechiefs,

who

told

them

theywouldgladly receive their talk of peace.

The

messengers ofpeacethen said tothe Cherokees,

We

^will

make

^apath for

you

to travelin,

and

the rising generation

may

do the same,

— we

also will keep it swept clean and white, so that the rising gcneratioti

may

travel in peace.

The Shawnee

furthersaid.

We

^willkeepthe doors ofour housesopen,so that

when

the rising generation

come among

us they shall be welcome; he furthersaid, This talk isintendedforall the different tribes of our red brothers, and is to last to the end of time; he further said, I have

made

a fireout of thedryelm

—

thisfire isforallthedifferent tribes to seeby. I have put one

chunk

toward the rising sun, one

22 CHEROKEES.

toward the setting sun, one toward the north, and one toward the south. Thisfireisnottobeextinguished solong as time lasts. 1 shall stick

up

a stick close

by

this fire, in order that it

may

fre-

quentlybe ^stirred, and raisealight fortherising generation to see by; ifany one should turn in thedark,

you must

catch

him by

the hand,and lead

him

tothelight,sothathecanseethathe was wrong.

" Ihave

made you

afire-light,Ihavestripped

some

white hickory barkand setit

up

againstthe tree,inorder that

when you

wish to re-

move

thisfire,

you

can take it and put it on the bark_j

when you

kindlethisfire itwillbe seenrising

up

toward theheavens. I will see it and

know

^it; I

am

your oldest brother.

The

messenger of peace further said,Ihave preparedwhitebenchesforyou, andleaned thewhite pipe againstthem, and

when you

eat

you

shallhave but one dish and onespoon.

We

have done every thing thatwasgood, but ourwarriors stillhold their

tomahawks

in theirhands,asifthey wished tofighteachother.

We

will

now

taketheir

tomahawks

from

them

andbury

them

;

we must

bury

them

deep underthe earthwhere thereiswater; andthere

must

bewinds,which

we

wish to blow

them

so far thatourwarriors

may

neversee

them

again.

"

The

messengerfurthersaid.

Where

thereisbloodspiltI willwipe

it

up

clean

—

wherever bones have been scattered, I have taken

them

and buried them, andcovered

them

with white hickorybark and a white cloth

—

^there

^must

^beno

^more

^{blood spilt; ourwarriors}

^must

notrecollect ^it

any more

; ourwarriorssaid thatthe Cherokeeswere workingfor therisinggeneration

by

themselves_;

we must

take hold andhelpthem.

"

The

messengers then said that you Cherokees are placed

now

underthe centre ofthe sun; this talkI leavewith

you

for thedifl"er-

enttribes, and

when you

talk it, our voice shallbe loud

enough

to be heardover thisisland. This isallI haveto say."

Mr. Ross then arose and addressed the Council asfollows

:

"

Brothers

:

The

talk of our forefathers has been spoken, and

you

have listened to it.

You

have also

smoked

the pipe of peace, and shaken the right

hand

of friendship around theGreat Council-

fire, newlykindled atTah-le-quah, inthewest, and our hearts have been

made

glad on the interestingoccasion.

"_Brothers:

When we

look into the history of our race,

we

see

some

greenspotsthat arepleasingto us.

We

also find

many

^things

to

make

the heart sad.

When we

look

upon

the first council-fire kindled

by

our forefathers,

when

the pipe of peace was

smoked

in

CHEROKEES. ₂₃

brotherly friendshipbetween the differentnations of red people, our heartsrejoice inthe goodness of our Creator in having thus united the heartand

hand

of thered

man

in peace.

"

For

^itis in peace only thatour

women and

children can enjoy happiness andincreasein numbers.

"

By

peaceourconditionhasbeenimprovedin the pursuit ofcivil- izedlife.

We

^{should, therefore, extendthe}

hand

offriendshipfrom tribe to tribe, until peace shallbe establishedbetweenevery nation ofred

men

within the reach ofourvoice.

