Perception of Tradional Fisherman Community Tarek Pukat towards the Effort of to Preserve of Local Wisdom to the Sea

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Perception of Tradional Fisherman Community Tarek Pukat towards the Effort of to Preserve of Local Wisdom to the Sea

Coastal conservation in Gampong Jawa

Maryam¹, Asriani², Erdi Surya^3*, Anita Noviyanti⁴, Muhammad Ridhwan⁵, Armi⁶,

& Muchsin⁷

1Economic Faculty, Universitas Serambi Mekkah, Banda Aceh Aceh, 23245, Indonesia

2Department of Indonesian Language Education, Faculty of Teacher Training and Education, Universitas Serambi Mekkah. Banda Aceh, 23245, Indonesia

3,4,5, 6

Biology Education Department, Faculty of Teacher Training and Education, Universitas Serambi Mekkah. Banda Aceh, 23245, Indonesia

7Department of English Education, Faculty of Education and Teacher Training. Universitas Serambi Mekkah, Banda Aceh, 23245, Indonesia

*Corresponding Author: Erdi Surya, Suryaerdi14@yahoo.com

Abstract

Perception is the experience of an object, phenomenon, or connection obtained by inferring information and interpreting a message. The perceptions of individuals can be very different even if the objects we observe are the same. This research is about the perception of the traditional fishing community of Tarek Pukat which aims to find out the efforts made by the traditional fishing community of Tarek Pukat to preserve the local wisdom of marine coastal conservation in Gampong Jawa. In this study, a sample was selected by 12 traditional fishermen of Tarek Pukat while the instrument consisted of questionnaires and interview guidelines. The results of the data collection found that the perception of traditional fishing communities of Tarek Pukat towards local wisdom efforts for marine coastal conservation, generally fishermen showed positive perceptions. It can be seen from the answer to questionnaires and interviews that fishermen have understood the meaning of local wisdom and how local wisdom includes in daily habits by doing an activity such as clean of the coastal areas through social works, prohibited to throw trash on the sea related to the marine life preservation. Fishermen also understand the forbidden day of Tarek Pukat, which is on Friday and the day of religion commemorates and the Independence Day celebration. The other understanding that fishermen reflect about local wisdom is not to cut the trees of Aron which planting along the coast. It caused fish on the sea difficult to breed.

Apart from that, the system of Tarek Pukat that fishermen do by local wisdom, still observes the coastal mouth areas in order to obtain the quality of the fish that they catch.

Keywords: Perception, Tradional Fisherman, Tarek Pukat, Local Wisdom.

1. Introduction

Perception in scientific dictionaries is observation, the preparation of impulses in unity, knowing, through the senses, the response (senses), and the power of understanding (Partanto & Al-Barry, 2001). Therefore, the ability of humans to distinguish between groups and focus on what is in their environment is referred to as the ability to regulate observation or perception (Sarwono, 1976, p 39). Perception is a process preceded by sensing, which is a real process in the acceptance of a stimulus by the individual through his receptor device. Rohmaul (2015) Perception is already a process in the self to know and evaluate the extent to which we know others. In this process, a person's sensitivity to the surrounding environment begins to be seen.

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111 A society is a collection of individuals who interact with each other because they have values, norms, ways, and procedures that are common needs in the form of a certain system of customs that are sustainable and bound by a common identity. Society is not only seen as a collection of individuals or the number of individuals but society is also a living association because human beings live together (Soelaiman, 1993: 71 in Mussadun, 2000: 86).

Perception is the experience of an object, event, or relationship obtained by inferring information and interpreting messages. The perception of each individual can be very different even though the observed ones are completely the same (Rakhmat, 2003).

According to opinion (Kartono, 1984:), perception is a global observation, not yet accompanied by consciousness, while the subject and object have not been distinguished from one another (there is only a process that has a response). Meanwhile, according to (Walgito, 1994) perception is the organization, and interpretation, of the stimulus received by the organism or individual so that it is an integrated activity in oneself.

