My deepest appreciation goes to the hard work of my dear friends, Quadray Kohlhiem and Jessica Brouckaert, who worked tirelessly with me to research, design and implement a smoke-free campus at the University of Mississippi. The assistance of Leslie Banahan, associate chancellor for student affairs and the Smoke Free Policy Implementation Committee, is also greatly appreciated. The purpose of this dissertation is to examine the increasing number of smoke-free colleges and university campuses in the United States and identify the mechanisms that can be used to implement a national policy requiring all colleges and universities to be smoke-free.
The thesis then investigates the main reasons academic institutions decide to establish smoke-free campuses. In conclusion, the thesis describes the method that colleges and universities have used to successfully make their campuses smoke-free.
THE SMOKE FREE MOVEMENT AND INFLUENCES OF THE
According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), tobacco use is the leading cause of preventable deaths in the United States. Figures like these, combined with the idea that unwarranted exposure to the harmful effects of smoking, have pushed cities, states and universities to adopt smoke-free policies. 18 Lyndsey Layton, “New FDA Rules Will Sharply Restrict Tobacco Advertising and Sales,” The Washington Post, March 19, 2010, accessed October 30, 2013, http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-.
19 “Results from the 2012 National Survey on Drug Use and Health: Summary of National Findings,” The Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, accessed October 25, 2013. The tobacco industry is quite large in the United States and has a budget to reflect its size.
THE HISTORY OF THE MOVEMENT
With CDC reports suggesting that exposure to secondhand smoke increases the risk of lung cancer in nonsmokers by 20-30%, it's clear why such bans are becoming a big issue on college campuses, as they typically have thousands of students in close proximity to each. others.38 The University of Mississippi expresses this best with a policy that explains: "The goal...is to prevent secondhand smoke from affecting the health of other people on campus."39. The instructions provided after the transition are to "Notify individuals on campus of the policy in advance" by obtaining the information in student newspapers and requesting that the administration send the information to students, faculty, and staff prior to the start of the course.46 The following recommendation for placement tables is considered a. Below is the list of benefits, according to the University of Mississippi Smoking Cessation Program.
48 “The University of Mississippi Tobacco Cessation Program,” accessed November 24, 2013, http://olemiss.edu/quitnow/tobacco_cessation_program.pdf. To add to strike programs, the University of Mississippi began a marketing campaign promoting the policy.
WHAT MADE THE MOVEMENT POSSIBLE?
2014 marks the 50th anniversary of the original Surgeon General's report, which outlined the potential for disease from tobacco.63 Since the first report, there have been 29 others explaining how tobacco harms the body.64 With the release of the 30th report , it was explained in six sections, "there is no safe level of exposure to tobacco smoke."65 The first section of the report details that any amount of exposure to cigarettes, including occasional smoke or secondhand smoke, is harmful. Some of the potential effects of the chemicals in tobacco smoke on pregnancies include: "ectopic. 63 "A Report of the Surgeon General: How Tobacco Smoke Causes Disease," SurgeonGeneral.Gov, accessed January 4, 2014, http://www. surgeongeneral.gov/library/reports/tobaccosmoke/factsheet.html.
The second part of the 30th Surgeon General's report focuses on the immediate harm to the human body from tobacco smoke. Part three of the report focuses on the long-term physical damage caused by smoking. Part five of the report emphasizes that there is no safe cigarette, despite evolving types such as: filtered, low-tar, or even what some brands label as “light.”
The risk of cancer of the mouth, throat, esophagus and bladder is halved after 5 years. According to a CBS News report published on January 8, 2014—referring to the 50th anniversary of the release of the Surgeon General's first smoking report—it is believed that 8 million deaths were prevented because of the warnings each contained.85 A study published in the Journal of the American Medical Association compiled data from a number of studies to determine the number of deaths that could have occurred based on smoking habits before the 1964 report was published. Thomas Frieden, director of the Centers for Disease Control, "Tobacco is simply in a league of its own in terms of the sheer number and variety of ways it kills and maims people."87 Even with such a high number of lives. deemed to be saved by the chief physician.
