Mata Kuliah : Sistim dan Perlengkapan Kapal Tanggal / jam : Nopember 2023
Pengajar : Ir. Mukti Wibowo Referensi : - SOLAS 1974
- Sistim dan Perlengkapan Kapal – soekarsono NA - Bureau Veritas Rules and Regulation
8. PERALATAN PEMADAM KEBAKARAN (Fire Fighting System)
UMUM
Sistim pemadam kebakaran dan peralatan pemadam kebakaran, diatur sesuai dengan ketentuan yang tercantum didalam peraturan SOLAS chapter II-fire fighting.
Sistim pemadam kebakaran dikapal yang utama adalah sistim pemadan kebakaran tetap, salah satu sistim pemadam kebakaran tetap yang ada dikapal adalah sistim Hidran yaitu pemadam kebakaran dengan menggunakan instalasi pipa dan suplai air laut, peralatannya terdiri dari Pompa pemadam, hidran, selang dan alat pemadam lain/ fire pumps, hydrants, hoses and other equipment.
Sistim Pemadam Kebakaran ini digunakan didaerah pemadaman diruang akomodasi, geladak terbuka dan diruang mesin.
Sistim pemadam kebakaran tetap lain, yaitu yang terdapat doi ruang muat dan diruang Mesin, untuk pemadam kebakaran didaerah ruang muat pada umumnya menggunakan sistim pemadam kebakaran CO2
Instalasi CO2 dipasang pada bagian atas ruang muat, pipa akan mengalirkan CO2 mulai dari CO2 dalam tabung yang disimpan di ruang tabung CO2.
Pipa tersebut akan menembus bulkhead secara baik dan berujung di seluruh ruang muat.
Pengaturan pengaliran CO2 dapat diatur dari panel kontrol yang terdapat di disekitar ruang tabung CO2
Supaya pemadaman dapat dilaksanakan secara efektif maka seluruh lubang pada ruang palkah harus dapat ditutup rapat, termasuk lubang ventilasinya.
Secara berkala instalasi CO2 harus diperiksa dan tabung ditimbang untuk mengetahui isinya.
CO2 bottle yang terdiri dari jumlah banyak botol, ditempatkan diruang khusus yang disebut CO2 bottle room yang pada umumnya dirancang dekat dengan poop deck untuk memudahkan pemeliharaannya.
Untuk jenis kapal tertentu seperti kapal jenis tanker, dilengkapi dengan sistim pemadam kebakaran tetap dengan menggunakan foam, hal ini diperuntukkan untuk daerah yang mengandung minyak seperti digeladak sebuah tanker. Digeladak kapal jenis tanker , dilengkapi dengan deck foam dan juga dilengkapi dengan monitor untuk
penyemprotannya. Tanki foan terdapat diruang tertentu didalam kapal.
PERLENGKAPAN PEMADAM LAIN / other fire appliances
Selain sistim pemadam kebakaran diatas, dikapal harus dilengkapi dengan perlengkapan lain sebagai penunjang pemadam kebakaran yang terdiri dari :
Firemen outfit, yaitu baju pemadam yang digunakan saat pemadaman lengkap dengan safety lamp, life line, axe, helmet, baju, celana, sepatu dan sarung tangan tahan api.
Alat pernafasan (oksigen) yang terdiri dari masker dan tabung oksigen yang dapat dikenakan pada saat pemadaman lengkap dengan beberapa tabung cadangan
Jumlah baju pemadam dan alat bantu pernafasan diatur sesuai persyaratan SOLAS atau sesuai dengan ketentuan pemerintah bendera
Kotak pasir dan sekop, harus tersedia disekitar ruang mesin dan kapak besar tersedia ditempat yang mudah dijangkau.
Kapal dilengkapi pula dengan fasilitas international shore connection.
POMPA PEMADAM KEBAKARAN
Untuk menyemprotkan air melalui hydrant dikapal, maka diperlukan pompa pemadam kebakaran utama yang dilengkapi pula dengan pompa pemadam kebakaran darurat.
