Pesantren as a Moral Agent and Character of the Nation
M. Zainul Umam
Ph.D Student of Islamic University Jakarta, Jakarta, Indonesia Keywords :
Pesantren moral agents character of the nation
Abstract
Islamic boarding school education is often ruled out by some people, perhaps because general education is more promising in terms of graduates such as being economists, businessmen, and so on, even though islamic boarding schools have a very important role in the lives of both individuals and nations and countries. This is because islamic boarding schools in addition to teaching religious knowledge also shape the character of students who have good behaviors or akhlakulkarimah. Based on research, the Raudlatul Muta'allimin Kudus Islamic boarding school is the face of pesantren traditionalism which is a material for survival amid the onslaught of globalization, pragmatism and hedonism of the increasingly crazy society. The research uses a field qualitative phenomenological approach. This can be seen from the Pesantren Raudlatul Muta'allimin Kudus is able to become one of the institutions that teaches theological and anthropocentric aspects. The culture of the pesantren has made many of its alumni become people with a character.
Kata Kunci : Pesantren Agen Moral Karakter bangsa
Abstrak
Pendidikan pondok pesantren sering dikesampingkan oleh sebagian masyarakat, mungkin karena pendidikan umum lebih menjanjikan dalam hal lulusannya seperti menjadi ekonom, bisnisman, dan lain sebagainya, padahal pondok pesantren mempunyai peran yang sangat penting dalam kehidupan baik individu maupun bangsa dan negara. Hal itu disebabkan karena pondok pesantren selain mengajarkan ilmu agama juga membentuk karakter anak didik mempunyai perilaku-perilaku yang baik atau akhlakulkarimah. Berdasarkan penelitian, pondok pesantren Raudlatul Muta’allimin Kudus merupakan Wajah tradisionalisme pesantren yang menjadi bahan survive ditengah gempuran arus globalisasi, pragmatism dan hedonisme masyarakat yang kian menggila. Penelitian menggunakan kualitatif lapangan pendekatan fenomenologi. Hal ini terlihat dari Pesantren Raudlatul Muta’allimin Kudus mampu menjadi salah satu lembaga yang mengajarkan aspek teologis dan antroposentris. Budaya pesantren tersebut telah menjadikan banyak alumninya menjadi insan berakhlakulkarimah
INTRODUCTION
Boarding schools uphold the values of science as founded in the Qur'an
اَهُّيَأَٰٓ َي ٱ َييِذَّل ىِف ۟اىُحَّسَفَت ْنُكَل َليِق اَذِإ ۟ا َٰٓىٌَُهاَء ِسِل َجَوْلٱ
۟اىُحَسْف َفٱ ِحَسْفَي َُّللّٱ َليِق اَذِإ َو ۖ ْنُكَل ٱ
۟او ُزُشً
َف ٱ ۟او ُزُشً
ِعَف ْزَي
َُّللّٱ ٱ َّل َييِذ َو ْنُكٌِه ۟اىٌَُهاَء ٱ
َييِذَّل ۟اىُتوُأ َنْلِعْلٱ َو ۚ ٍت َج َرَد َُّللّٱ
زيِبَخ َىىُلَوْعَت اَوِب It means: " ... Allah will raise up the believers among you and those who have been given knowledge in degrees."
Q.S. Al - Mujadilah : 11.(Rahim, 1991) In addition, boarding schools also print students to form good behaviors or akhlakulkarimah(M. Z. Umam, 2019b). As
the Prophet exemplified. Because basically Islam is a moral religion as the prophet said
ٳ اكه نوتﻷ تﺜعب اوً
ا مر ﻼخﻷ ور ق
ٍا زبل را
It means: indeed I was sent only to perfect morals. HR Al Bazzar.(Al- Asqolani, n.d.)
Akhlalkulkarimah or good morals are a very vital element in the lives of individuals as well as the lives of nations and countries because of the uprightness of a country if it is moral, instead of destroying a country if it is immoral(M.
Z. Umam, 2013), this is where the role of
pesantren becomes an undeniable necessity(Fajarini, 2014). History has proven how boarding schools have an important role in the effort to uphold independence on Indonesian eart. With the number of fighters who are also peasantren citizens. Pesantren is also the forerunner of BKR which eventually turned into TNI(Muhakamurrohman, 2014).