" Brothers:

When we

callto

mind

the onlyassociationswhichen- dearedusto the landwhich gave birth to our ancestors, where

we

have been brought

up

inpeaceto tastethe benefits of civilized life

;

and when we

see that our ancientfire has therebeen extinguished,

and

our people compelled to

remove

toa

new

and distant country,

we

cannot but feel sorry; but the designs of Providence, in the course of events,are mysterious

— ^we

^{should not,therefore, despair}

ofonce

more

enjoyingthe blessings ofpeace inour

new

homes.

''Brothers:

By

this removal, tribes thatwere once separated

by

distance have

become

neighbours, and

some

of them, hitherto not

known

toeach other,have

met and become

acquainted. There are, however,

numerous

other tribes to

whom we

are still strangers.

" Brothers:Itisforrevivinghereinthewestthe ancient talk ofour forefathers,andof perpetuatingforever the oldfireandpipe of peace broughtfrom the east, and ofextending

them

fromnationtonation, and foradopting suchinternational laws as

may

be necessaryto re- dressthewrongswhich

may

be done

by

individualsofour respective nations

upon

each other, that

you

have been invited to attend the presentcouncil.

"Brothers,letussothenactthatthe peaceandfriendshipwhich so happily existed between ourforefathers,

may

be forever preserved

;

and that

we may

alwayslive as brothers of the

same

family."

The

following compactwas then introduced

by

Mr. Ross, for the deliberationandaction of the council^:

—

"

Whei-eas,the removal of the Indiantribesfrom the

homes

of their fathers, east of the Mississippi, has there extinguished our ancient council-fires,

and

changed our position in regard to each other; andwhereas,

by

thesolemn pledge oftreaties,

we

are assured

by

thegovernmentof theUnitedStates that the lands which

we now

possessshallbethe undisturbed

home

of ourselvesand our posterity for ever. Therefore^

we

theauthorized representatives of theseveral

24 CHEROKEES.

nations, parties hereunto assembled around tlie Great Council-fire, kindledinthewest, atTah-le-quah,inorder topreserve the existence of our race, to revive

and

cultivatefriendlyrelations between our severalcommunities, tosecure to all their respective rights, and to promotethe generalwelfare,do enterinto the followingcompact

:

"1st. Peaceandfriendshipshallbe for ever maintained between theparties to this compact, and betweentheirrespective citizens.

"_2d.

Revenge

shall not becherished,norretaliationpractisedfor offences committed

by

individuals.

"_3d.

To

provideforthe

improvement

ofourpeopleinagriculture, manufactures, andotherdomestic arts,adapted to promotethe com- fort and happiness of our

women

and children,afixedand perma- nentlocation on ourlands is an indispensablecondition. Inorder, therefore, to secure those important objects,to prevent any^future removal,

and

totransmitto our posterityan unimpairedtitle tolands guarantied to our respective nations

by

the United States,

we

hereby solemnlypledge ourselves toeach other,thatnonation, party to this compact, shall, without theconsent of all the other parties, cede, or in any

manner

alienate to the United ^States anypart of theirpresentterritory.

"_{4th. If a citizen of} one nation

commit

wilfulmurder, orother crimes,within thelimitsof anothernation,party hereto, heshallbe subject tothe

same

treatment as if he wereacitizenof that nation.

Incases ofpropertystolen, ortaken'by force orfraud,the property, iffound, shall be restoredtothe owner; but if notfound, the con- victedperson shallpay the fullvaluethereof.

"_{5th. If acitizen of}anynation, partyto thiscompact,shall com- mit

murder

or other crime, andflee from justice into the territory of anyother party hereto, such criminal shall, on

demand

of the principal chief of the nation from which hefled, (accompanied with reasonable proof of his guilt,)be delivered

up

to theauthorities of the nationhavingjurisdiction of the crime.

"_6th.

