AUTHOR Paper Session
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Network Topology
Poster Session 1 Angelica Kiboro Providing Access to Education in Sub-Saharan Countries through Content-Oriented Technology Oral Paper Session 9 - Curricula 1 Bob McLeod Smartphone Data for use within Agent Based Modeling of Malaria Prevalence Oral Paper Session 3 - mHealth 2
Chuka Eze Project Spread the Light Poster Session 1
Cokorda Rai Adi Pramartha The Composition Approach Non-QWERTY Keyboard for Balinese Script Oral Paper Session 9 - Curricula 1 Daulphin RAZAFIPAHATELO AUTOMATIC FLOODS DETECTION WITH A KERNEL K-MEANS APPROACH Oral Paper Session 7 - Comm. Engagement 2 Deepak Vashisth Breaking Into Social Nervous System Architecture for Reality Mining Oral Paper Session 6 - mHealth 3
Derek Rayside Accurate ECG R-Peak Detection for Telemedicine Oral Paper Session 6 - mHealth 3
Dmitry Klishch Induced Mechanical Motion by Thermal Solar Energy Poster Session 1
Dmitry Klishch Exo-supportive augmentation device for individuals with restricted mobility Poster Session 2
Domenico Repice Eye-Controlled Wheelchair Poster Session 2
Douglas Sparkes Addressing "Bottom-of-Pyramid" Humanitarian Problems through Collaboration and Virtual Incubation Technologies
Oral Paper Session 9 - Curricula 1
Eduardo Pinos THE IMPACT AND BENEFITS OF TECHINICAL HELPS FOR DISABLED PEOPLE Oral Paper Session 5 - Connectivity and Comm. Technology 1 and Curricula 1 Eduardo Pinos CURSOR CONTROL SYSTEM OF A COMPUTER BY ELECTRO-OCULOGRAPHS SIGNS FOR MOTOR DISABILITY Oral Paper Session 8 - Connectivity and Comm. Technology 2 Edwin Nowicki An Experimental Investigation of the Distributed Electronic Load Controller: A New Concept for Voltage
Regulation in Microhydro Systems with Transfer of Excess Power to Household Water Heaters
Poster Session 1 Garry Enns Students for Sustainability: An Experiential Education Experience in Honduras for University of Manitoba
Engineering Students
Oral Paper Session 5 - Connectivity and Comm. Technology 1 and Curricula 1 Gregg Gunsch Designing for the Community; the Defiance College Approach Oral Paper Session 5 - Connectivity and Comm. Technology 1 and Curricula 1 GURU KIRAN SHANMUGAM IMPROVING THE TOUCH SCREEN ACCESSIBILITY FOR VISUALLY CHALLENGED PEOPLE Poster Session 1
AUTHOR Paper Session
Halima Aminu Barriers thrusting E- Learning to the backseat: Nigeria a Case Study Poster Session 1
Hamid Mcheick Context-aware Model for Health Care Systems Oral Paper Session 1 - mHealth 1
Hamidreza Memarzadeh-Tehran Smartphone-Centric Human Posture Monitoring System Poster Session 2
Hiba Ahsan Vision Based Laer Controlled Keyboard System for the Disabled Poster Session 1
Hugo Andres Macias LOW COST OFF-GRID SOLAR PV AND LED LIGHTNING SYSTEM Poster Session 1
Janardhana Chandrasekhararao Putrevu
Utilization of Humanitarian Logistics and Supply Chain Management for Disaster Response Operations With special focus on Disaster Response after Indian Ocean Tsunami
Oral Paper Session 2 - Data/personal Security and Operations Supply Chain
Joyal John Peter Gesture Recognition For Dumb People ( Portable Hardware) Poster Session 2
Khaled Alutaibi Resources Allocation in Disaster Response using Ordinal Optimization Based Approach Oral Paper Session 2 - Data/personal Security and Operations Supply Chain
Laith Kadhim Performance Improvement of Telephone and Mobile Channels Equalizer Poster Session 1
Lamya Albraheem Toward designing efficient application to identify objects for visually impaired Poster Session 1
Levent Erdogan Magnetic Induction for Underwater Wireless Communications Systems Poster Session 1
M Soperi M Zahid Application of Mobile Cloud Computing in Care Pathways Poster Session 2
Majid Janidarmian Portable Self-training System for Delivering mHealth Interventions to Rehabilitation Patients Oral Paper Session 1 - mHealth 1
Majid Janidarmian Mobile Accelerometer-Based Respiration Monitoring System Oral Paper Session 3 - mHealth 2