Jumlah pompa pemadan kebakaran dan kapasitas pompa diatur dalam peraturan IMO dan Klasifikasi terbagi dan diatur untuk kapal Penumpang dan kapal Barang.
RUANG KONTROL PEMADAM KEBAKARAN
LOCKER PENYIMPAN INTERNATIONAL SHORE CONNECTION
PETUNJUK LOKASI FIRE CONTROL STATION
FIRE HYDRANT BOX BERISI NOZZLE, HOSE LENGKAP DAN SPANNER
VALVE HYDRANT DIATAS MAIN DECK
VALVE HYDRANT PADA FIRE MAIN LINE DIATAS MAIN DECK
Dibawah ini contoh peraturan yang dituangkan dalam salah satu rules and regulation badan Klasifikasi IACS, artinya peraturan pemadam kebakaran yang diatur berdasarkan peraturan IMO juga diatur dalam Rules badan Klasifikasi IACS
Sehingga setiap pemeriksaan berkala dari peraturan Klasifikasi, pihak badan Klasifikasi juga memeriksa peralatan sistim pemedam kebakaran tetap dikapal (fixed fire fighting system)
Sebagai contoh untuk International shore connection, perlengkapan ini disyaratkan harus tersedia disetiap kapal yang memiliki gross tonnage 500t keatas dengan minimal 1 unit International shore connection harus tersedia.
International shore connection couple harus tersimpan secara tertib dan harus tertera didalam gambar Safety and Fire control plan.
Peraturan pemadam kebakaran dikapal diatur berdasarkan jenis/type kapal nya dan juga gross tonnage nya.
Untuk kapal berbendera asing pemeriksaan dilakukan oleh surveyor badan klasifikasinya, untuk kapal berbendera Indonesia akan diperiksa oleh BKI dan pihak Syahbandar.
Water supply systems
1.1 General1.1.1
Every ship shall be provided with fire pumps, fire mains, hydrants and hoses complying as applicable with the requirements of this Section.
1.2 Fire mains and hydrants
1.2.1 General
extract of SOLAS-II-2.4.6
Materials readily rendered ineffective by heat shall not be used for fire mains and hydrants unless adequately protected. The pipes and hydrants shall be so placed that the fire hoses may be easily coupled to them. The arrangements of pipes and hydrants shall be such as to avoid the
possibility of freezing. In ships where deck cargo may be carried, the positions of the hydrants shall be such that they are always readily accessible and the pipes shall be arranged as far as practicable to avoid the risk of damage by such cargo.
1.2.2 Ready availability of water supply
extract of SOLAS-II-2.4.3.4
The arrangements for the ready availability of water supply shall be:
a. in passenger ships
1. of 1000 gross tonnage and upwards, such that at least one effective jet of water is immediately available from any hydrant in an interior location and so as to ensure the continuation of the output of water by the automatic starting of a required fire pump; only one of the required fire pumps needs to be provided with automatic starting
2. of less than 1000 gross tonnage by automatic start of at least one fire pump or by remote starting from the navigation bridge of at least one fire pump. If the pump starts
automatically or if the bottom valve cannot be opened from
where the pump is remotely started, the bottom valve shall always be kept open
b. in cargo ships
o there shall be immediate water delivery from the fire main system at a suitable pressure, either by remote starting of one of the main fire pumps with remote starting from the navigation bridge and fire control station, if any, or
permanent pressurization of the fire main system by one of the main fire pumps, except that the Society may waive this requirement for cargo ships of less than 1600 gross tonnage if the arrangement of the machinery space access makes it unnecessary.
1.2.3 Diameter of the fire mains
extract of SOLAS-II-2.4.4
The diameter of the fire main and water service pipes shall be sufficient for the effective distribution of the maximum required discharge from two fire pumps operating simultaneously, except that in the case of cargo ships the diameter need only be sufficient for the discharge of 140 m3/hour.