We

herebyfurtheragree, thatifanyofour respectiveciti- zensshall

commit murder

or other crime

upon

thepersonofany such citizen in anyplace

beyond

the limitsof our severalterritories,the personsooffendingshallbe subjectto the

same

treatment as if the offencehad been committedwithin the limitsofhis

own

nation.

''7th.

Any

citizen of one nation

may

be admitted to citizenship

m

^{any other nation,}party hereto,

by

the consent of the proper au- thorities ofsuch nation.

CHEROKEES. 25

"

_8tb.

The

use of ardent spiritsbeing a fruitful source of crime andmisfortune,

we recommend

itssuppression within our respective limits; andagree thatnocitizen of one nation shallintroduce

them

intotheterritory ofanyothernation,party to this compact."

The

foregoingcompactwas,however, only signed

by

two or three tribes; itwas something

new

to the delegates,and a projecttheydid notfeelauthorized to act

upon

without consulting their respective constituents; each delegation wasfurnished with a copyfor future deliberation and action.

Although

thecouncil failed inits

main

object,

we

^doubtnot that

much

goodwill resultfrom the commingling of so

many

different tribes,

who

have often been arrayed against each other in deadly

strife,

upon

the

immense

plains

which

supplies

most

of

them

with the

means

ofsubsistence.

During

the whole session the utmost good feeling and

harmony

prevailed; the business

was

brought to a close at sundown, after which the various tribes joined in dancing, which was usuallykept

up

to a late hour.

28.

THREE CHEROKEE LADIES.

(Painted1S42.)

29.

TWO CHEROKEE GIRLS.

(Painted1842.)

30.

CADDO COVE, CADDO CREEK, ARKANSAS.

(Painted1843.)

Gov. P.

M.

Butler and party on their return from council with thewild Indians.

31.

VIEW OP THE ARKANSAS VALLEY FROM MAGAZINE MOUNTAIN.

(Painted1844.)

26 POTOWATOMIES.

32.

NATURAL DAM IN CRAWFORD COUNTY, ARKANSAS.

(Painted1844.)

33.

VIEW OF DARDANELLE ROCK ON THE ARKANSAS.

(Painted1844.)

CHICKASAW.

34.

ISH-TON-NO-YES,

or

JAMES GAMBLE.

(Painted1843.)

Chickasaw Interpreter.

A young man

of education, and speaks Englishfluently.

POTOWATOMIES.

These

people formerly

owned

and occupied a large tract of land in Michigan, and have by treaty stipulations been

removed

west of the Mississippi; theyare at present locatedonthe Missouri, inthe vicinity ofCouncilBluffs.

A

^{portion of}

them

raise

some

corn and a fewvegetables, but do not cultivate the soil to

any

great extent.

They

are supposed to have originally belonged to the

Chippewa

family, as their language, manners, and customs bear a similarity to them.

POTOWATOMIES. 27

35.

WA-UON-SEH,

OR

THE WHITE SKY.

(PaintedJune,1843.)

PrincipalChiefofthe Prairie

Band

^ofPotowatomies,residingnear CouncilBluflfs. Thischiefis a boldandsagacious warrior, but pos- sesses no merit as an orator; his will is submitted to his people throughhisspeaker, a

man

possessed of greatpowers oforatory.

Many

of his

war

exploits are of a thrillingandexciting nature

;

but the

want

of

room

compels usto restrictourselvesto one ortwo instances only ofhis firmnessandbold daring.

Some

years since, awar-party ofOsagesvisited their country

and made

an unexpected attack

upon

them, killing

many

of theirwar- riors and escapingwiththeir scalps.

Immediate

retaliation

was

out of the question. Yearspassedaway, duringwhich time

many

ofhis people died with the small-pox

and

intemperate use of whiskey, thereby reducing hiswarriors to a

mere

handful. Notwithstanding this dire calamity,

Wabonseh

still cherished that spirit of revenge so dearto an Indian'sheart,and determined to avenge thedeath of hispeople.