MANOJ KUMAR PANJWANI Towards the Solution of the Effect of Humidity on the Efficiency of Solar Cell Poster Session 1 Mario Aleman Prototyping Appropriate Medical Technologies for Quality Community Health Services Poster Session 1 Mark Sterling Matching Pursuit Decomposition For Disorganization Analysis of the Surface Electrocardiogram During
Atrial Fibrillation
Poster Session 2 Mehedi Hasan Energy Consumption in Digital Coherent and Traditional Intensity Modulation RoF Systems for Broadband
Wireless Access
Oral Paper Session 8 - Connectivity and Comm. Technology 2 Mohamed Abdur Rahman A Multimedia non-Invasive e-Therapy Framework for Measuring Live Kinematic Data Oral Paper Session 3 - mHealth 2
NLEMORISA REMIGIUS DIGITIZED PERSONNEL MATTERS SOLUTION FOR EFFECTITVE GOVERNANCE & ADMINISTRATION OF AN ENTITY
Poster Session 1
Pater Mátatelki An assistive interpreter tool using glove-based hand gesture recognition Oral Paper Session 8 - Connectivity and Comm. Technology 2 Pritpal Singh Community Engagement for the Development of a Micro-hydroelectric site in Ifugao, Philippines Oral Paper Session 4 - Comm. Engagement 1
Rajesh Kannan Megalingam Wheeled Patient Monitoring System Oral Paper Session 6 - mHealth 3
Rajesh Kannan Megalingam Sound and Touch based Smart Cane: Better Walking Experience for Visually Challenged Poster Session 2 Rajesh Kannan Megalingam ECG, Pulse Rate, SpO2, BP and Temperature measurements: Preventive measures in Pre-natal health care Oral Paper Session 1 - mHealth 1
AUTHOR Paper Session
Randy Herrmann The engineering access program for Indigenous students Oral Paper Session 4 - Comm. Engagement 1
Ravakiniaina Narindra RANDRIANJATOVO
ESTIMATION OF LAND SURFACE TEMPERATURE OVER REUNION ISLAND USING THE THERMAL INFRARED CHANNELS OF LANDSAT-8
Oral Paper Session 7 - Comm. Engagement 2
Rozita Dara Empowering Users through Privacy Management Recommender Systems Oral Paper Session 2 - Data/personal Security and Operations Supply Chain
Rozita Dara Open Data offers Open Opportunities: A Case Study Poster Session 1
Ryan Mann System design of a low-cost digital x-ray detector Oral Paper Session 1 - mHealth 1
Saiful Zaimy Yahaya Implementation of PID Controller with PSO Tuning for FES-assisted Rehabilitation Exercise + Knee-FES- Ergometer For Paretic Knee Swinging Exercise: Tuning of PID Controller using PSO
Poster Session 2 Sandika Biswas SEVERITY IDENTIFICATION OF POTATO LATE BLIGHT DISEASE FROM LEAF IMAGES CAPTURED UNDER
UNCONTROLLED ENVIRONMENT
Poster Session 1
Sandra Gesing Gateways to High-Perfomance and Distributed Computing Resources for Global Health Challenges Oral Paper Session 8 - Connectivity and Comm. Technology 2
Sanjay Kimbahune Use of Evolutionary Algorithm in Radiation Therapy Oral Paper Session 4 - Comm. Engagement 1
Sanjay Kimbahune Experience of application design for rural health care: Oral Paper Session 7 - Comm. Engagement 2
Sreecharan Sankaranarayanan SmartSlate: Rethinking Tactile Interfaces for the Blind Oral Paper Session 5 - Connectivity and Comm. Technology 1 and Curricula 1 Sreecharan Sankaranarayanan Harnessing Infant Cry for swift, cost-effective Diagnosis of Perinatal Asphyxia in low-resource settings Oral Paper Session 6 - mHealth 3
Stephanie Iossifidis intelliChair: User Customizable Control Devices for Powered Wheelchair Users through Software Poster Session 1 Stephen Makonin Transmitting Patient Vitals Over a Reliable ZigBee Mesh Network Poster Session 2
Stephen Makonin A Consumer Bill of Rights for Energy Conservation Oral Paper Session 4 - Comm. Engagement 1
Sunisa Sathapornvajana Subgroup Differences Based on Ageing Dimension for IP-based Communication Applications Oral Paper Session 5 - Connectivity and Comm. Technology 1 and Curricula 1
Terrance Malkinson Sports for Global Citizenship Oral Paper Session 7 - Comm. Engagement 2
Thelma Virginia Rodrigues IPUC's Technological Fair: space of opportunity and experience for new technologies and space from perceptions of social impacts of technologies.
