COVER PAGE
I. Plankton community structure as bioindicator trophic status of Jatigede Reservoir waters
Rosadi 1*), Muhammad Musa2) and Tri Djoko Lelono3)
II. First author:
1. Name : Rosadi
2. Afiliation : Faculty of Fisheries and marine science Universitas of Brawijaya Malang 3. E-mail : [email protected]
4. Orcid ID : http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4344-5643 5. Contribution to this Manuscript: Main Author
III. Second author:
1. Name : Muhammad Musa
2. Afiliation : Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Science Universitas of Brawijaya 3. E-mail : [email protected]
4. Orcid ID : http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3352-7725 5. Contribution to this Manuscript: Second Author
IV. Third author:
1. Name : Tri Djoko Lelono
2. Afiliation : Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Science Universitas of Brawijaya 3. E-mail : [email protected]
4. Orcid ID : http://orcid.org /t_djoko.61 5. Contribution to this Manuscript: Third Author
V. Acknowledgement
This research was supported by Marine Affairs and Fisheries Education Center. Marine Affairs and Fisheries Training and Extension Center. Agency for Research and Human Resources Ministry of Marine and Fisheries Affairs Republic of Indonesia.
Plankton community structure as bioindicator trophic status of Jatigede Reservoir waters
Abstract
The Jatigede Reservoir in Sumedang Regency is a land mass planning designed as a multi-function reservoir.
The main water source for this reservoir is the Cimanuk River, which flows across Garut Regency, which has many industrial activities around the river flow. This research was conducted to assess the trophic status of water pollution in the Jatigede Reservoir by utilizing plankton as a bioindicator agent. Samples were collected from 9 observation stations in November 2018 and January 2019. The results showed the Jatigede Reservoir had 26 species of phytoplankton from 7 divisions including Dinophyta, Cyanophyta, Chlorophyta, Chrysophyta, Euglenophyta, Bacillariophyta, and Charophyta with an abundance value of 461 ind/m3. Zooplankton abundance of 6 species from 2 divisions of Rotifera and Copepoda with an abundance average value of 2 ind/m3. The average phytoplankton diversity index is 0,93, the zooplankton diversity index is 0,23. The average phytoplankton uniformity index is 0,44, the zooplankton uniformity index is 0,24. The average dominance of phytoplankton is 0,58 and the dominance index is zooplankton 0,25. Based on the plankton community structure, the trophic status of the Jatigede Reservoir is classified as waters which fall into the category of moderate polluted (eutroph) to heavily pollutants (hypereutroph). The dominant species is Perinidium sp from the Dinophyta division.
KEYWORDS
Pollution, plankton, bioindicator, Jatigede Reservoir
Introduction
Jatigede Reservoir is a public land area located in Sumedang Regency, West Java Province. The process of building this reservoir takes a long time. After going through various stages of the process finally, the reservoir project was inaugurated in August 2015 and began operating fully in 2017. Its main function is as a flood controller, irrigation and hydroelectric power plants.
The pool of Jatigede reservoir is very potential for fisheries activities. However, fish farming in Floating Net Cages (KJA) is not recommended by the local government. Allowed fishing activities include general aquaculture (restocking), fishing, and ecotourism. However, many communities around the inundation area do fish farming in KJA, even though it is done illegally.
As a general plot of land, natural conditions and a large number of utilization activities by the community, Jatigede Reservoir is quite vulnerable to pollution. The amount of nutrient load that enters with the flow of water which is finally trapped in the reservoir body provides an opportunity for the eutrophication process. Increased nutrient in waters can come from outside the ecosystem and in the ecosystem itself as well as decomposition of organic matter, regeneration of nutrients by zooplankton, and waste from outside which enters the water flow (Garno, 2019; Agustini and Oetami, 2014). Therefore, Andani et al., (2017) explained that the quality of the Jatigede reservoir water needs to be monitored.
Eutrophication is a process of nutrient enrichment especially nitrogen and phosphorus which can directly or indirectly affect plankton and other aquatic biota contaminated with eutrophic reservoirs (Serafim-Júnior et al., 2010). The presence of plankton in reservoir waters is affected by trophic conditions of the waters themselves. So that plankton can be used as an indicator of the eutrophication process in waters (Parama and Dwi, 2000; Thakur
et al., 2013). The steps in monitoring waters today are developing a lot by utilizing the presence of aquatic biota. Scientists know it by the term biomonitoring or bioindicator (Sidi et al., 2018; García et al., 2018; Setyono, 2008). One of the most widely used aquatic biotas is plankton. The phytoplankton community can be used as an indicator of the ecological conditions of the waters (Effendi et al., 2016).
