The Politeness Strategy in Joe Biden’s Speech About Russia-Ukraine War at G20 Summit in Bali, Indonesia, 2022
Lysa Nur Azizah Fitriana
English Department, Faculty of Languages and Arts, State University of Surabaya Email: [email protected]
Abstrak
Kajian tentang strategi kesantunan ini penting karena komunikasi kepada orang lain perlu menggunakan strategi kesantunan, begitupun seorang presiden sudah seharusnya berbicara secara santun sebagai pemimpin negara. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mengungkap strategi kesantunan dan diplomasi politik yang digunakan Presiden. Subyek penelitiannya adalah Joe Biden melakukan konferensi pers pada KTT G20 di Bali, Indonesia.
Teori Brown dan Levinson 1987 menjadi teori utama penelitian ini. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode deskriptif kualitatif dimana data diambil dari video youtube channel dan peneliti menjadi instrumen untuk menjelaskan data tersebut. Ditemukan dalam penelitian ini bahwa Joe Biden menggunakan 16 data strategi kesantunan, yang terdiri dari 9 data strategi kesantunan positif, 4 data strategi kesantunan negatif, 2 data bald on record, dan 1 data off record. Perannya sebagai Presiden, Joe Biden memahami atau mengakui bahwa orang- orang yang datang menemuinya di alamat tersebut adalah orang-orang yang mendukungnya. Dan dia berusaha melindungi rakyatnya dengan menjamin keselamatan mereka selama perang Ukraina-Rusia dan membuat dunia lebih baik di masa depan setelah pandemi. Itu sebabnya dia lebih banyak menggunakan strategi kesopanan positif. Apalagi, Joe Biden hanya menggunakan 1 data strategi kesopanan off record karena ingin menunjukkan kekuatannya sebagai perannya memimpin negara.
Kata Kunci: strategi kesopanan, Joe Biden, diplomasi politik
Abstract
The study of politeness strategies is important because communication with others needs to use politeness strategies, and a president should speak politely as a state leader. This study aims to reveal the President's politeness and political diplomacy strategies. The research subject is Joe Biden conducting a press conference at the G20 Summit in Bali, Indonesia. Brown and Levinson's 1987 theory is the main theory of this research.
This study uses a qualitative descriptive method where the data is taken from YouTube channel videos, and the researcher becomes the instrument to explain the data. It was found in this study that Joe Biden used 16 politeness strategy data, consisting of 9 positive politeness strategy data, 4 negative politeness strategy data, 2 bald on record data, and 1 off record data. In his role as President, Joe Biden understands or acknowledges that the people who come to see him at that address are the ones who support him. And he is trying to protect his people by guaranteeing their safety during the Ukrainian-Russian war and making a better world in the future after the pandemic. That is why he mostly uses positive politeness strategies. Moreover, Joe Biden only uses 1 data of off-record politeness strategy data because he wants to show his strength in leading the country.
Keywords: politeness strategy, Joe Biden, political diplomacy
INTRODUCTION
The Russia-Ukraina war, which became a trending topic of coverage in the wider world community in early 2022, was feared to be a continuation of the world war, namely the third world war. So, people who are either affected or unaffected feel worried about this news. Even though the conflict between the two countries between, Russia and Ukraine, is not new, despite it has subsided for
a while over the Russian attack that carried out a military invasion of Ukraine on February, 24th 2022, which was motivated by Ukraine's plan to join NATO because Russia thinks that if Ukraine joins as a member of NATO, it will make NATO a threat to Russia's national security (Najmi
& Lestiyaningsih, 2022).
