PDF Uday Udayana University Bali-Indonesia Ba

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INTERN

TAENIAS AND OTHER P

Denpa

Uday Ba

PROCEEDINGS

TERNATIONAL SEMINAR

NIASIS/CYSTICERCOSIS ER PARASITIC INFECTION

Denpasar, 22 Septmber 2014

Udayana University Bali-Indonesia

TIONS

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Table of Contents

THE PRESENT SITUATION OF HUMAN TAENIASES AND CYSTICERCOSIS IN ASIA

Ito, Akira, Wandra, Toni, Swastika, Kadek, Li, Tiaoying,Dekumyoy, Paron, Kusolsuk, Teera, Nkouawa, Agathe, Yanagida, Tetsuya, Sako, Yasuhito, Nakao, Minoru, Okamoto, Munehiro

GENETIC RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN TAENIA ASIATICA AND TAENIA SAGINATA

Munehiro Okamoto

DIAGNOSTICS OF CYSTICERCOSIS AND TAENIASIS Yasuhito Sako, Agathe Nkouawa, Akira Ito

HYGIENE FOR WELL-BEING “RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN WATER AND HUMAN HEALTH”

Takahiko Yoshida, M.D., Ph.D.

OVERVIEW OF THE PRESENT SITUATION OF TAENIASIS/CYSTICERCOSIS IN INDONESIA

Toni Wandra, Kadek Swastika, Nyoman Sadra Dharmawan, Yasuhito Sako, Munehiro Okamoto, Akira Ito

THE PRESENT SITUATION AND PROBLEM OF TAENIASIS/CYSTICERCOSIS IN BALI, INDONESIA

Kadek Swastika, Toni Wandra, Made Sudarmaja, Nyoman S Dharmawan, Luh Putu Eka Diarthini, DAA Sri Laksemi, Tetsuya Yanagida, Yasuhito Sako, Munehiro Okamoto, and Akira Ito

PIG CYSTICERCOSIS IN BALI

Nyoman Sadra Dharmawan, Kadek Swastika, I Ketut Suardita, I Nengah Kepeng, Yasuhito Sako, Munehiro Okamoto, Toni Wandra, and Akira Ito

THE PRESENT SITUATION AND PROBLEM OF SOIL TRANSMITTED HELMINTHIASIS IN BALI

I Made Sudarmaja

COMPARISON THE PREVALENCE OF SOIL-TRANSMITTED HELMINTH (STH) INFECTIONS IN ELEMENTARY SCHOOL STUDENTS IN THREE DIFFERENT AREAS IN BALI, INDONESIA

Ni Luh Putu Eka Diarthini, Luh Ariwati, I Made Sudarmaja, Putu Ayu Asri Damayanti, I Kadek Swastika, Dewa Ayu Agus Sri Laksemi

IDENTIFICATION OF ENTAMOEBA POLECKI (ZOONOSES) IN PIGS IN BALI, INDONESIA

Kadek Karang Agustina, Anak Agung Gde Oka Dharmayudha, Ida Bagus Made Oka, I Made Dwinata, I Made Kardena, Nyoman Sadra Dharmawan, I Made Damriyasa

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RESISTANCE AND ESTERASE NON SPECIFIC ACTIFITY OF AEDES AEGYPTI LARVAE FROM BADUNG AND DENPASAR TO ABATE® (TEMEFOS) INSECTICIDE

Putu Ayu Asri Damayanti, D.A.A. Sri Laksemi and Luh Putu Eka Diarthini

SEROPREVALENCE SURVEY OF TAENIA SOLIUM CYSTICERCOSIS IN MIMIKA REGION, PAPUA

Ida Bagus Ngurah Swacita, Kadek Karang Agustina, I Wayan Polos, Sabelina Fitriani and Natalia

DETERMINATION OF LC100 AND LT100 VALUES OF ZINGIBER PURPUREUM ROXB. RHIZOME EXTRACT ON ASCARIS SUUM GOEZE

Ketut Widyani Astuti, I G.N. Agung Dewantara, I Nyoman Kadjeng Widjaja

HELMINTHIASIS IN STRAY HOUSE CATS IN BALI, INDONESIA I.M. Subrata, I.B.M. Oka and K.K. Agustina

THE DIFFERENCE OF FECUNDITY CAPACITY,HATCHING ABILTIY, LARVA DEVELOPMENT AND ESTERASE PATTERN OF AEDES AEGYPTIWITH DIFFERENT BREEDING PLACE

I Made Sudarmaja

PUTATIVE Toxoplasma gondii BAX INHIBITORS EXHIBIT PROTECTIVE EFFECTS AND SUGGEST A ROLE IN PROGRAMMED CELL DEATH (PCD) REGULATION