Plankton as a water organism that was first introduced by Victor Hensen in 1887, which was later refined by Haeckel in 1890, can function as a medium in determining the condition of a processing environment. The abundance and diversity of plankton can be used as an indicator of water fertility (Chankaew et al., 2015; Perbiche et al., 2016;
Gabilondo et al., 2018). Plankton also plays an important role in the supply of energy in the food chain cycle in one ecosystem environment. This is because of phytoplankton function as primary producers in food chain networks in aquatic ecosystems.
The presence of plankton greatly determines the ecosystem of the reservoir. Plankton abundance provides an opportunity for the growth and development of fish biota in aquatic habitats. Apart from that, the presence of plankton is also influenced by water quality and the level of water pollution itself. Thus, seeing the magnitude of the benefits of plankton as a bioindicator and biomonitoring, this study was conducted. The aim is to determine the level of water pollution of the Jatigede Reservoir based on an analysis of plankton community structure which includes aspects of abundance, diversity index, uniformity index, and dominance index. The results obtained are expected to provide an overview of the condition of the waters which is one of the approach materials in an effort to optimize and sustainable reservoir management ecosystem.
Materials and methods
The study used a survey method conducted in the waters of the Jatigede Reservoir in Sumedang Regency in November 2018 and January 2019. Samples were collected from nine observation stations based on purposive sampling following the supply flow of water (Figure 1).
Station A : coordinate 6o55’32,9”S,108o5’46,8”T, Cimanuk River estuary area (inlet).
Station B : coordinate 6o54’57,5”S,108o6’23,5”T, the area of the water body of Jatigede Reservoir that is crossed by the Cacaban River.
Station C : coordinate 6o53’56”S,108o7’16,2”T, the area of the water body of Jatigede Reservoir that is crossed by the Cinambo River.
Station D : coordinate 6o52’11,8”S,108o6’47,1”T, the area of the water body of Jatigede Reservoir that is crossed by the Cijeunjing River.
Station E : coordinate 6o51’47,4”S,108o5’47,7”T, the outlet area t of Jatigede Reservoir.
Station F : coordinate 6o51’47,4”S,108o5’47,7”T, the area of the water body of Jatigede Reservoir that is crossed by the Pajagan River.
Station G : coordinate 6o51”33,1”S,108o4’12,2”T, the middle area of the Jatigede Reservoir.
Station H : coordinate 6o53’47,8”S,108o4’44,2”T, the area of the water body of Jatigede Reservoir that is crossed by the Pajagan Cipaku River.
Station I : coordinate 6o54’57,5”S,108o5’44,1”T, the area of the water body of Jatigede Reservoir that is crossed by the Pajagan Cibogo River.
A B
C D F E
G
H
I
Figure 1. Observation station in Jatigede Reservoir
Procedures
A total of 20 liters of water samples were taken using plastic buckets from ± 5-50 cm depth then filtered using plankton nets measuring 50 µm mesh size. A total of 10 ml of filtered water sample was put into a sample bottle that had been labeled. The sample is then preserved using a 4% formalin solution following the instructions (Suhenda, 2016). After being closed tightly, the sample bottles are temporarily stored in the cool box during the trip until the analysis stage in the Water Quality Laboratory of Water Resource Management Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Sciences, Padjadjaran University, Bandung.
Plankton abundance (N) was analyzed using Sedwich Rafter Counting Cell method based on instructions (Novia et al, 2016). Determining plankton abundance is calculated based on the formula:
N = (Oi/Op x Vr/Vo x I/Vs x n/p)
where: N = Number of plankton individuals, Oi = Area of glass cover preparation (mm2), Op = Area of one field of view (mm2), Vr = Volume of filtered water (ml), Vo = Volume of water observed (ml), Vs = Volume of filtered water (l), n = Number of plankton in the entire field of view, and p = Number of fields of view observed.
Plankton diversity index (H') is calculated using the Shannon-Wiener Index based on (Fedor dan Spellerberg, 2013) with the formula:
n
H’ = - ∑ Pi Ln Pi i=1
where: H = index of species diversity; Pi= relative abundance of the ith species, n= the′ number of the ith species.
The uniformity index is determined by the following formula:
E
=
H’
Hmax
where E= uniformity index, H’= index of species diversity, Hmax= LnS (S= total number of species).