He

accordinglycollected a small party, visited the Osagecountry,

and made

adescent

upon

oneoftheir villages,whichcontainedtriple their

own number

ofwarriors.

Nothing

daunted, he determined to

make

an attack.

They

consequently secreted themselves in the neighbourhood,

and

waited theapproach of night. Itwas dark and cloudy,andwell suited totheirpurposes.

A

spy

was

despatchedto learn the position of their enemies, with orders to return to

camp when

the Osages were slumbering.

About

midnight he

made

his appearance, bringing the intelligencethatall

was

quiet. Wa-bon-seh

and

his party

made

their

way

to the village, crept

upon

the war- riors

who

laysleepingaround theembersof their camp-fires, uncon- scious of the fate thatawaited them.

At

a signalfromthe chiefthe

work

ofdeath

commenced

; those

who

escapedthis fatewere aroused

by

the noise, andfled in terror.

Wa-bon-seh, havingbeensuccessfulinprocuring thescalpsofseve- raloftheirwarriors,did notpursuethem, butsetfire totheir lodges,

and made

good his retreat.

At

sunrisethey werefar ontheir

way

towards theirhomes.

This

man

wasinattendance atthe great international council held at Tah-le-quah, inthe Cherokee nation, during the

month

of June,

28 POTOWATOMIES.

1843. Shortlyafterhis arrivalhe entered the

camp

of hisold ene- mies, theOsages.

The

old chief, Black Dog, and

some

six of his warriors were seated

upon

the ground, busilyengaged in

mending

theirmoccasins,anddidnotfor

some

time perceive him. Aftermain- tainingsilence for

some

time, and gazing

upon

the timeworn visage oftheOsage chief,he asked him, through theinterpreter,ifhe recol- lected the facts above alluded to. Black

Dog

replied, that he re-

membered

the circumstance well; he then told

him

thathe wasthe warrior

who

ledthe party

upon

that occasion. Black

Dog

and his party immediately sprang to theirfeet, and each in his turn shook the venerable chief

by

thehand, andassured

him

that hereafterthey

would

be firm andlasting friends.

The

pipe of peace was then lit,

and theysat

down

toenjoya friendlysmoke.

This little circumstance tends to

show

the friendly feeling that existed

among

the several tribesassembled

upon

thatoccasion.

"

In 1812, he

and

his tribewere

among

thealliesofGreatBritain,

and

actively engaged against theUnited States.

But

atthe treaty heldat Greenville, in 1814, he was one ofthose, who, intheIndian phrase, took the seventeenfires

by

the

hand

and buried the toma- hawk.

He

has ever sincebeen an undeviatingfriendof the

Ameri-

can government andpeople.

"

He

was one of the chiefs

who

negotiated the treaty of the

Wa-

bashin1836.

At

the close of the treaty, andwhile

encamped

on the

bank

of the rivernear the spot where the

town

^of

Huntingdon now

stands, he engaged inafrolic,and indulged too freely inardent spirits.

A mad

scene ensued,suchas usually attends a savagerevel,^• inthe course ofwhich,a wan-ior

who

hadthe stationof friendor aid toWa-bon-seh, accidentallyplunged hisknifedeepintheside of the chief.

The wound

wasdangerous,and confined

him

all winter; but Gen. Tipton, then agent of our governmentin thatquarter, having kindly attended tohim, he

was

carefully nursed, and survived.

His

sometimefriend,fearing thathe

might

beconsidered as having for- feited that character,

had

fled as soonashe

was

sober

enough

tobe conscious ofhis

own

unlucky agencyinthetragic scene.

" Earlyin the spring, Gen. Tipton

was

^surprised

by

avisitfrom Wa-bon-seh,

who came

toannounce his

own

recovery, and thankthe agentfor hiskindness.