Oral Paper Session 9 - Curricula 1 Thelma Virginia Rodrigues Project Vila Fatima: the humanistic education of students from the Power Engineering and ongoing
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Poster Session 1
Thelma Virginia Rodrigues Engineering applied to the health area Poster Session 2
Vasily Moshnyaga A Smart System for Home Monitoring of People with Cognitive Impairment Oral Paper Session 3 - mHealth 2
Witold Kisner Enhanced Crowdsourcing for Disasters through Ham-Radio Operators Oral Paper Session 5 - Connectivity and Comm. Technology 1 and Curricula 1 Yao-Nan Lien Cross Network Topology Design for Contingency Cellular Network Oral Paper Session 2 - Data/personal Security and Operations Supply Chain Yao-Nan Lien ProPath - Guideline based Software for the Implementation in the Inhospital and Outpatient area Oral Paper Session 9 - Curricula 1
DATE Time
Paper
Number Abstract AUTHOR(S)
Oral Paper Session 1 - mHealth 1
02-Jun-14 8:30a.m.-8:45 a.m. 906System design of a low-cost digital x-ray detector Ryan Mann , Sina Ghanbarzadeh , Karim Karim (University of Waterloo) 8:30-9:30 a.m.
8:45a.m.-9:00a.m. 932Portable Self-training System for Delivering mHealth Interventions to Rehabilitation Patients
Majid Janidarmian , Atena Roshan Fekr, Katarzyna Radecka , Zeljko Zilic (McGill University)
9:00a.m.-9:15a.m. 1033Context-aware Model for Health Care Systems Hamid Mcheick , Asma Jelassi (University of Quebec at chicoutimi) 9:15a.m.-9:30a.m. 944ECG, Pulse Rate, SpO2, BP and Temperature measurements:
Preventive measures in Pre-natal health care
Rajesh Kannan Megalingam , Goutham Pocklassery , Vivek Jayakrishnan, Mourya Galla, Athul Asokan Thulasi (Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham University)
Oral Paper Session 2 - Data/personal Security and Operations Supply Chain
02-Jun-14 8:30a.m.-8:45a.m. 926Empowering Users through Privacy Management Recommender Systems
Rozita Dara (University of Guelph) 8:30-9:30 a.m.
8:45a.m.-9:00a.m. 911Resources Allocation in Disaster Response using Ordinal Optimization Based Approach
Khaled Alutaibi , Abdullah Alsubaie , Jose Marti (University of British Columbia)
9:00a.m.-9:15a.m. 982Cross Network Topology Design for Contingency Cellular Network
Yao-Nan Lien , Jyh-Shyan Huang , Jyh-Shyan Huang (National Chengchi University)
9:15a.m.-9:30a.m. 1052
Utilization of Humanitarian Logistics and Supply Chain Management for Disaster Response Operations With special focus on Disaster Response after Indian Ocean Tsunami
Janardhana Chandrasekhararao Putrevu (CMC Limited) , Srinivasu Mulukutla (TCS) , Narayana MGPL (TCS)
Oral Paper Session 3 - mHealth 2
03-Jun-14
8:30a.m.-8:45 a.m. 957Smartphone Data for use within Agent Based Modeling of Malaria Prevalence
Bob McLeod , Chathura Illangakoon , Marcia Friesen (U of Manitoba) 8:30-9:30 a.m.