They were coinciding with the holding of the G20 forum or group of twenty, which is the main forum for national economic cooperation consisting of countries
with the world's largest economies composed of 19 countries and European Union 1 Institution that are South African countries, the United States, Saudi Arabia, Argentina, Australia, Brazil, India, Indonesia, United Kingdom, Italy, Japan, Germany, Canada, Mexico, Republic of Korea, Russia, France, China, Turkey, and the European Union which was formed in 1999. Moreover, in 2022, Indonesia was chosen to host the 17th G20 forum held in Denpasar, Bali, on November 15-16th, 2022. On the sidelines of the G20 activities, President Joe Biden, representing the United States, met with Chinese President Xi Jinping to discuss bilateral relations. One addressed the war between Russia and Ukraine. According to some sources, the two countries are leaning in favor, and the United States is leaning toward Ukraine, while China is leaning toward Russia. The meeting lasted three hours, and afterward, Joe Biden do press conference the results to news media.
Since political affairs have an enormous effect on a country (Nisak & Ariyanti, 2021), this meeting between countries is highly anticipated. Joe Biden, as President, delivered the result of the meeting, which was to be held with the speeches delivered and recorded by the news media, the speeches of Joe Biden, which affected many things. Politicians have given every address as they can manipulate and persuade people to disseminate or promote particular ideas (Jowett & O’Donnell, 2012). To find out the message behind Joe Biden's speech, this study reveals Joe Biden's speech to find out the political diplomacy carried out by Joe Biden as a representative of America in the face of the Russia-Ukraine War. That involves politeness strategy in political discourse included in the president’s speech to figure out how politicians behave while giving a speech and reveal the message and purpose behind their speech.
Related to this research, there are some previous studies, (1) “Management of Politeness Strategies and Rhetorical Devices in Donald Trump's Speeches During the Conflict With Iran: Pragmatics View” have been done by (Nisak & Ariyanti, 2021), which analyzed Trump's speeches about conflict with Iran through the videos in the White House Channel on Youtube which are published on January 4th and 9th, 2020 analyzed by qualitative method with the purpose determine the use of politeness strategies and rhetorical devices used by Trump and attempts to reveal the behavior and goals behind the speeches delivered by Donald Trump during the conflict with Iran and the result is that Trump primarily uses positive politeness strategy which is consisting six data and also Ethos in persuasion consisting six data than more other rhetorical devices while his speeches.
(2) “Politeness Strategies Used By The Presidential Candidates of Indonesia in the 2019
Presidential Debates”, 2021), which analyzed the utterances produced by the presidential candidates of Indonesia, Jokowi, and Prabowo, through the videos and transcripts of the second and the fourth presidential debates taken from youtube and Google analyzed by qualitative method to determine the use of politeness strategies and rhetorical devices used by Trump and attempts to reveal the behavior and goals behind the speeches delivered by candidates who wanted to omit any gaps, give food sense, choose words selectively, and convey their campaign.
While this research focuses on how politeness strategies used by Joe Biden's speech described the meeting with Xi Jinping on the sidelines of the G20 summit forum activities, by understanding the politeness strategy used by Joe Biden against the Ukrainian-Russia war, we can know America's diplomacy, by knowing America's diplomacy, the country that is a superpower and other countries will know how to behave in facing the Russia Ukraine War.
Politeness Strategy in Political Speech
Adapted from (Ardianto & Setiawan, 2016) mentioned that (Lakoff, 1972) argued that Politeness is an act dealing with the correct attitude on some occasions to avoid misunderstanding in a large society. In contrast, Wardaugh (2006) states that politeness is a central principle in language use and concern for other feelings.
Therefore, the research by (A. P. Putra & Ariyanti, 2016) describes politeness as how well the speaker uses language to express their feelings and ideas toward others.
As the country’s leader, the president must use politeness strategies to show leadership. However, the president speaks to forums put up by people with positions and the news media with people with no power in different countries.
Positive Politeness Strategy
A strategy in which positive politeness shows how closest the affair between the speaker and the hearer is. Positive politeness is oriented toward the positive face of the hearer. This strategy seeks to avoid a conflict and may include statements of friendship, solidarity, compliments, etc. For example; Positive politeness has several sub-strategies, including:
1. Notice or attend to the hearer’s interests, wants, needs, and goods; The American people should be extremely grateful and happy, no Americans were harmed in last night’s attack by the Iranian regime.