The Domination Index (D) is determined by the following equation:
n D = ∑ (Pi) 2 i=1
where: D= the domination Index of species, Pi= relative abundance of the ith species.
Dominance index values range from 0–1 as explained (Novia et al., 2016), if D approach to 1 (one) value then there is a dominant species, whereas if D approach to 0 (zero) value then there is no dominant species.
Results and Discussion Plankton Composition and Abundance
The results of the identification of samples from nine observation stations obtained abundance of phytoplankton and zooplankton as described in (Table 1). Jatigede Reservoir has 26 types of phytoplankton species from 7 divisions covering as Dinophyta, Cyanophyta, Chlorophyta, Chrysophyta, Euglenophyta, Bacillariophyta, and Charophyta. There are 6 zooplankton species from 2 divisions, that is Rotifera and Copepoda.
Table 1. Plankton abundance in Jatigede Reservoir Species
(ind/m3)
Observation Station
A B C D E F G H I
Phytoplankton Dinophyta
- Peridinium sp 1.410 307 347 242 58 55 40 149 604
- Ceratium sp 26 1
Cyanophyta
- Merismopodia sp 4 3 3 2
- Oscillatoria sp 21 4 2 1
- Nodularia sp 3 1 6 3
- Mycrosytis sp 1 8 2
- Phormidium 1 6 4 1 1
- Lyngbia 1 2 1 3
- Coelosphaerium sp 3 3 1 4
Chlorophyta
- Staurastrum sp 2 9 16 20 7 8 8 13
- Coelastrum sp 1 56
- Chamaesiphoncofervicolus 2 1 1 1
- Tetraedronlobatusvar 1 3
- Gonatozygon sp 1 2
- Cosmarium sp 1 3
Chrysophyta
- Tribonema sp 16 1 6 5
- Gyrosigma sp 3 3 1 2 1
Euglenophyta
- Euglena sp 1 3 5 6 2 13
Bacillariophyta
- Synendra sp 3 17 9 17 6 58 59 13
- Nitzschia sp 5 41 2 1 6 3 8 21
- Amphora sp 1 2
- Fragilaria sp 4 3
- Navicula sp 5 107 61 25 80 7 11 17 25
- Mastogloia sp 1 3
Species (ind/m3)
Observation Station
A B C D E F G H I
Charophyta
- Closterium sp 1 1 2
- Arthrodesmus sp 3
A Total amount of abundance 1.453 476 446 297 236 126 195 276 681 Zooplankton
Rotifera
- Keratella sp 2 1 2
- Brachionus sp 4 1 1 1
- Filinia sp 1 2 1
- Polyarthra sp 1 2
Copepoda
- Cyclops sp 1
- Naupli sp 1
A Total amount of abundance 8 2 1 0 0 0 0 7 3
Description: sampling plankton abundance data in November 2018 and January 2019
The highest value of phytoplankton abundance is found in station A with a value of 1,453 ind/m3, while the lowest abundance is at station F with a value of 126 ind/m3. Station A has a high phytoplankton abundance compared to other stations as described in (Figure 2). Station A is the inlet area (estuary channel) of the Cimanuk River which is the main water supplier of the Jatigede Reservoir.
Zooplankton abundance ranges from 0 - 8 ind/m3. The highest abundance is found at station A, and the lowest is at stations D, E, F, and G explained (Figure 2). The species of zooplankton found are composed of Karatella sp, Branchionus sp, Filinia sp, and Polyarthra
sp composed of Rotifera divisions, as well Cyclops sp and Naupli sp species composed of Copepoda divisions as explained (Table 1).
Diversity Index
Figure 2. The average value of phytoplankton abundance (a) and zooplankton abundance average value (b) at each observation station
(a) (b)
Plankton diversity index (H') at each station (Table 2) shows a low value. The average diversity index of phytoplankton is between 0,53 - 1,62, while the zooplankton diversity index is 0-0,76. The highest phytoplankton diversity index value is at station D, the lowest is at I station. The highest zooplankton diversity index value is at A station, while the lowest is at C, D, E, F, and G stations.