8:45a.m.-9:00a.m. 971A Multimedia non-Invasive e-Therapy Framework for Measuring Live Kinematic Data
Mohamed Abdur Rahman (University of Ottawa)
9:00a.m.-9:15a.m. 977A Smart System for Home Monitoring of People with Cognitive Impairment
Vasily Moshnyaga , Osamu Tanaka , To-Shin Ryu , Yul Hayashida , Yuchiro Ide (Fukuoka University)
9:15a.m.-9:30a.m. 934Mobile Accelerometer-Based Respiration Monitoring System Majid Janidarmian , Katarzyna Radecka , Zeljko Zilic (McGill University) Oral Paper Session 4 - Comm.
Engagement 1
03-Jun-14 8:30a.m.-8:45 a.m. 929A Consumer Bill of Rights for Energy Conservation Stephen Makonin , Bob Gill (British Columbia Institute of Technology) 8:30-9:30 a.m.
8:45a.m.-9:00a.m. 956The engineering access program for Indigenous students Randy Herrmann (University of Manitoba) 9:00a.m.-9:15a.m. 987Community Engagement for the Development of a Micro-
hydroelectric site in Ifugao, Philippines
Pritpal Singh , Mahmoud Kabalan , Diane Tamir (Villanova University)
9:15a.m.-9:30a.m. 1002Use of Evolutionary Algorithm in Radiation Therapy Sanjay Kimbahune , Sujit Shinde (TCS) , Ratnendra Shinde , Mridula Solanki , Pawan Sable , Sunita Shanbhag (KEM)
Oral Paper Session 5 - Connectivity and Comm.
Technology 1 and Curricula 1 03-Jun-14
4:00p.m.-4:15p.m. 1008Subgroup Differences Based on Ageing Dimension for IP- based Communication Applications
Sunisa Sathapornvajana () , Borworn Papasratorn (SIT,KMUTT) 4:00-5:30 p.m.
4:15p.m.-4:30p.m. 990THE IMPACT AND BENEFITS OF TECHINICAL HELPS FOR DISABLED PEOPLE
Eduardo Pinos , Darwin Tapia , Margarita Illescas (Universidad Politacnica Salesiana)
4:30p.m.-4:45p.m. 994SmartSlate: Rethinking Tactile Interfaces for the Blind Sreecharan Sankaranarayanan , RAGHAVENDRA S H (National Institute of Technology Karnataka, Surathkal) 4:45p.m.-5:00p.m. 1001Designing for the Community; the Defiance College Approach Gregg Gunsch , Jason Stockman (Defiance College)
5:00p.m.-5:15p.m. 1018Students for Sustainability: An Experiential Education Experience in Honduras for University of Manitoba Engineering Students
Garry Enns , Kris Dick (University of Manitoba)
5:15p.m.-5:30p.m. 952Enhanced Crowdsourcing for Disasters through Ham-Radio Operators
Witold Kisner (Univ. of Manitoba)
Oral Paper Session 6 - mHealth 3
04-Jun-14 8:30a.m.-8:45 a.m. 992Harnessing Infant Cry for swift, cost-effective Diagnosis of Perinatal Asphyxia in low-resource settings
Sreecharan Sankaranarayanan , RAGHAVENDRA S H (National Institute of Technology Karnataka, Surathkal) 8:30-9:30 a.m.
8:45a.m.-9:00a.m. 999Breaking Into Social Nervous System Architecture for Reality Mining
Deepak Vashisth (Dronacharya College of Engg. , Gurgaon)
9:00a.m.-9:15a.m. 1037Accurate ECG R-Peak Detection for Telemedicine Derek Rayside (U Waterloo) , Yangdong (Jack) Liao (U Waterloo) , Ru-Xin (Tony) Na (U Waterloo)
9:15a.m.-9:30a.m. 945Wheeled Patient Monitoring System Rajesh Kannan Megalingam , Pranav Sreedharan Veliyara, Raghavendra Murali Prabhu, Rithun Raj Krishna, Rocky Katoch (Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham University)
Oral Paper Session 7 - Comm.