2. Use in-group identity markers: language or dialect, jargon, slang, contraction, or ellipses.;
To Iranian we have to a great future by seeking peace and harmony with the nations of the world.
3. Be optimistic; The future belongs to the people of Iran those who seek peaceful coexistence and cooperation not the terrorist warlords who plunder their nation to finance bloodshed abroad.
4. Fulfilling hearer’s wants; Over the last three years, under my leadership, our economy is stronger than ever before and America has achieved energy independence. These are accomplishments that nobody thought were possible.
Negative Politeness Strategy
While the negative politeness strategy may be some social distance or awkwardness, negative politeness is oriented toward the listener's negative face. It emphasizes avoidance of imposition on the listener to achieve the goal. Negative politeness has several sub- strategies, including:
1. Be conventionally indirect; It's stressful because of that earlier, the introduction, too much the controversy ensued
2. Be pessimistic; I think it's becoming useless if we solve it this road because other regions will want it.
3. Minimize imposition ; Ok, I just want to ask, is there any legal basis for this change the articles that have been knocked out at the plenary session?
Bald on Record Strategy
The bald-on-record strategy is more direct and evident than the other strategy. There are various instances where extrinsic influences can pressure people to speak directly to speakers they don't know when they use bald on record. Bald on-record politeness has several sub- strategies, including:
1. Great urgency; We will defend our nation.
2. Task-oriented; At my direction, the United States military eliminated the world’s top terrorist, Qasem Soleimani.
3. Warning, threatening; Under my leadership, America’s policy is unambiguous to terrorists who harm or intend to harm any American, we will find you, valleys.
4. Request; Just obey the government rules.
5. Showing disagreement; No one makes sense to do those policies.
Off-Record Strategy
The off-the-record politeness strategy is more indirect and polite than the other. This strategy employs indirect language, removing the speaker from the possibility of being imposing and hinting at the speaker's desire, requiring the listener to infer the speaker's need..
Off the record, politeness has several sub-strategies, including:
1. Give hints; I am a minister; I am the assistant to the president
2. Overstate; I asked a thousand times, but I don't remember you giving me the answer.
Political Discourse
Political discourse is a discourse that talks about the politician. Ramlan (2018) argues that the meaning of politics is an interaction between the government and society whose purpose is creating and implementing binding decisions regarding the common good of the people living in a country. The President is one example of them. The President is part of the government personnel whose job is to lead a country and must be needed to deliver the speech. The speech delivered by the President is information that must be obeyed by everyone involved in the country. So that's why the studies using political discourse aim to know the meaning or purpose of the utterance delivered by the President and how well the President deliver politeness through their speech.
METHODOLOGY
For this research, the researcher used a descriptive qualitative method (Miles, M. B., &
Huberman, 2014). The data chosen was a video press conference about Joe Biden with the journalist after Joe Biden met Xi Jinping on the sidelines of G20 activities in Bali, Indonesia. The researcher used the video on the CNN Channel Youtube entitled “Biden describes what he discussed with Xi Jinping in the G20 meeting”, with more than 300 million views and a duration of 15 minutes 34 seconds, published on November 15, 2022.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ug2MP4Hl5aw&t=1 65s. whereas CNN (Cable News Network) channel on youtube.com is an official channel from American satellite television. This video stream at the G20 forum in Bali, Indonesia, is one of the videos of Joe Biden conducting a press conference in response to the issue of the Russia- Ukraine war.
This research used the documentation technique to answer research questions 1 and 2. The documentation technique was done by perpetuating the utterances Joe Biden spoke in that video, taking notes, and matching them with the second step. The second step was to use CC
(Close Caption), which contains the script that is the feature of Youtube to check the utterances that Joe Biden has spoken. And the instrument this research was the research herself and a table to document to the data.
The researchers gathered data from the transcript for this research. The researcher used procedures to collect the data by searching video on YouTube, then
downloading from the video
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ug2MP4Hl5aw&t=1 65s or can search with keyword/title “Biden describes what he discussed with Xi Jinping in the G20 meeting”, watching and listening to the video more than once and then transcribing the utterances from the video.