1.2.4 Isolating valves and relief valves
a. Isolating valves to separate the section of the fire main within the machinery space containing the main fire pump or pumps from the rest of the fire main shall be fitted in an easily accessible and tenable position outside the machinery spaces. The fire main shall be so arranged that when the isolating valves are shut all the hydrants of the ship, except those in the machinery space referred to above, can be supplied with water by a fire pump not located in this machinery space through pipes which do not enter this space.
Exceptionally, the Society may permit short lengths of emergency fire pump suction and discharge piping to penetrate the machinery space if it is impracticable to route it externally provided that the integrity of the fire main is maintained by the enclosure of the piping in a substantial steel casing.
b. A valve shall be fitted to serve each fire hose so that any fire hose may be removed while the fire pumps are at work.
c. Relief valves shall be provided in conjunction with all fire pumps if the pumps are capable of developing a pressure exceeding the design pressure of the water service pipes, hydrants and hoses.
These valves shall be so placed and adjusted as to prevent excessive pressure in any part of the fire main system.
d. In tankers, isolation valves shall be fitted in the fire main at poop front in a protected position and on the tank deck at intervals of not
more than 40 m to preserve the integrity of the fire main system in case of fire or explosion.
1.2.5 Number and position of hydrants
extract of SOLAS-II-2.4.5
a. The number and position of hydrants shall be such that at least two jets of water not emanating from the same hydrant, one of which shall be from a single length of hose, may reach any part of the ship normally accessible to the passengers or crew while the ship is being navigated and any part of any cargo space when empty, any ro-ro cargo space or any special category space in which latter case the two jets shall reach any part of such space, each from a single length of hose. Furthermore, such hydrants shall be
positioned near the accesses to the protected spaces.
At least two hydrants are to be provided in machinery spaces of category A.
b. In addition to the requirements in the above item a), passenger ships shall comply with the following:
1. In the accommodation, service and machinery spaces the number and position of hydrants shall be such that the requirements of item a) above may be complied with when all watertight doors and all doors in main vertical zone bulkheads are closed.
2. Where access is provided to a machinery space of category A at a low level from an adjacent shaft tunnel, two hydrants shall be provided external to, but near the entrance to that machinery space. Where such access is provided from other spaces, in one of those spaces two hydrants shall be
provided near the entrance to the machinery space of category A. Such provision need not be made where the tunnel or adjacent spaces are not part of the escape route.
1.2.6 Pressure at hydrants
extract of SOLAS-II-2.4.4.2
With the two pumps simultaneously delivering, through nozzles specified in [1.2.3] , the quantity of water specified in [1.4.3] , through any adjacent hydrants, the following minimum pressures shall be maintained at all hydrants:
a. for passenger ships,
o 4000 gross tonnage and upwards: ... 0,4 MPa
o under 4000 gross tonnage: ... 0,3 Mpa
b. for cargo ships,
o 6000 gross tonnage and upwards: ... 0,27 MPa
o less than 6000 gross tonnage: ... 0,25 MPa c. The maximum pressure at any hydrant shall not exceed that at
which the effective control of a fire hose can be demonstrated.
1.2.7 International shore connection
extract of SOLAS-II-2.19
Ships of 500 gross tonnage and upwards shall be provided with at least one international shore connection, complying with Ch 4, Sec 13 . Facilities shall be available enabling such a connection to be used on either side of the ship.
1.3 Fire pumps
1.3.1 Pumps accepted as fire pumps
extract of SOLAS-II-2.4.3.2
Sanitary, ballast, bilge or general service pumps may be accepted as fire pumps, provided that they are not normally used for pumping oil and that if they are subject to occasional duty for the transfer or pumping of fuel oil, suitable change-over arrangements are fitted.
The emergency fire pump mentioned in [1.3.3] may also be used for other suitable purposes subject to approval by the Society in each case.