The

latter seizedthe occasion to effect a

n

conciliation between the chief and his fugitive friend, urging

upon

theformerthe accidental nature of the injury, and the sorrow

and

alarmof theoffender. Wa-bon-sehreplied instantly, ^'

You may

send

STOCKBRIDGES. 29

to

him

andtell

him

to

come

back

—

^a

man

that willrun offlike a

dog

with histaildown, for fearof death,isnotworthkilling. I willnot hurt him.'

We

^{arepleased to sayhekept hisword."}

—

McKinney.

36.

OP-TE-GEE-ZIIEEK,

or

IIALF-DAY.

(Painted June,1843.)

Principal Speaker andCounsellor of thePotowatomies. This

man

is justly celebrated for his powers of oratory.

By

his dignity of manner, andthe softand silverytones of his voice, hesucceeds ad- mirably in gaining themost profoundattention ofallwithin hearing.

At

the councilwhich heattendedin theCherokeenationheattracted universalattention, bothfrom his eloquenceand ^the singularity of his dress, the styleofwhich he probablyobtainedfromthe Catholic missionaries residing

upon

thefrontier.

NA-SWA-GA,

OR

THE FEATHERED ARROW.

(Painted1843.)

PrincipalChiefofa

band

ofPotowatomies, residingon thewaters ofLittleOsage River^; heisdistinguished asabold warrior.

STOCKBRIDGES.

3S.

THOMAS HENDRICK.

(Painted 1813.)

Principal

Chief of the Stockbridges.

Of

thistribebut feware living,

and

they have united themselves with the Delawares, with

whom

they cultivate the soil in

common.

This

man

speaks good English,

and

isveryaffable in hismanners.

30 MUNSEES.— OTTAWAS.

MUNSEES.

39.

JIM GRAY.

(Painted1843.)

Principal

Chiefof the Munsees,asmalltribe residingwiththt Delawares.

OTTAWAS.

40.

SHAB-A-NEE.

(Painted1843.)

An Ottawa

Chief. This

man

^is well

known

throughoutthe north- ern part of Michigan andIllinois,hispeople having formerly occu- piedand

owned

thesoilinthatregion.

During

the late

war

hewas oneof themost prominentactors, and one ofTecumseh's counsellors and aides-de-camp.

He

says he was near

Tecumseh when

he fell,

and represents

him

as having been stabbedthrough the

body

with a bayonet,

by

asoldier: he seizedthe

gun

with hislefthand, raised his

tomahawk,

and was abouttodespatch him,

when

an officer,wear- ing a chajiemc and riding a white horse, approached him,

drew

a pistolfromhis holster,and^shothim.

He

^{and theremaining fewof}

hispeople residewith thePotowatomies, nearCouncil Bluffs,onthe Missour.

CHIPPE WAS

.

—DEL AWAKES.

₃₁

CHIPPEWAS.

41.

SAUSH-BUX-CUM,

or

BEAVER DRAGGING A LIMB.

(Painted1843.)

A Chippewa

Chief. This

man

ischief of a small

band

ofChip- pewas, residinginthePotowatomiecountry; these are

more

advanced in civilizationthanthose livingonthe Northern Lakes; theyarenot unlike thePotowatomies intheir

manners

andcustoms.

DELAWAEES.

The

^historyof this once powerful tribe is recordedinthe early settlements of Pennsylvania,

New

Jersey, Delaware, Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois. There is perhaps no tribe

who

have been

more

en- croached

upon by

the whites, or

who

have

more

manfully resisted civilizedinvasion,astheyhave been forcedfromthe gravesand hunt- ing-grounds of their forefathers, than the Delawares.

They now

occupy asmalltractofcountry west of the Missouri river,and sub- sist

by

cultivation.

42.

CAPT. KETCHUM.

(Painted1843.)

A

^{Delaware Chief.}

A

Delaware Chief.

43.

SECOND EYE.

(Painted1843.)