Diversity index (Figure 3) shows Jatigede Reservoir has characteristics of waters with low plankton diversity. The condition of the waters is said to have a low diversity level if the index value of H'<1, moderate diversity if the index value is 1<H’<3, and high diversity if H’>
3 (Serezova and Utami, 2014; Soegianto, 2004). The level of plankton diversity shows the level of pollution that occurs in the waters. Diversity index value >2 indicates that the pollutant has not been polluted, the value of 1,6-2,0 shows the level of mild pollution, the value of 1,0-1,5 shows the level of moderate pollution, and the value <1 shows the type of waters with heavy pollution levels (Parama & Dwi, 2000). Based on the plankton diversity index obtained during the study, the Jatigede Reservoir is a type of water with moderate levels of pollution (eutroph) to heavily pollution (hypereutrophic).
Table 2.The average value of the diversity index of phytoplankton and Zooplankton in the Jatigede Reservoir
Average Observation Station
A B C D E F G H I
Phytoplankton Diversity Index
0,90 0,55 0,58 0,62 1,60 1,27 1,25 1,09 0,53
Zooplankton Diversity Index 0,76 0,32 0,00 0,00 0,00 0,00 0,00 0,73 0,28
Uniformity Index
Data shows the phytoplankton uniformity index value >1 (Table 3). The average value of phytoplankton uniformity index at each station is A (0,41), B (0,25), C (0,31), D (0,39), E (0,71), F (0,55), G (0,61), H (0,48), and I (0,27). The highest phytoplankton uniformity index is at E station, and the lowest at B station (Figure 3). The average value of the zooplankton uniformity index at each station is A (0,82), B (0,46), C (0), D (0), E (0), F (0), G ( 0), H (0,46), and I (0,41). The highest zooplankton uniformity index is found at B station, and the lowest uniformity index at C, D, F, E, and G stations.
Table 3. Average uniformity value of phytoplankton and zooplankton index in Jatigede Reservoir
Average Observation Station
A B C D E F G H I
Phytoplankton Uniformity Index
0,41 0,25 0,31 0,39 0,71 0,55 0,61 0,4
8 0,2
7 Zooplankton Uniformity
Index
0,82 0,46 0,00 0,00 0,00 0,00 0,00 0,4
6 0,4
1
The zooplankton uniformity index at D, F, and G stations are 0 (zero). This is because during the research at the station there were no zooplankton species found. This condition indicates that the C, D, F, E, and G stations of the waters are very polluted conditions. Waters are not able to provide good carrying capacity for zooplankton growth and breeding.
Based on observations at each station, the waters of the Jatigede Reservoir have diverse plankton uniformity index characteristics. Low phytoplankton uniformity categories are found in B, C, D, and I stations, the phytoplankton uniformity is at A, F, and H stations, while phytoplankton uniformity is high at E and G stations. Low zooplankton uniformity index is found at C, D, E, and F station, zooplankton uniformity is at B, H, and I stations, and high zooplankton uniformity at A station (Figure 3). According to opinion (Serezova and Utami, 2014) if the uniformity index value 0-0,4 is low category, uniformity 0,4 – 0,6 is medium category, and value 0,6 – 1,0 is high uniformity category. The uniformity index value is low, most likely in the waters, there are a dominant species (Sulawesty and Suryono, 2017).
Dominance Index
The dominance index of plankton in the waters of the Jatigede Reservoir (Table 4) shows a range of values between 0-0,77. Phytoplankton dominance index at stations A (0,62), B (0,74), C (0,72), D (0,67), E (0,27), F (0,49), G (0,42), H (0,51), and I (0,77). The highest phytoplankton dominance index with a value of 0,77 is found at I station and the lowest phytoplankton dominance with a value of 0,27 at E station. The highest value of zooplankton dominance index with a value of 0,50 at C station, and the lowest at D, E, F, and G station with a value of 0 (zero).
The dominance index value (D) ranges from 0 – 1. If D value approaches 1, there are a dominant species, whereas if it approaches 0 (zero) there are no dominant species (Novia et al., 2016; Fachrul et al., 2016). The average value of phytoplankton dominance index (Figure 3) at A, B, C, D, H, and I stations approached 1 (one) value. This indicates the presence of Perinidium tends to dominate the waters. The occurrence of dominance in one of the plankton species illustrates that waters in a less stable condition if they occur (blooming), can have a negative impact on the quality of the waters themselves (Djoko et al., 2011).