Engagement 2
04-Jun-14 8:30a.m.-8:45 a.m. 967Sports for Global Citizenship Terrance Malkinson (SAIT Polytechnic) , Chaun He (Univ. of Alberta) 8:30-9:30 a.m.
8:45a.m.-9:00a.m. 1003Experience of application design for rural health care: Sanjay Kimbahune () , Sujit Shinde (TCS) , Ratnendra Shinde , Mridula Solanki , Pawan Sable , Sunita Shanbhag (KEM) 9:00a.m.-9:15a.m. 1004AUTOMATIC FLOODS DETECTION WITH A KERNEL K-MEANS
APPROACH
Daulphin RAZAFIPAHATELO , Solofoarisoa RAKOTONIAINA , Solofo RAKOTONDRAOMPIANA (University)
9:15a.m.-9:30a.m. 1005ESTIMATION OF LAND SURFACE TEMPERATURE OVER REUNION ISLAND USING THE THERMAL INFRARED CHANNELS OF LANDSAT-8
Ravakiniaina Narindra RANDRIANJATOVO (University)
Oral Paper Session 8 - Connectivity and Comm.
Technology 2
04-Jun-14 10:00a.m.-10:15a.m. 913An assistive interpreter tool using glove-based hand gesture recognition
Pater Mátatelki, Sandor Turbucz, Máta Pataki (MTA SZTAKI - Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Institute for Computer Science and Control)
10:00-11:00 a.m.
10:15a.m.-10:30a.m. 916Gateways to High-Perfomance and Distributed Computing Resources for Global Health Challenges
Sandra Gesing , Jaroslaw Nabrzyski (University of Notre Dame) , Shantenu Jha (Rutgers University)
10:30a.m.-10:45a.m. 941Energy Consumption in Digital Coherent and Traditional Intensity Modulation RoF Systems for Broadband Wireless Access
Mehedi Hasan , Ramon Maldonado-Basilio , Sawsan Abdul-Majid , Trevor Hall (University of Ottawa)
10:45a.m.-11:00a.m. 989CURSOR CONTROL SYSTEM OF A COMPUTER BY ELECTRO- OCULOGRAPHS SIGNS FOR MOTOR DISABILITY
Eduardo Pinos , Xavier Mendez (Universidad Politacnica Salesiana)
Oral Paper Session 9 - Curricula 1
04-Jun-14 10:00a.m.-10:15a.m. 937Maria Teixeira School, a proposal for innovation in educational technology for social inclusion
Elcie Helena Rodrigues , Silvana Patricia de Vasconcelos (Maria Teixeira School) , Thelma Virginia Rodrigues , Andra Gonçalves ,Plinio Soares Paolinelli Maciel (Pontifical Catholic University of Minas Gerais)
10:00-11:30 a.m.
10:15a.m.-10:30a.m. 942Providing Access to Education in Sub-Saharan Countries through Content-Oriented Technology
Angelica Kiboro , Mrinay Nair , Tomisin Bisiriyu-Salam , Alex Dwhytie , Sheena Bailey (University of Waterloo)
10:30a.m.-10:45a.m. 955Addressing "Bottom-of-Pyramid" Humanitarian Problems through Collaboration and Virtual Incubation Technologies
Douglas Sparkes , Angelica Kiboro , Howard Armitage , Karin Schmidlin (University of Waterloo)
10:45 a.m.-11:00 a.m. 984The Composition Approach Non-QWERTY Keyboard for Balinese Script
Cokorda Rai Adi Pramartha (University of Sydney), I B Gede Dwidasmara (Udayana University)
11:00 a.m.-11:15 a.m. 981ProPath - Guideline based Software for the Implementation in the Inhospital and Outpatient area
Subtitle: General Conspectus about Guideline based Medical Information or Expert Systems and the Relation to Clinical
Yao-Nan Lien, Jyh-Shyan Huang , Jyh-Shyan Huang (National Chengchi University)
11:15a.m.-11:30a.m. 931IPUC's Technological Fair: space of opportunity and experience for new technologies and space from perceptions of social impacts of technologies.