Ayu Dewi Ni Nyoman, Natacha Klages, Dominique Soldati-Favre, Carsten GK Lüder

DETECTION OF TOXOPLASMA GONDII AND MOLECULAR CHARACTERISTICS OF PATIENTS WITH SUSPECTED TOXOPLASMA ENCEPHALITIS AT RS SANGLAH

Dewa Ayu Agus Sri Laksemi, Desak Ketut Indrasari Utami, I Made Sudarmaja, Kadek Swastika, Putu Ayu Asri Damayanti, Nyoman Ayu Dewi, Luh Putu Eka Diarthini, Luh Ariwati, Wayan Tunas Artama

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Proceding: International Seminar of Taeniasis/Cysticercosis And Other Parasitic Infections Udayana University, 22^nd September 2014

Seroprevalence Survey ofTaenia solium Cysticercosis in Mimika Region Papua, Indonesia IBN Swacita, KK Agustina, IW Polos, S Fitriani and Natalia

SEROPREVALENCE SURVEY OF TAENIA SOLIUM CYSTICERCOSIS IN MIMIKA REGION PAPUA, INDONESIA

Ida Bagus Ngurah Swacita¹, Kadek Karang Agustina¹, I Wayan Polos², Sabelina Fitriani²and Natalia²

1 Lab. of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Udayana University, Denpasar-Bali

2 The Ministry of Animal Husbandry Mimika Papua, Indonesia Email : [email protected]

ABSTRACT

Cysticercosis is an infection caused by the larval stage of pork tapeworm (Taenia solium) which still poses a public health problem. Papua is one of the largest endemic areas of cysticercosis in Indonesia. This survey aim was to determine the seroprevalence of cystisercosis in Mimika region, Papua. A total of 44 pig serum samples collected from Kwamki Narama district (28 samples), Mimika Baru (13 samples), and Kuala Kencana (3 samples), were examined using Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA). The result of the survey showed that the average seroprevalence of cysticercosis in Mimika region, Papua was 50% (22/44), where the largest seroprevalence found in the district of Kuala Kencana was 100% (3/3), district of Kwamki Narama was 46,4% (13/28 ), and district of Mimika Baru was 46,1% (6/13). It concluded that the seroprevalence of cysticercosis in Mimika is very high, therefore, it is necessary to do more intensive programs to prevent and control this disease.

Keywords: Seroprevalence, cysticercosis, Taenia solium, Papua

INTRODUCTION

Cysticercosis is a disease caused by the larval stage (Cysticercus cellulosae) of Taenia solium. That is still a problem for human and animal health. The disease occurred mainly in developing countries, including Indonesia (Rajshekhar et al., 2003). The incidence rate of tapeworm infection in humans in some parts of Indonesia is relatively high, especially in the areas with low level of sanitation.

Prior research published that the incident rate of Taenia infection in human in Jayawijaya Papua reaching 8% and reached 32% of cysticercosis infection (Subahar et al, 2005; Cai et al., 2006). Simanjuntak (2010) reported that 66.3% (160/106) of people were positive with taeniasis/cysticercosis; 45 patients (28.1%) showed clinical symptoms of cysticercosis lump under the skin that can be seen and touched, and 30 (18.8%) of them showed epilepsy. From a total of 257 patients examined in Papua, 213 (82.8%) suffered from epilepsy due to neurocysticercosis. Based on the results of a survey in eight districts and markets located in Jibama Jayawijaya, the seroprevalene of cysticercosis was 40,5% (45/111) with the most cases found in Asolokobal district was 92.8% (13/14) and the lowest case in Wamena regency 5.9 % (1/17) (Assa et al., 2012). One of the important risk factors on the incidence of cysticercosis in pigs in Papua was the maintenance management systems of pigs, more specifically the confine and feed management (Assa et al., 2012). The prevalence of tapeworm infection in Jayawijaya, Papua, was classified as the most severe in the world (Cai et al., 2006)

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In other island such as Bali and North Sumatra, Taenia infection is also found (Cai et al., 2006; Wandra et al., 2006; Dharmawan et al., 2012). Wandra et al. (2006) reported that the seroprevalence of cysticercosis in Bali relatively high around 5.2% -21%, whereas the prevalence of taeniasis infection ranged from 0.4% -23%. While in North Sumatra, the prevalence of taeniasis (Taenia asiatica) ranged from 1.9% -20.7%, which was generally caused by the consumption of wild boar meat that was not cooked properly.