Post-independence until now boarding school remains an educational institution that educates generations of the nation in accordance with islamic teachings(M. Z. Umam, 2019a) in the midst of other educational institutions that prioritize science and technology and tend to ignore the values contained in religion(Maksum, 2015). Therefore, the author is eager to open his eyes to all about the importance of boarding school in the lives of people and people. The object of the graduation of this problem is Raudlatul Muta'allimin boarding school because in addition to the author himself is part of the alumni of the boarding school has also proven to be a liaison or agent of akhlakulkarimah in the community(M. Umam, 2011).
The role of pesantren educational institutions is very important in answering the spiritual crisis of modern people, or at least as a balance to the tendency of hedonistic lifestyles and dishonesty(Dianti, 2016), hence its existence needs to get more serious support from all parties. Human success is more determined by the EQ (Emotional Quotient)(Suyanto, 2015) and SQ (Spiritual Quotient) factors, while SQ is the main aspect that is the focus of traditional boarding school education, so it is recommended to all parties to continue to develop heart education in order to achieve the success of a real life(Zain, 2020a). Boarding school education activities since the beginning of his birth are able to develop positively in
the community and even have a vital contribution.
The education curriculum of traditional boarding schools today not only focuses on classical books, but also includes a growing number of common subjects and skills(Setiawan & Sulistiani, 2019), currently in boarding school education dichotomy science is becoming unpopular. In terms of institutional management(Zain, 2020b), in traditional boarding schools today there has been a fundamental change(Muhtarom, 2016), namely from centralistic, hierarchical and singgle fighter-inclined leadership to a collective management model.
Method
The approach used in order to solve the problems that have been formulated using the : deductive methods. Anything that is considered true on all events of any class or type, applies as well as the right thing on all events. Thus the deductive method is a way of thinking that departs from a general statement, then drawn a conclusion of a special nature(Nadzir, 1988)
RESULT AND DISCUSSION
Boarding school education emphasizes the moral values taught, so boarding school education is very important to face this modern life. Pondok pesantren is a multi-functional institution.
In pesantren, people are able to find solutions to various problems in the community. In pesantren, society is able to confirm the morality of the behavior of immorality modernism. In pesantren, society is able to adapt to the rapid development of the times by not eliminating the scientific substance of pesantren. Therefore from pesantren we are able to change the world or civilization in a better direction.
The development of the times that became the inevitation of history became a boarding school footing to evolve intellectually dynamically. Students who used to read only yellow books, wear sarongs, peci, think theorist "other worlds"
by reading white books, wearing jeans and parlente style, writing using computers, and sleeping in offices that are concrete and anthropocentric. The anthropocentric thought pattern of santri thought does not necessarily eliminate the theoccentric side, but the wise santri is a santri that can combine the two sides of the scientific into a symmetrical pattern with human life. The morality and humanism sides are two sides of money that cannot be separated from each other.
Pesantren as an agent of moral force, pesantren has long been known to teach the spirit of fighters, devotion and simplicity. That tenacity and tenacity grew out of a spirit known as the ethos or ethics of the students. With such capacity, pesantren is known as moral force that is able to encourage the growth of harmonious and healthy society.
The issue becomes another when this community of students enters the field of power. The grip of political
"libido" has led to moves in the field of power and interest. On the one hand, this proves that the students who move in harmony with the Islamic movement are not really extinguished in the political struggle to fight for the morality of truth by seizing power over (the name of) the people. On this level, it is not uncommon for students to slip into immoral abyss and even display immoral behavior. On the other hand, students are required to be example for society in the social dimension of society.
The struggle of the students in the political terrain has far deviated from the principle of early morality. Therefore, deviations and misappropriation of morals can be said to be (symptomatic)
demoralization of the politics of santri.
From these events, the next generation of students has a responsibility to restore the position of the santri as a moral force.
Morality and humanism as spirit act. In other sense, all the desires of the students still have limits, namely morality and humanism. The transformation of theorists into anthropocentrics becomes the basic identification of humanism.
This is what is called humanism, the spirit of humanism that then gave birth to a new ethic in modern life santri as an agent of intellectual modernity. Today, pesantren thinking that is concoted as a colossal thought already reflects the face of modern thought. An attitude to open up with outside intellectuality as a dialogueal mediation of pesantren. Literature on contemporary Islamic discourse such as Syed Hussein Nashr, Fazlurrahman, Hasan Hanafi, Nashr Hamid Abu Zaid and other contemporary Islamic intellectuals has become known in the world of pesantren.