Thelma Virginia Rodrigues , Claudio Dias Campos , Telmo de Oliveira Zenha , Claudineia Alves da Silva , Flavio Mauricio de Souza , Atenister Tarcisio Rego (Pontifical Catholic University of Minas Gerais)
2014 IEEE Canada International Humanitarian Technology Conference Conference Organizing Committee
Conference General Chair Ferial El-Hawary
Conference Vice-Chair Raed Abdullah
Technical Program Committee (TPC) Co- Chairs
Mohamed Sawan Pritpal Singh
IEEE Canada President Amir Aghdam
IEEE Canada Conference Advisory Committee Chair
Wahab Almuhtadi Student Paper Contest Chair Sawsan Abdul Majid Student Paper Contest Vice-Chair Alfredo Herrera Special Program and Workshop Sri Priya Sundararajan
Tutorial Chair Roni Khazaka
Finance Chair Yousef Shayan
Registration Chair Preeti Raman
WIE Activities Chair Zahra Ahmadian
Secretary Laurent Lamarre
Patronage/Exhibition Chair Eric Karmouch Local Arrangements Chair Kian Jalaleddini
Publications Chair Gerard Dunphy
Publicity Chair Alexei Botchkarev
Soon Wan Verona Wong
Fund Raising Amir Aghdam
Ferial El-Hawary Raed Abdullah
Media, Video, Photos Glenn Mcknight
Volunteers Committee Co- Chairs Wolfram Lunscher Salam Benchikh
WebSite Janet Davis
Vincent Zhang Advisory Committee Members Paul Kostek, Seattle
Mike Becker, Seattle
Kieth Moore, Aizona
Wan Gim (soon), Boston
Ed Perkins, Portland, Oregon
Mike Andrews , Arizona
Lewis Terman, N.Y.
The Composition Approach Non-QWERTY Keyboard for Balinese Script
Cokorda Rai Adi Pramartha School of Information Technologies
The University of Sydney Sydney, NSW 2006
Australia
I B Gede Dwidasmara Computer Science Department
Udayana University Jimbaran, Bali
Indonesia [email protected]
Abstract— Advances in digital technology have greatly helped in the digitization of many ancient scripts. We present the details of a project undertaken in the Indonesian island of Bali to develop a comprehensive digital script for the Balinese language with the goal of alleviating the problem of people losing their competence with both the Balinese language and Balinese script.
In this paper we introduce the first such a system consisting of a non-QWERTY keyboard layout and its application for the Balinese script of the Balinese language. The aim of the system is to assist teachers and educators in Bali to train students on how to write Balinese script in a natural as well as modern way. The composition approach of the characters in the keyboard layout was obtained through several Balinese language datasets, such as short stories, itihasa (history), proverb, poetry, etc. In addition to the system, our project also included the development of a soft keyboard for desktop and tablet/smartphone environments. Our work contributes to the preservation of the Balinese cultural heritage.
Keywords— Balinese script; non-QWERTY; Keyboard layout;
Composition approach.
I. INTRODUCTION
The use of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) in Indonesia has been steadily increasing. According to the Indonesian Internet Service Provider Association, about 63 million people (24.23% from the total Indonesian population) were connected to the Internet as of 2012. It is predicted that around 139 million (50% from the total Indonesian population) will be connected to the internet by 2015[1]. The Indonesian government has encouraged the ICT industry and community to develop content of direct relevance to the Indonesian culture and heritage [2].
Bali is an island of Indonesia, located in one of the smallest provinces of the country. It has a unique religious tradition, a rich culture, and a distinctive language (Bahasa Bali) with its own local alphabet and characteristic script (Aksara Bali). In 2000 around 3.3 million Balinese used the Balinese language in their day-to-day communication but by 2011 the Balinese Cultural Agency estimates that this number had dropped below 1 million individuals. Currently, the Balinese script is mainly used in religious works and rarely by the young
generation. The language is, thus, is facing the real possibility of extinction. Moreover, the teaching of Balinese language and script is not fully appreciated and organised by the local schools either, since relevant learning tools that meet the modern needs of education are non-existent. Furthermore, since 2013 the Balinese language subject/course is not included in the local school curriculum anymore [3, 4]. As a consequence, this central element of Balinese culture and identity is seriously threatened.