Fishermen can be defined as people or communities of people whose whole or part of life depends on fishing activities. (Widodo 2006:29). According to the Indonesian encyclopedia, 1990 (in Mulyadi 2005:171) which states that a fisherman is a person who actively carries out fishing activities, either directly (such as spreaders and net users) or indirectly (such as sailboat helmsmen, motorized fishing boat captains, ship engine experts, fishing boat cooks), as a livelihood.

Meanwhile, according to Law No. 45 of 2009 fisheries, fishermen are people whose livelihoods are fishing. A fisherman (Fisheries Statistics Standard) is a person who actively performs work in fishing operations/other aquatic animals/aquatic plants.

Fishermen are not a single identity, they consist of several groups, in terms of ownership of fishing gear, fishermen can be distinguished into three groups, namely labor fishermen, fish owners, and individual fishermen. Labor fishermen are fishermen who work with fishing gear belonging to others. On the contrary, the fish owner is fishermen who have fishing gear operated by others. The fishermen are fishermen who have their fishing gear, and in operation do not involve others. (Mulyadi, 2005:7).

Based on the results of interviews with fishing communities in terms of the perceptions of traditional fishing communities, the Tarek Pukat system for efforts to maintain local wisdom in marine conservation is very good, with the Tarek Pukat system, the community can be helped, not only the fishing community can be helped by the economy, but the wider community also feels that fishermen's catches are sold in the coastal areas of Gampong Jawa at affordable prices and the fish is still fresh without the presence of formalin, as for the purpose of using formalin in fish, it is usually done to improve the color and text of food and inhibit the activity of microorganisms so that products can be stored longer (Teddy, 2007), (Adisasmita et al., 2015; Asyfiradayati et al., 2019) formalin is a substance that is often used illegally and irresponsibly by a certain group of people with the aim of preserving foodstuffs, therefore there has not been found fish containing formalin sold by traditional fishermen on the coast of Gampong Jawa.

Fishermen always clean coastal areas by working together, should not throw garbage into the sea because it can damage marine life, so as to reduce their catch, fishermen also understand taboo days that trawling activities such as Friday, religious days are not allowed, the commemoration of Independence Day August 17. Spruce trees planted in coastal areas should not be cut down because it can cause fish to be unable to breed, fishing through the Tarek Pukat system should not damage the marine shoreline ecosystem.

Tarek Pukat carried out by traditional fishermen of the Gampong Jawa coast always pays attention to their local wisdom, Ataufah (2004), said that local wisdom is history but positive. The values are taken by the ancestors and then passed on verbally to the next

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112 generation. Keraf (2002) all forms of knowledge, beliefs, understandings, or insights as well as customs or ethics that demand human behavior in life in ecological communities, local wisdom has good ways to maintain environmental sustainability, especially in coastal areas, especially on the coastal coast of Gampong Jawa, among others, in terms of managing coastal areas not using equipment that damages the environment. Therefore, a community is beneficial to themselves in the management of coastal and marine resources as well as a means of mastering mastery of certain social masters (Priyulianto, 2005).

Based on the above presentation, a more in-depth explanation was carried out regarding the perception of the traditional fishing community of Tarek Pukat towards wisdom efforts to maintain local marine conservation on the coast of Gampong Jawa.

Meanwhile, the formulation of the problem in this study is how the perception of fishing communities towards efforts to maintain local wisdom of marine conservation on the coast of Gampong Jawa. Meanwhile, the goal is to find out the perception of the fishing community towards efforts to maintain local wisdom of marine conservation on the coast of Gampong Jawa.

2. Method

This research uses qualitative research. Qualitative research is research that intends to understand the phenomenon of what is experienced by the subject of research, for example, perceptual behavior, motivational actions, and others (Trianto, 2011). Descriptive research is research that seeks to describe objects according to what they are (Sugiono, 2006).