Friedman further explains that there are thirty-two countries, including Brazil, Canada, Uruguay, and Australia that have been more successful than the United States in banning smoking.90 He goes on to say that in the United States, despite “ smoking images in movies, television and online remain common; and cigarettes continue to be very affordable in almost all parts of the country.”91 He also explains that the tobacco industry has worked rigorously to block efforts by the Food and Drug Administration to mandate graphic labels such as the use of thirty-two referred places. With the release of the report and guidance, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention pledged to launch a video challenge for youth to create videos promoting the findings in the 2012 report. Every entity's support for the Tobacco Prevention and Control Act Tobacco in the Family (TCA) exemplifies concerted efforts to promote smoke-free and smoke-free lifestyles for youth.
OPPOSITION AND BACKLASH
With an increasing number of college campuses heeding the warnings and restricting people from smoking, arguments are being raised about the constitutionality of the ban. Regardless of the health benefits, opponents argue that smoke-free policies infringe on people's rights."121 While supporters say they reserve the right not to be exposed to the smoke, opposition continues from students like "Michigan senior Graham Kozak, president of the College Libertarians, [who] say smoking is a 'personal choice'." Supporters may dispute that statement with the idea that a smokers choice to smoke directly affects others who choose not to smoke. Both sides have strong arguments about choices, but the question facing college campuses is "how to keep the personal choice of one from influencing the personal choice of another?" Therefore, the following question is asked: what is more meaningful to control, people who have chosen to smoke or choose not to smoke.
123 “Discussing the Smoking Ban,” The DM Online, accessed February 10, 2011, http://thedmonline.com/discussing-the-smoking-ban/. Cigarette manufacturers and independent businesses both have reasons to oppose restrictions on smoking or tobacco, mainly because of the financial harm this could have. The Constitution provides no special protection for smokers.”130 She debunks the smoker's constitutional argument by explaining that the legal justification for a person's special right to smoke would be stated in the Constitution, which is not the case.
Graff, “There is no constitutional right to smoke: 2008,” A law synopsis by the Tobacco Control Legal Consortium (2008). Oklahoma – upheld the city's policy, finding that the "right to smoke" is not included in one and a half of the fundamental rights protected by the Constitution.139 The Court's decision was supported by the reasoning that the city had the policy in place to achieve the legitimate goal of “reducing health insurance costs and increasing productivity.”140. Some businesses such as bars and some restaurants oppose smoking bans because of the potential drop in sales and revenue.
In conjunction with the announcement, CVS posted an image on its Facebook page to alert people to the company's decision to stop selling cigarettes. News and Daily Mail.165 Fleishman Hillard reported a 2000% increase in social media conversations on the day of publication.166. Specifically, he asked whether survey participants knew about the company's decision and how likely they were to shop at CVS after the decision.
The Constitution does not extend special protection to smokers, and if there was a special right to smoke, it would be stated in the Constitution. This is especially true when there is extensive news coverage and endorsements of smoke-free efforts by the President of the United States, major corporations, and major health organizations.
IS THE MOVEMENT SIMPLY A TREND? WHAT IS NEXT?
The vapors produced by these devices add another factor to the already complicated smoke-free campus. Only more research, studies and time will tell what effect this new way of smoking will have on the Smoke Free Campus Movement. Because of this, the implications of smoke-free policies could easily be the next big debate on the national agenda.
However, when applied to the process of promoting smoke-free campuses in the United States, there are certain key players that would potentially help the goal reach the Legislature. Key actors who can help push smoke-free campuses onto the national agenda include: student lobbyists, faculty administrators, special interests. The key players in implementing smoke-free campuses across the country have a major impact on the likelihood of national policy implementation.
The first chapter focuses on the origins of the Smoke Free Campus movement and the influences exerted by the tobacco industry. This chapter attributes the work of these entities to the mechanisms that enabled the smoke-free campus movement. There is no data to indicate the success rate of the smoke-free policy at the University of Mississippi.
With 1,182 smoke-free campuses and more considering the idea, it's clear that this has become a sweeping change at colleges and universities. Key players ideally suited to support and promote the implementation process of a national smoke-free policy are: Student. With all the information provided, it is realized that smoke-free campuses can become a national issue with the help of key players, but there will be a significant amount of it.
Indiana Smoke-Free Air Act,” Indiana Department of Health, accessed November 25, 2013, http://www.in.gov/isdh/tpc/2684.htm. Committee on Implementation of the Smoke-Free Campus Policy,” last modified June 6, 2012, http://www.olemiss.edu/smokefree/minutes/Minutes6.6.12.pdf.