It is our conviction that through proper and focused utilization of ICT resources, Balinese language education can be facilitated. This, in turn, can contribute to the preservation of this aspect of local heritage. In this paper we introduce the first ever non-QWERTY keyboard device layout for a Balinese script editor we developed, called Tamiang.
The paper is organized as follows: In Section 2 we present an overview of the Balinese language script. In Section 3 we introduce our dataset and the Balinese script editor. In section 4 we explain our methodology for designing the layout of the Balinese keyboard. Finally, section 5 concludes the paper and includes a discussion of our future work.
II. THE BALINESE LANGUAGE & SCRIPT
The Balinese language is classified as an Austronesian language. The development of the Balinese language can be divided into three periods, namely Bahasa Bali Kuna (the ancient Balinese language), Bahasa Bali Tengahan (the middle age of Balinese language) and Bahasa Bali Baru (the new Balinese language).
Figure 1 The basic Balinese script - Hanacaraka
The Balinese language is written either in the Latin alphabet or Balinese script. The Latin alphabet is generally This project received funding from the Denpasar (Bali) City Council
under grant no. 1.25.1.25.01.15.80/2013
used to write in the modern context, while the Balinese script is used for more traditional narratives and original manuscripts were written on palm leaves [5].
The Balinese script is called Hanacaraka and it has been used since the 11th century AD [6]. The script has its own unique writing rules called Pasang Aksara. Words are written for left to right. Balinese script has 18 basic syllables, 5 vowels, 10 numbers and punctuation that are scripted through 185 characters [7]. The Balinese Script of Hanacaraka has only 18 consonants characters inherent to the syllables as shown in Figure 1. Vowel characters can be attached either after, before, above or below the main script or syllable [8] as illustrated in Figure 2. However, only one vowel is attached to the syllable ha. Furthermore, there are only two punctuations, that is, coma and period (Figure 3). Finally, the script is continuous and has no spaces between the words.
Figure 2 Vowels positions
Figure 3 Balinese punctuation TABLE I. THE BALINESE VOWELS POSITIONS
No. Balinese Name
1 tedong
2 ulu
3 ulu-sari
4. suku
5. suku-ilut
6. taleng
7. taleng-repa
8. taleng-tedong
9. taleng-repa tedong
10. pepet
11. pepet tedong
III. DATASET &THE SCRIPT EDITOR A. Data Set
In order to develop the Balinese composition keyboard a total of 147 of Balinese language datasets were used. These were scripted in Latin characters and included short stories, itihasa (history), proverb, poetry, etc. as shows in Table 1.
TABLE II. THE BALINESE LANGUAGE DATASET
No Category File
1 Short stories 19
2 History (Ithiasa) 16
3 News (Orti) 8
4 Resume of discussions (Pabligbagan) 11
5 Proverbs (Paribasa) 20
6 Speech (Pidarta) 28
7 Poetry 17
8 Stories 28
Total 147
B. The Tamiang Balinese Script Editor
The Tamiang Balinese script editor is a word processing software application that we developed, which can be used to create and edit files written in Balinese script. The software has the basic functions of a word processing application, such as open, save, print and create new files, export files to PDF/JPG, copy, cut, paste and so on. The software is designed to run on multi-platform operating systems, for example Windows, Linux and Mac.Our team is in the process ofdeveloping it for use on mobile devices such as iOS and Android. Furthermore, the Tamiang software works well in conjunction with the newly developed Balinese keyboard.
Figure 4 The Tamiang Balinese script editor
IV. METHODOLOGY A. Character Extraction
After a careful study of the Balinese language and script, especially regarding the use of consonants and vowels, we decided to perform a character extraction from the Balinese language dataset that rewrite from the Balinese script into Latin/roman characters. The flowchart in Figure 4 illustrates the extraction process of the Balinese characters that appear in the dataset. The flowchart information consists of six steps until the final number of each consonant in the dataset appears to be considered as the baseline to determine the Balinese script on the keyboard layout.
Start
Initial variable array countLetter [total consonant][1]=0
Read file dataset
*.txt
Replace vocal (aiueo) à ‘_’
Read word base on spacing
Count & match character appear on
each word
Update countLetter [][]
to match the character
and frequency End of word?