The time and place of this research been carried out in the coastal area of Gampong Jawa Banda Aceh from March to June 2022.

The population in this study is all fishing communities located in the coastal area of Gampong Jawa Banda Aceh. Because the population is small, all fishermen are used as a research sample of 12 fishermen.

The data collection techniques used in this study were in the form of interviews and questionnaires. Meanwhile, data analysis techniques are carried out in a qualitative descriptive manner. Descriptive research that describes existing and natural phenomena (Arikunto, 2010).

(Arikunto, 2010):

Where:

P = percentage F = alternative answer N = number of samples 100% = constant number

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113 3. Results and Discussion

Results

Questionnaire Results

Table 1. Responses to the question “What situation of the Gampong Jawa Coastal Area that you have seen so far?”

Alternate answers Frequency Percentage(%)

Excellent 7 58,33%

good 5 41,67%

enough 0 0%

Bad 0 0 %

Total 12 100%

Based on the table above, it shows that 7 people (58.33%) fishermen answered the situation of the coastal area of Gampong Jawa very well, 5 people (41.67%) answered well, thus fishermen saw that the condition of the coastal environment of Gampong Jawa was categorized as in good condition.

Table 2. Responses to the question “Do Fishermen Understand about Local Wisdom?”

Alternate answers Frequency Percentage(%)

Very Understanding 8 66,67%

Understand 2 16,670%

Lack of Understanding 2 16, 660%

Not Understanding 0 0 %

Total 12 100%

Based on table 2 above, 8 fishermen (66.67%) answered very understanding of local wisdom, 2 fishermen (16.67%) answered understanding, 2 fishermen (16.66%) answered that they did not understand the answers above, respondents replied that they really understood the meaning of local wisdom that had been carried out by traditional fishermen in carrying out Tarek Pukat activities. From the answer above, it can be concluded that in general fishermen understand the meaning of local wisdom.

Table 3. Responses to the question “Do You Understand what the Local Wisdom Has Been Done?”

Very Understanding 10 83,33%

Understand 2 16,670%

Lack of Understanding 0 0%

not Understanding 0 0 %

Total 12 100%

Based on Table 3 above, shows that 10 people (83%) of fishermen replied that they really understand the examples that have been done so far related to local wisdom, and 2 fishermen (16.67%) fishermen answered to understand examples of local wisdom. Thus, from the results of the fishermen's answers above, fishermen generally understand examples of local wisdom that have been carried out so far.

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114 Table 4. Responses to the question “In What Ways Do You Maintain Local Wisdom in the

Coastal Area of Gampong Jawa?”

Cleaning the Environment around Once a Week 5 41,67%

Cleaning the Environment Once a Month 4 33, 33%

Planting Trees around the beach 3 25%

Planting Trees If There Is An Order From The Commander-In-Chief Of The Sea

0 0 %

Total 12 100%

Based on Table 4 above shows that 5 fishermen (41.67%) answer that they always clean the surrounding environment for one week; 4 fishermen (33.33%) answer to clean the environment once every 1 month, and 3 fishermen (25%) answer to plant cypress trees around the coast; thus, fishermen have already understood the obligation of maintaining the cleanliness of the environment around the gampong coast. They have been paying careful attention to this issue by working together.

Table 5. Functions of the Aron Tree

For Fish Breeding 10 83,33%

For Fish Conservation 2 16,67%

Don't Know 2 0%

Don't Know at all 0 0 %

Total 12 100%

From the answer above, it shows that 10 fishermen (83.33%) answered the function of the Aron tree is for the fish breeding process so that fish can breed well in the Aron tree area, 2 people (16.67%) answered for fish conservation. From the answer above, it can be concluded that overall fishermen already understand the function of the Aron tree with the answer showing that 10 fishermen (83.33%) answered what the function of the Aron tree is for the fish breeding process, so that fish can breed well in the Aron tree area, 2 people (16.67%) answered for fish conservation. From the answer above, it can be concluded that overall fishermen already understand the function of the Aron tree.