The researcher must analyze after gathering and finding the relevant data using data analysis techniques according to (Miles, M. B., & Huberman, 2014), data condensation, data display, and drawing/verifying conclusion. First, the data need to be reduced to simplify the data, meaning only particular utterances that match the research questions' theories would be applied. Data display would answer the first and second research questions since they require each aspect. Conclusion data/ verification attempts to examine the validity of the data to make them more significant.
According to (Miles, M. B., & Huberman, 2014), the last step in this research is to draw and verify the
conclusion. A conclusion is drawn based on the data display. Verifying is the examination of the data by supported theories. This last step described and interpreted the data to answer the research problems.
RESULT AND DISCUSSION Positive Politeness Strategy Datum 1
“Good evening, everyone. Let me start with a few words about the recent elections held in the United States.”
In this statement, as a speaker, Joe Biden welcomes the audience with a regard greeting used “Good evening, everyone” to notice his hearer's soft opening to avoid conflict before conveying information to the audience. This is included in the category of positive politeness with the sub-strategies notice hearer's goods.
Datum 2
“At the U.S.-ASEAN summit and the East Asia Summit, I laid out a commitment to working with our partners the Indo-Pacific to ensure a future that is vital to this region, that's free and open and prosperous, as well as secure.”
In this statement, he uses a positive politeness strategy with a sub-strategy to fulfill the hearer's wants.
Since Joe Biden said “I laid out a commitment” to the audience is not only news media but citizens worldwide, especially United-Stated of America citizens, Joe Biden explains his commitment to the partner, American aliens, to make secure to ensure the future purpose such as free, open, and prosperous of his country where he led.
Datum 3
“We discussed Russia's aggression against Ukraine, reaffirmed our shared belief in the threat for the use of nuclear weapons is totally unacceptable and I asked that Secretary Blinken travel to China to follow up on our discussions and continue keeping the lines of communication open between our two countries.”
In this statement, President Joe Biden, as a speaker, is making solidarity with his secretary since he showed his Respect to Secretary Blinked to help him ensure his job went smoothly. The use of “ask” means asking for help. One of the positive politeness strategies is asking.
Datum 4
“Support for debt relief, reforms for multilateral development banks, investments to bolster global health security and to make sure the world is better prepared for the next pandemic.”
In this statement, President Joe Biden uses positive politeness strategy as he mentioned, “..., make sure the world is better...” This means President Joe Biden, as a speaker, is being optimistic because he was tried to solidarity with the hearer to improve the world better in the future, such as support for debt relief, reforms for Research
Question s
Theories for Analysis
Data Collection Techniques
Aspects
RQ-1 What are the types of politeness strategies used by Joe Biden?
Brown &
Levinson , 1987
1. Non-
participatory observation
2. Docu
mentation
Politeness Strategies
RQ-2 How do politeness strategies convey Joe Biden’s perspecti ve as respond to the Ukraine Russia War?
Brown &
Levinson , 1987;
1. Non-
participatory observation
2. Docu
mentation
Politeness Strategies
multilateral development banks, and investments to bolster global health security. One of the positive politeness strategies is to be optimistic.
Datum 5
“Now, let me close with this, on my first trip overseas last year I said that America was back – back at home, back at the table and back to leading the world.”
In this statement, Joe Biden, as President, promises that US citizens will be safe from war. He guaranteed his citizens to be calm and not worry about US involvement in Ukraine-Russia, since he mentioned,
“…America was back. Back at home, back at the table...”
he indirectly used group identity markers. In this statement, he used the word “America” to mean American people and all parts of the United States that country. In this statement, Joe Biden as a speaker also takes the American people as his familiar since he used group identity markers. One of the Positive politeness strategy aspects is used in-group identity marker.
Datum 6
“America is keeping its commitments. America is investing in our strength at home, America is working alongside our allies and partners to deliver real meaningful progress around the world.”