1.3.2 Number of fire pumps
extract of SOLAS-II-2.4.3.1
Ships shall be provided with independently driven fire pumps as follows:
a. in passenger ships of:
o 4000 gross tonnage and upwards: .... at least 3
o less than 4000 gross tonnage: ... at least 2 b. in cargo ships of:
o 1000 gross tonnage and upwards: .... at least 2
o less than 1000 gross tonnage: ... at least 2, one of which is to be an independently driven pump.
1.3.3 Arrangement of fire pumps and fire mains
extract of SOLAS-II-2.4.3.3 a. Fire pumps
The arrangement of sea connections, fire pumps and their sources of power shall be such as to ensure that:
1. in passenger ships of
1000 gross tonnage and upwards, in the event of a fire in any one compartment all the fire pumps will not be put out of action
less than 1000 gross tonnage if a fire in any one compartment could put all the pumps out of action, there shall be an alternative means consisting of an emergency fire pump complying with Ch 4, Sec 13, [10.1.1] with its source of power and sea connection located outside the machinery space.
2. in cargo ships of 500 gross tonnage and upwards,
unless the two main fire pumps and the fuel supply or source of power for each pump are situated within compartments separated at least by an A-0 class division, so that a fire in any one compartment will not render both fire pumps inoperable, a fixed
independent power operated emergency fire pump complying with the following requirements and those of Ch 4, Sec 13, [10] is to be fitted (for cargo ships of less than 2000 gross tonnage only, Ch 4, Sec 13, [10.1.1] applies). An arrangement in which one main fire pump is located in a steel compartment having more than one bulkhead and/or deck adjacent to the compartment containing the other main fire pump will also require an emergency fire pump.
Where a power operated emergency fire pump is fitted, its fuel or power supply is to be so arranged that it will not readily be affected by a fire in the compartment containing the main fire pumps.
b. Requirements for the space containing the emergency pump in cargo ships
1. Location of the space
The space containing the fire pump shall not be contiguous
to the boundaries of machinery spaces of category A or those spaces containing main fire pumps. Where this is not practicable, the common bulkhead between the two spaces shall be insulated to a standard of structural fire protection equivalent to that required for a control station in Ch 4, Sec 5, [1.4.3] .
The emergency fire pump and its power source are to be located in a safe and readily accessible position well clear of the compartment in which the main fire pumps and their power sources are arranged. Where this is impracticable, the required insulation is to extend at least 450 mm outside the area of the joint bulkheads and decks.
2. Access to the emergency fire pump
No direct access shall be permitted between the machinery space and the space containing the emergency fire pump and its source of power. When this is impracticable, the Society may accept an arrangement where the access is by means of an air-lock, each of the two doors being self- closing, or through a watertight door capable of being operated from a space remote from the machinery space and the space containing the emergency fire pump and unlikely to be cut off in the event of fire in those spaces. In such cases a second means of access to the space
containing the emergency fire pump and its source of power shall be provided.
In the case of an air-lock, the two doors are to be of steel, reasonably gas-tight, self-closing and without any hold-back arrangement.
When a single access to the emergency fire pump room is through another space adjoining a machinery space of category A or the spaces containing the main fire pumps, an A-60 class boundary is required between such other space and the machinery space of category A or the spaces containing the main fire pumps.
3. Ventilation of the emergency fire pump space
Ventilation arrangements for the space containing the independent source of power for the emergency fire pump shall be such as to preclude, as far as practicable, the possibility of smoke from a machinery space fire entering or being drawn into that space.
If the space is mechanically ventilated the power is to be supplied by the emergency source.
4. Illumination of the space
The room where the emergency fire pump prime mover is located is to be illuminated from the emergency source of supply and is to be well ventilated.
c. Additional pumps for cargo ships
In addition, for cargo ships where other pumps, such as general service, bilge and ballast, etc., are fitted in a machinery space, arrangements shall be made to ensure that at least one of these pumps, having the capacity and pressure required by [1.3.4] and by item b) of [1.2.6] , is capable of providing water to the fire main.