Read next word
Print array countLetter[][]
End NO
YES
Figure 5 Balinese extraction flowchart
The processes starts with the initiation of two dimensions of array variables such as countLetter [total of consonant] [1]
and set the number of data to 0 as needed. First, the process begin by reading file text (*.txt) from the dataset, starting from the beginning until the end of file (EOF). Second, replace all the vowell (a,i,u,e,o) with character of ‘-‘ to make it easier for our system to read only the consonant characters in the dataset. Third, read the word based on the spacing of the sentences. Fourth, count and match the consonants on every word. Fifth, update the total frequency of the consonants in countLetter[][] array variable. Finally, if the counting of words and consonants reaches the end of the file then print the countLetter array as the final number of consonant characters that appear in each file in the dataset.
𝐶𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡𝑖=∑𝑁𝑗=0𝐹𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑖𝑗 (1) Where:
Counti = frequency of alphabet-i for all dataset.
N = sum of alphabet after trimming (Omit vowel “auieo”)
j = index of alphabet in dataset
Freqij = appearance frequency of alphabet-i in dataset-j
B. The Keyboard Composition Approach
In this project we created the graphical user interface (GUI) software to be applied to the Figure 5 flowchart.
Through the extraction of the consonant characters from the total dataset we obtained the frequency of each consonant, as shown in Figure 6.
Figure 6 Numbers of characters appearance on dataset The pie chart in Figure 7 compares the percentage of the consonants used in the dataset of the Balinese language, as written in Latin alphabet. The outcome of the character extraction suggests that from the total percentage of consonants that appear in the dataset, approximately 20% was the n character, while from 9% to 11% used the s, k and t characters. In our dataset we found that the consonants z,x,v and f were not being used in the dataset because these consonants are not available in the Balinese scripts.
Figure 7 The frequency consonants appear in the dataset 20% n 11% k s
t 10%
r 9%
d 7%
7%
6% m 6% l
5% p 5% h
4% b 3% g 2% w
2% j
1% c v f 0%
0%
consonant
C. Keyboard Layout Arrangements
The results of consonants’ frequency was used to distribute the Balinese script on the keyboard. First, the script was distributed from the 3rd layer of the keyboard and distributed sequentially by order as shown in the Figure 8.
Second, the rest of the consonants were distributed to the upper layer which was on 2nd layer and ordered as the 3rd layer. Third, the vocals and punctuations were spread on the 4th layer. Finally, numeric characters were assigned to the 1st layer of the keyboard
Figure 8 Keyboard layout arrangements D. Key Combinations
The Balinese script has a unique way of writing sentences, where each character might sign differently depending on how the word is in the sentence. An example of different signs is shown in Figure 9 where n syllables can sign differently. To allow the symbols on the keys to be visible, we added a maximum of four keys combination to each button as shown in Figure 9. Finally, in our keyboard layout design we did not include Latin characters.
Figure 9 Keyboard button
Figure 10 Map of Balinese scripts by Latin character V. CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK
We have described our work on the composition approach for non-QWERTY keyboard for Balinese script. Our contributions are the key layout arrangement and the key layout combination for the Balinese keyboard. At present, a total of 106 basic Balinese scripts are accommodated by our design. Our keyboard and the Tamiang software have already gained the appreciation of the Balinese people and will be distributed to all schools in Denpasar by the end of 2014.
Currently we are working on getting our Balinese script editor ready for smartphones and tablets, and making the soft and touchscreen keyboards widely available for PCs, smartphones and tablets.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
We thank Professor Joseph Davis at the University of Sydney for his valuable comments on a draft of this publication. This project received funding from the Denpasar City Council of Bali under grant no. 1.25.1.25.01.15.80/2013 and this paper was sponsored by The Indonesia Endowment Fund for Education (LPDP).
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1993.
International Humanitarian Technology Conference^
Recognizes
Cokorda Rai Adi Pramartha
The University of Sydey, School of IT, Faculty of Engineering and IT
The Composition Approach Non QWERTY Keyboard for Balinese Script
Paper Presentation
INTERNATIONAL NITARIAKl TECHNOLOGY CONFERENCE, JUNE 2014, MONTREAL, CANADA