Table 6. Prohibition Day of Tarek Pukat

Religious Days 4 33,33%

Tsunami Commemoration Day 4 33,33%

Friday 4 33,33%

Don't Know 0 0 %

Total 12 100%

Based on table 6 above, shows that 4 people (33.33%) of fishermen answered the religious day of 4 people (33.33%) of the fishermen on the day commemorating the Tsunami, and 4 people (33.33%) on Friday. From the above answer, all fishermen already know very well about the day of abstinence from carrying out Tarek Pukat activities.

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115 Table 7. Responses to the Question “Do You Understand What It's About Marine

Conservation?”

Very Understanding 12 100%

Understand 2 10%

Lack of Understanding 2 0%

Not Understanding 0 0 %

Total 12 100%

From the answers above, 12 fishermen (100%) answered very concerned about marine conservation because marine conservation is a protected, managed area, with a zoning system to realize fish resources and the environment sustainably.

Table 8. Responses to the Question “Do You Agree to the Protection of Marine Conservation?”

Strongly Agree 12 100%

Agree 0 %

Disagree 0 0%

Strongly Disagree 0 0 %

Total 12 100%

From the answer above, it shows that 12 fishermen (100%) replied very much in agreement with the protection of animals in the coastal area of Gampong. One of the protections that has been carried out by fishermen is the protection of sea turtles that have long been carried out by traditional fishermen on the sea coast of Gampong Jawa.

Table 9. Responses to the Question “Do you Participate in Maintaining Marine Conservation in the coastal area of Gampong Jawa?”

Alternate answers Frequency Percentage(%)

always 12 100%

ever 2 %

seldom 2 0%

never 0 0 %

Total 12 100%

Based on Table 9 above, 12 fishermen (100%) have a role for fishermen in maintaining local wisdom for marine conservation. By preventing the Aron tree from being cut down, and throwing garbage in its place, it shows that 17 people (85%) answered the participation of fishing communities and obeyed the rules of both customary rules and the rule of state law.

Interview Results

Based on the results of interviews with traditional fishermen in the coastal area of Gampong Jawa, shows that local wisdom is a form of knowledge, understanding, and customs or ethics, habits, and behaviors of humans in daily life, not only about knowledge, but also understanding and customs about humans, nature, and how to build a relationship between the ecological community that is built. Concerning the perception of fishermen's understanding of the local wisdom of fishermen that have been carried out, it shows that traditional Sudanese fishermen have a very positive impact to realize marine conservation,

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116 because marine conservation is a protected, managed area, with a zoning system to realize fish resources and the environment sustainably. Fishermen also replied that if marine conservation is not maintained through local wisdom, it will be disastrous for marine life, and it will bring major disasters to the surrounding nature.

The results of interviews with other fishermen show that fishermen have maintained the importance of maintaining the cleanliness of the environment around the coast of Gampong Jawa. By working together to clean up the environment in coastal areas so that scattered garbage does not propagate into the sea because it will cause pollution of fish and marine life so that fishermen's catches will be reduced. The fishermen also guard the Aron tree by not cutting, cutting down because it will cause the fish cubs to develop around the Aron tree. through counseling that has been carried out by the relevant agencies, that fishing should not damage marine life, for fishermen if caught fishing in ways that damage the environment, customary sanctions/state laws will be applied, the counseling provides knowledge to fishermen so as not to catch fish by damaging the environment.

On prohibition days such as tsunami commemoration, Eid al-Fitr, Eid al-Adha, and Friday, fishing communities do not carry out Tarek Pukat activities. The fishing community is very obedient to the rules that have been set by the Commander-in-Chief of the Sea and by related agencies, because the purpose of the rules made is very positive for the safety of the surrounding nature, especially the sea which must always be kept together so as not to be polluted from things that can damage the marine ecosystem and can cause marine life to become extinct and not breed fish in the water, thus causing fishermen's catches to decrease.