1.3.4 Capacity of fire pumps
extract of SOLAS-II-2.4.2
a. Total capacity of required fire pumps
The required fire pumps shall be capable of delivering for fire- fighting purposes a quantity of water, at the pressure specified in [1.2.6] , as follows:
1. pumps in passenger ships: not less than two thirds of the quantity required to be dealt with by the bilge pumps when employed for bilge pumping, and
2. pumps in cargo ships, other than any emergency pump: not less than four thirds of the quantity required in Ch 1, Sec 10 to be dealt with by each of the independent bilge pumps in a passenger ship of the same dimension when employed in bilge pumping, provided that in no cargo ship need the total required capacity of the fire pumps exceed 180 m3/hour.
b. Capacity of each fire pump
Each of the required fire pumps (other than any emergency pump required in [1.3.3] for cargo ships) shall have a capacity not less than 80% of the total required capacity divided by the minimum number of required fire pumps but in any case not less than 25 m3/hour and each such pump shall in any event be capable of delivering at least the two required jets of water. These fire pumps shall be capable of supplying the fire main system under the
required conditions. Where more pumps than the minimum required pumps are installed, the capacity of such additional pumps shall be to the satisfaction of the Society.
1.4 Fire hoses and nozzles
1.4.1 Specification of hoses
extract of SOLAS-II-2.4.7.1
a. Fire hoses shall be of non-perishable material approved by the Society and shall be sufficient in length to project a jet of water to any of the spaces in which they may be required to be used. Their maximum length shall be to the satisfaction of the Society.
Each hose shall be provided with a nozzle and the necessary couplings. Hoses specified in this Chapter as "fire hoses" shall, together with any necessary fittings and tools, be kept ready for use in conspicuous positions near the water service hydrants or
connections. Additionally, in interior locations in passenger ships carrying more than 36 passengers, fire hoses shall be connected to the hydrants at all times.
In general fire hoses are to have a length of:
o at least 10 m
o not more than 15 m in machinery spaces
o not more than 20 m for other spaces and open decks
o not more than 25 m for open decks on ships with a maximum breadth in excess of 30 m.
b. Unless one hose and nozzle is provided for each hydrant in the ship, there shall be complete interchangeability of hose couplings and nozzles.
1.4.2 Number and diameter of fire hoses
extract of SOLAS-II-2.4.7.2
a. Ships shall be provided with fire hoses the number and diameter of which shall be to the satisfaction of the Society.
b. In passenger ships there shall be at least one fire hose for each of the hydrants required by [1.2.5] and these hoses shall be used only for the purposes of extinguishing fires or testing the fire-
extinguishing apparatus at fire drills and surveys.
c. In cargo ships
1. of 1000 gross tonnage and upwards the number of fire hoses to be provided shall be one for each 30 m length of the ship and one spare but in no case less than five in all.
This number does not include any hoses required in any engine or boiler room. The Society may increase the number of hoses required so as to ensure that hoses in sufficient number are available and accessible at all times, having regard to the type of ship and the nature of trade in which the ship is employed.
Hydrants in machinery spaces of category A shall be provided with fire hoses.
2. of less than 1000 gross tonnage, the number of fire hoses is to be calculated in accordance with the provisions of the above item 1). However the number of hoses is to be not less than three.
1.4.3 Size and type of nozzles
extract of SOLAS-II-2.4.8.1
a. For the purposes of Part C, Chapter 4 , standard nozzle sizes shall be 12 mm, 16 mm and 19 mm or as near thereto as possible.
Larger diameter nozzles may be permitted at the discretion of the Society.
b. For accommodation and service spaces, a nozzle size greater than 12 mm need not be used.
c. For machinery spaces and exterior locations, the nozzle size shall be such as to obtain the maximum discharge possible from two jets at the pressure mentioned in [1.2.6] from the smallest pump,
provided that a nozzle size greater than 19 mm need not be used.
d. All nozzles shall be of an approved dual purpose type (i.e. spray/jet type) incorporating a shut-off.