Table 4.Average value of the dominance index of Phytoplankton and Zooplankton in the Jatigede Reservoir
Average Observation Station
A B C D E F G H I
Phytoplankton Dominance Index
0,62 0,74 0,72 0,67 0,27 0,49 0,42 0,51 0,77
Zooplankton Dominance Index
0,44 0,39 0,50 0,00 0,00 0,00 0,00 0,07 0,09
The type of Peridinium sp has the highest abundance in almost all observation stations. The highest abundance of Peridinium sp is found in A station with an average value of 1.410 ind/m3, while the lowest abundance at G station with abundance value average of 40 ind/m3. The abundance of Perinidium is fully obtained from the results of sampling in January, this is thought to be closely related with the rainy season factor. The high nutrient load that enters from the Cimanuk River during the rainy season provides high nutrients for Perinidium growth in Jatigede Reservoir.
Peridinium is a Dinophyta division phytoplankton organism better known as Dinoflagellate (Rani et al., 2013). Peridinium type is included in one type of phytoplankton
which is often found and can grow predominantly in tropical waters of lakes (Rengefors and Legrand, 2001). Types of freshwater dinoflagellates such as Peridinium can be toxic and harmful to other organisms and have the ability to inhibit the growth of other plankton. That is can cause the blooming of Perinidium species in the waters.
The presence of Peridinium in the Jatigede Reservoir must be watched out. Data shows that this organism can grow and develop in all observation stations. This condition can be indicated that all areas of the Jatigede Reservoir have the potential for Peridinium to grow and develop well. The dominance of this type of Peridinium is thought to be one of the inhibiting factors for other types of growth and development. As a result, the density of other types of phytoplankton while observation is less and the distribution is not evenly distributed. The dominance condition of Perinidium is an indicator that the Jatigede Reservoir waters are unstable. This is in line with the opinion (Djoko et al., 2011), the dominance of one species shows less stable waters, if a bloom occurs it can have a negative impact on water quality.
Synendra sp and Navicula sp are other species that are found pretty much in Jatigede
waters. Members of Euglenophyta and Bacillariophyta division have fairly even distribution in almost every observation station. The density of each Synendra and Navicula is 20 and 37 ind/m3. Synendra and Navicula types have high adaptability in Jatigede waters.
The discovery of Microcystis species is an indication of waters need to be watched out.
This member of the Cyanophyta division is one of the species which is toxic plankton (Djoko et al., 2011; Krismono et al., 2017). Although the average density during the study is only found 1 ind/m3, it is still very small, but the types of toxic that Mycrosystis has can cause nerve paralysis (Lindon and Heiskary, 2009). Thus, the presence of microcystis needs serious attention.
The distribution of zooplankton abundance in the Jatigede Reservoir is not evenly distributed. This can be seen by not finding zooplankton species at D, E, F, and G stations.
The highest zooplankton distribution is found in A station with a value of 7 ind/m3, with of Keratella sp, Brachionus sp, Filinia sp, and Polyarthra sp species. The lowest distribution is found in C station with 1 species occupying Brachionus sp. Types of Cyclops sp and Naupli sp are zooplankton species which have the lowest distribution, each of which is only 1 ind/m3 found at H station.
The type of Brachionus sp is the most found organism among the zooplankton community. This indicates that Brachionus types have higher adaptability than other types of Figure 3. Diversity index, uniformity index, and dominance index of phytoplankton (a), as well as diversity index, uniformity index, and dominance index of zooplankton (b)
(a) (b)
zooplankton. The presence of Brachionus is one of the good eutrophic indicators in the waters (Sousa et al., 2008). In line with opinion Saksena (1987) which explains the types of Branchionus and Caratella from rotifers are indicators of water that is quite clean (mesotrophy). Low abundance with uneven distribution indicates that based on the distribution of zooplankton abundance, the waters are in an unstable condition. Waters with low plankton abundance are categorized as oligotrophic waters (Hardiyanto et al., 2012).
Physics-Chemistry Water Quality
The water body is a medium for the growth and development of plankton and another aquatic biota in the reservoir water ecosystem. For plankton, it can grow and develop properly and requires optimum physical and chemical characteristics of water. The condition of water quality both physics and chemistry is not optimum resulting in fish and other aquatic biota living under pressure, migrating, and even experiencing death (Makmur, 1884).
The physical and chemical characteristics of water in the Jatigede Reservoir during research activities have been identified. Water temperature ranges from 27-31oC, pH 8,0-9,0, brightness 25-85 cm, dissolved oxygen (DO) 6,3-8,2 mg/liter, ammonia 0,01-0,88 mg/liter , Nitrite 0-0,08 mg/liter, Nitrate 0,1-1,6 mg/liter, Phosphate 0,1-0,2 mg/liter, and BOD 5,0- 14,6 mg/liter. The water temperature slightly exceeds the maximum threshold, but it is still considered feasible for plankton growth. This is in accordance with the opinion (APHA, 1989;
Effendi, 2003) which explains that the optimum temperature range for phytoplankton growth is 20-30oC. The degree of acidity (pH) of small water exceeds the maximum threshold. The optimum pH value for phytoplankton life in waters ranges from 6,5 – 8,0 (Pescod, 1973).