One of the evidence of the intellectual syncretization of pesantren with contemporary intellectuality is the presence (alm) of KH. Abdurrahman Wahid and (alm) Nurcholish Madjid as intellectual modernization agents whose notabene is a student. The youth intellectual movement gave rise to the Liberal Islamic Network. A socio- religious study group that emphasizes personal freedom and liberation from oppressive socio-political structures.
"Liberal" here means two: freedom and liberation. They believe that Islam is always literate, because in reality Islam is interpreted differently according to the needs of its interpreters. The group chose one type of interpretation, and thus an adjective against Islam, namely "liberal".
Again, the leaders and important figures of this liberal group are students such as Ulil Abshar Abdalla, the founder and co- ordinator of JIL, Abd. Moqsith Ghazali,
Luthfi As-Syaukanie, Taufik Adnan Amal, Hamid Basyaib and so on.
From here we can see that boarding school education is quite open and not monotonous or colloquial.
Pesantren can adjust and at the same time bring itself in all situations and conditions. However, the changing times cannot fade existence and even serve as a moment to develop its intellectuality, thus giving birth to Islamic thinkers who are ready to plunge into society under any circumstances and situations. They are taught to solve problems in elegant and civilized ways, because in pesantren are always taught to build spiritual pious that must be transformed in society or social pious.
a. Community Morals a) Customs
Before the arrival of Islam, Javanese Indonesian settlers were Buddhist Hindus. But after the arrival of Islam, Hindu religious customs little by little began to be replaced Islamic habits until now.
In addition to walisongo services are also the services of his successors, namely the kiai who began to build education through boarding schools such as KH.
Raden Asnawi (founder of Madrasah Qudsiyyah Kudus), KH. M. Arwani Amin (Pondok Tahfidz Yanbu'ul Qur'an Kudus), KH Irsyad (founder of Raudlatul Muta'allimin Kudus Boarding School)(Khudori, 2010).
For example in Hindu custom is to have the myth that some animals have extraordinary powers as the incarnation of gods among the sacred animals is cows.
This caused Sunan Kudus to give a fatwa about the should not slaughter cows for anyone in Kudus area as a tolerance towards Hindus. The form of the thick teachings of Hinduism so that
Sunan Kudus makes a tower similar to the Hindu temple famous for its Kudus tower.
b) Economy
The economic level greatly affects the moral condition of society because if the economy in the period is balanced then it can reduce the social jealousy that often causes criminality(Noeh, 1985).
c) Government
The government as a regulator and community leader plays an important role in the behavior it leads. therefore, if the government provides measures in moral development then the people will automatically follow it(Noeh, 1985).
d) Education
The existence of education is very important in shaping the behavior of society. If education prioritizes moral coaching then its students can be expected to have moral qualities that can be implemented in the lives of individuals and society(Noeh, 1985).
b. The role of boarding school education on morals
The moral stipulated here is Islamic moral or akhlakulkarimah as the main foundation of muslim life.
a) The role of boarding school education
As one of the centers of moral education, pesantren has printed many alumni who have a moral basic indicated in the community where the students are from. The alumni are a cadre of successors and as an example to the surrounding community about Islamic moral behaviors(Fikri, 2010).
b) Economic role
Pesantren in addition to giving emphasis on moral education also
provides self-reliance education.
Because self-reliance is one of the basics for living in a society without having to rely on others.
This is evidenced by the number of alumni who have been successful in the field of economics so that the moral education that he has maintained from un commendable actions such as criminalism because without independence it will be difficult to create a life with good morals(Husin, 2010).
c) Role of government
Because the majority government system around pesantren is more likely to be with Islamic government, it is certainly about morals is a basic commitment that is the foundation of the government's journey. This is evidenced by raids on liquor, raids of sinful places as the realization of the establishment of a moral society(Hasan, 2010).
d) The role of customs
It has been mentioned above that the community around pesantren is
a society that tends towards Islamic patterns then automatically the Islamic patterns become the customs inherent in community so that Islamic customs become the benchmark of the behavior of people's lives(Malik, 2010).
CONCLUSION
Customs is a binding force even if it is not written. The customs of the people around pesantren are now very thick with Islamic values that automatically bind their people. From the research results that have been done in this study proves that boarding schools are part of the moral agent for the surrounding community. Pesantren forms Islamic thinkers who are ready to plunge into society under any conditions and situations. Pesantren teaches to solve problems in elegant and civilized ways, because in pesantren is always taught to build spiritual pious that must be transformed in society or social pious.
This is the advantage of pesantren than other institutions.
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