The district of Mimika and Jayawijaya are in the same island, people’s eating habit and the way of raising pigs is relatively same. But the seroprevalence data of cysticercosis in pigs in Mimika Papua have not been reported. Therefore, the survey should be conducted to determine the seroprevalence of cysticercosis in Mimika Papua.

MATERIALS AND METHODS Preparation of T.solium larvae (C. cellulosae) as a source of antigen

T.solium larvae obtained from the Baliem Valley, Papua. These larvae were separated from pork and fat, then washed by Phosphate Buffer Saline (PBS) 2-3 times. Made a 10%

suspension of larvae in PBS solution (10 grams of crushed larvae in mortal until smooth, add PBS to 100 ml total volume, then centrifuged at 250g for five minutes) take the supernatant to determined the protein level by Invitrogen qubit Fluorometer (probes.invitrogen.com).

Samples

The total sample used was 44 pig sera collected from three part of Mimika district;

Narama (28 samples), Mimika Baru (13 samples), and Kuala Kencana (3 samples). All samples tested used Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA).

Calculation of data

Calculate the mean values (MV) of the measured OD for the negative control (NC) and the positive control (PC). Subtract the mean OD of NC from the OD of the sample and from the mean OD of PC. The ratio sample (S) to mean PC (P) is calculated according to the following equation:

OD_sample – MV ODNC

S/P ratio = --- MV ODPC – MV ODNC

Evaluation

Samples which showed the value of the S/P ratio below 0.3 considered negative, which means do not have antibodies against C.cellulosae. While the sera which showed the value of the S/P ratio above 0.3 which have antibodies against C. cellulosae.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The protein level of C.cellulosae antigen suspension origin Baliem valley obtained at 646µg/ml. While the results of the optimization of Indirect ELISA test used C.cellulosae antigen suspension when coating on polysterene micoplate was 10µg/well, pig serum samples at 1:50 dilution and optimal outcomes of Indirect ELISA test was obtained after addition of conjugate (horseradish peroxidase anti-swine IgG) at a dilution of 1: 2000 and TMB substrate (KPL). Based on OD calculations of Indirect ELISA test, obtained seroprevalence of C.cellulosae are described in Tab 1.

Table 1. Seroprevalence of Cysticercosis in Mimika, Papua

District Pig serum samples

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No. of examined (n)

Positive (%)

Kwamki Narama 28 13 (46,4)

Mimika Baru 13 6 (46,1)

Kuala Kencana 3 3 (100)

Total 44 22 (50)

The highest seroprevalence of C.cellulosae found in the district of Kuala Kencana was 100% (3/3), followed in Kwamki Narama was 46,4% (13/28), dan Mimika Baru was 46,1%

(6/13). The seroprevalence of cisticercosis in Mimika were relatively high when compared to other areas of Papua. Assa et al. (2012) reported that the average seroprevalence of cisticercosis in eight district and market in Jayawijaya were 40,5% (45/111), the highest found in Asolokobal 92.8% (13/14) and the lowest in Wamena 5,9% (1/17). Wandra et al (2006) reported that the research conducted in Bali found the seroprevalence of cisticercosis was about 5,2 to 21 %, this result is lower than in Mimika. This is in agreement with the other research result that mentioned Papua is an endemic area in Indonesia, even in the world (Cai et al. 2006).

The occurrence and prevalence of the infection is associated with the practices of eating of raw or undercooked pork as well as poor socio-economic and sanitary conditions (Eshitera et al. 2012). Studies have demonstrated that in endemic areas, T. solium porcine infections have been associated with poverty, absence of latrines and free access by scavenging pigs to human faeces (Sarti et al. 1997).

CONCLUSION

Based on the result of the survey, it concluded thar the seroprevalence of cysticercosis in pigs in Mimika, Papua was 50%; the highest was in Kuala Kencana (100%) followed in Kwamki Narama (46,4%), dan Mimika Baru (46,1%). Therefore, it is necessary to do more intensive programs to prevent and control this disease.

REFERENCES

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Cai, X., Zheng, Y., Lou, Z., Jing, Z., Hu, Z., and Lu, C. 2006. Immunodiagnoisis of Taeniasis in China. The Journal of Applied Research 6 : 69-76.

Dharmawan, N.S., Swastika, K., Putra, I M., Wandra, T., Sutisna, P., Okamoto, M., and Ito, A.

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Rajshekhar, V., Joshi, D.D., Doanh, N.Q., Ven De, N., and Xiaonong, Z. 2003. Taenia solium Taeniasis/Cysticercosis in Asia: Epidemiology, Impact and Issues. Asia Trop 87: 53-60.

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