Based on the brightness value, the waters of the Jatigede Reservoir show hypereutrophic waters. Data shows that during the study the brightness value was above the maximum threshold range. Brightness values during the study are very supportive of the low value of abundance and diversity of plankton in the Jatigede Reservoir. Brightness plays a role in determining the characteristics of fish habitat and phytoplankton (Serezova and Utami, 2014). Boyd (1990), explained that good light penetration for optimal development of plankton is 30-50 cm. Thus, the brightness value of the results of observations reaching 85 cm shows that the condition of the plaster does not support the life of the plankton optimally. Refers to the default brightness values described (KemenLH, 2009) reservoir waters with characteristic brightness values ≥10 meters belong to oligotrophic waters.
The value of oxygen solubility in the waters shows that the Jatigede Reservoir is not polluted. This is in accordance with the opinion (Parama & Dwi, 2000) which suggests that waters are said to have not been polluted to have a range of DO values >6,5 ppm. The opinion (Anonimous, 2001) the minimum limit of the value of oxygen being sequestered in water is 6 mg/liter including the category of first-class processing. Thus based on DO values, the Jatigede Reservoir is still classified as a type of non-polluted (oligotrophic) waters.
Based on established criteria (Anonimous, 2001), free NH3 value for fishing activities with sensitive fish species is ≤ 0,02 mg/liter. The minimum value standard for first-class waters is 0,5 mg/liter. The data from observations on ammonia in Jatigede ranged from 0,1 to 0,8 mg/liter, this shows the range of values entered in the category of first-class waters or classified as clean water types. Unlike the case with opinions (Parama and Dwi, 2000) which explains the range of NH3 values 0,1 – 0,8 mg/liter including lightly polluted water.
Elements of phosphorus (phosphate) and nitrogen (nitrate), are the main inorganic substances needed as a food chain for growth and development of fi phytoplankton
(Simanjuntak, 2009; Parlindungan, 2009). Low phosphate and nitrate content, supported by low plankton abundance, indicates that the waters are in infertile conditions (Parlindungan, 2012). Referring to the Republic of Indonesia Government Regulation Number 82 of 2001, the value of phosphate in the Jatigede Reservoir is close to first and second-grade water quality, and the BOD value shows waters approaching third class quality standards. First class water quality category is a type of water that can be used for drinking water raw materials, while second and third class water quality is a type of water that can be used for recreational (tourism), fish farming, livestock and irrigation facilities (Anonimous, 2001). Based on the physical and chemical parameters, the waters of the Jatigede reservoir are classified as non- polluted (oligotrophic) to mild (mesotrophic) waters.
Conclusions and Suggestion
Jatigede Reservoir waters have 26 types of phytoplankton species from 7 divisions covering Dinophyta, Cyanophyta, Chlorophyta, Chrysophyta, Euglenophyta, Bacillariophyta, and Charophyta with an abundance value of 461 ind/m3. The abundance of zooplankton is 6 species from 2 divisions of Rotifers and Copepods with very low abundance values only 2 ind/m3. The average phytoplankton diversity index is 0,93, while the zooplankton diversity index is 0,23. The average phytoplankton uniformity index is 0,44, while the zooplankton uniformity index is 0,24. The average dominance of phytoplankton is 0,58 and the dominance index is zooplankton 0,25. Based on the community structure of Jatigede Reservoir plankton, it is the waters that enter the eutrophic category towards hypereutrophic with the types of phytoplankton species dominate Perinidium sp.
The presence of plankton as biomonitoring and bioindicators aquatic agents has fluctuating characteristics. Different observation times, tend to describe different conditions.
Therefore, further research on the structure of plankton in the Jatigede Reservoir needs to be carried out periodically and within a minimum period of one year. Fluctuations in changes in plankton data for each time period will be more complex information in determining the condition of reservoir water pollution levels.
Acknowledgements
This research was supported by Marine Affairs and Fisheries Education Center. Marine Affairs and Fisheries Training and Extension Center. Agency for Research and Human Resources Ministry of Marine and Fisheries Affairs Republic of Indonesia.
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