Discussion

Based on the results of data analysis, it shows that the perception of traditional fishermen in trawling towards efforts to maintain local wisdom that has been done so far has been good. Local wisdom is one of the very important indicators in carrying out the action so that the actions taken do not harm the surrounding nature, especially in the coastal area of Gampong Jawa. Because local wisdom refers to various cultural treasures that grow and develop in a community that is known, trusted, and recognized, as important elements that are able to thicken social cohesion in the community (Abdullah, 2008).

Local wisdom aims to improve welfare and create peace (Sibarani, 2013). Local wisdom is extracted from cultural products that concern the life and life of the owner's community, for example, the system of values, beliefs, religion, work ethic, and even how dynamics, take place (Pudentia, 2003). Understanding local wisdom that has been carried out by traditional fishermen, fishermen maintain Aron trees in coastal areas, so that Aron trees (mangroves) can avoid environmental damage factors, triggering damage to the coastal ecosystem environment, marine ecosystems, and other ecosystems.

The poverty factor is one of the factors that natural resources will be damaged which will fail natural resource management due to economic activities that can damage the environment (Fauzi, 2005). In addition, in fishing communities in terms of maintaining environmental cleanliness to avoid various diseases, viruses, and bacteria around the coastline, fishermen carry out cooperation together when not carrying out Tarek Pukat activities, usually, there is a schedule that has been set by the commander of the Pull Pukat.

To carry out special cooperation with local fishermen

The Tarek Pukat tradition that has been carried out by fishermen using traditional nets, catching fish using traditional nets is considered environmentally friendly because it does not damage the ecosystem of marine life. Tarek Pukat needs to be preserved, not only as a symbol of community togetherness in scavenging for sustenance but also as a value that can attract tourists to boost the economy of the local fishing community. In the times

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117 and the development of technology that is already so sophisticated, traditional fishermen on the coastline of Gampong Jawa are still very thick using traditional methods in terms of catching fish, such as Tarek Pukat (pulling fish nets) which until now is still preserved which is one of the cultures of the Acehnese people. Culture is a whole complex of knowledge, beliefs, arts, morals, laws, customs, and all the other abilities and customs acquired by a person as a member of society (Koentjaranigrat, 2009)

To maintain local wisdom that has been done by traditional fishermen, many things have been done by fishermen including not damaging the sea, but must maintain good relations with nature reciprocally, not being allowed to throw garbage and dirt in the sea that can cause dirty seas so that fish caught by fish are not healthy fishermen on the coast of Gampong Jawa, in the case of fishing without fish using tiger trawls, poisons or bombs, because local wisdom is a wise, wisdom-filled, good-value local idea that is embedded and followed by members of its community (Sartini in Permana, et al., 2011).

Because local wisdom in a local community is maintained by a traditional elder or a community leader who is highly valued and respected among him, local wisdom is taught continuously from one generation to the next, so that the local wisdom that has existed so far does not fade out of thin air, but continues to live and grow among the local community,

especially fishing communities. By maintaining local wisdom, the environment will be balanced, so that the fishing process through the traditional trawl pull system can continue to be preserved and able bring the economy of fishing communities to a better level, therefore the coastal area (Dahuri, 2009) a transitional area between land and ocean, where the boundary towards land is the arbitrary distance from the highest average tide and the boundary towards the sea is the jurisdiction of the territory province in a State.

4. Conclusion

Based on the results of research and data analysis that has been carried out, it can be concluded that the perception of traditional fishing communities in maintaining local wisdom towards marine conservation is very good, in general fishermen have a positive perception, and this can be seen from the answers to questionnaires and interview answers where the fishing community has understood the meaning of local wisdom, fishermen understand that local wisdom is a habit in doing something, fishermen always clean coastal areas by working together, not allowed to throw garbage into the sea because it can damage marine life. Aron trees planted on the beach should not be cut down casually because it can cause fish to be unable to breed.

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