In this statement, President Joe Biden uses positive politeness with more significant risk because showing his power as President that keep secure for his citizen. Since his mention of “America is keeping its commitments.”, America here means President Joe Biden has led that country.
Datum 7
“The G20 has been an important forum for the world's largest economies to work together for the good of people everywhere and I'm looking forward to our meetings tomorrow.”
In this statement, President Joe Biden showed his optimism since he is looking for solidarity with the G20 members because the word he used was “…I look forward to…” indirectly showing his optimism in the G20 forum, which brings good in it to establishing economic cooperation so he is looking forward to the G20 forum meetings. One aspect of a positive politeness strategy is being optimistic.
Datum 8
“In this moment of great global challenges — from global inflation, to the climate crisis, to Russia’s brutal war against Ukraine — we’re bringing together the broadest possible coalition of partners to deliver results”.
In this statement, President Joe Biden mentioned,
"we’re bringing together the broadest possible coalition of partners to deliver results", which we that mentioned means America and China, Joe Biden claimed he and Xi Jinping put the broadest coalition together so the people
are made not to worry about those their work together not to clash, seeing that America and China are not small countries that can be underestimated. America and China seem to be working together to form a coalition not to be defeated by other countries. Also, in this statement, Joe Biden, as the speaker, tried to cooperate with China. The fulfill hearer wants is sub-strategies of positive politeness strategy.
Datum 9
“It was clear -- he was clear and I was clear that we will defend American interest and values, promote universal human rights and stand up for the international order and work in lockstep with our allies and partners.”
In this statement, President Joe Biden mentioned,
“… we will defend...” That means Joe Biden defends the American people about human rights, follows the international order, and works with allies and partners. The hearer of this speech is the American people mainly. Joe Biden, who listened to this speech, takes a more significant risk in this statement since he stands up for the international order because taking not only internal countries but also needed external countries to make it happen. One of positive politeness is fulfilling the hearer's wants.
Negative Politeness Strategy Datum 10
“And I met with our allies from Australia, Japan and the Republic of Korea underscoring our commitment and deepening our engagement with our closest partners, and strengthening and cooperation among our allies to meet shared threats to our own security and to their security, including the DPRK.”
In this statement, President Joe Biden uses the plural possessive pronoun “our” to emphasize his commitment to addressing the common threat. President Joe Biden mentioned the word "our" not America or China. Still, Joe Biden mentioned its citizens because China is not an American ally. So, using the word "our"
Joe Biden claims the same opinion as him for decision making. The repetition of the use of the plural possessive pronoun "our" is included in the negative politeness strategy.
Datum 11
“We’re going to compete vigorously. But I’m not looking for conflict, I’m looking to manage this competition responsibly. “
In this statement, President Joe Biden mentioned,
“We’re going compete vigorously” in this statement. That means we here are America and China. He directly explained that America and China would compete facing Ukraine-Russia War. Using direct saying is one of the negative politeness strategies.
Datum 12
“And at this critical moment, no nation is better positioned to help build the future we want than the United States of America.”
In this statement, the President uses negative politeness since he indirectly shows pessimistic in critical moments since he delivered speeches happens when the world faces the Ukraine-Russia war, which becomes another country that is not involved in the war to make peace efforts and the period after the pandemic which occurred two years more, so that it is still an early start for the world to rise to develop their respective economies after the corona pandemic has put it on hold, due to limited movement of human activities. In this statement, too, Joe Biden as a speaker, emphasizes the avoidance of imposition that no nation is better positioned than the United States of America. Being pessimistic is one of negative politeness strategy
Datum 13
Now, I'm happy to take questions and I'm told there are going to be four questioners, but I'm not going to do ten questions from each questioner. All right?
In this statement, President Joe Biden showed his firmness by minimizing the imposition on the reporter news media. With emphasized exclamation, “All right?”.
One of the negative politeness aspects is minimizing the imposition.
Bald on Record Politeness Strategy Datum 14
“We're going to compete vigorously but I'm not looking for conflict, I'm look to go manage this competition responsibly.”
In this statement, President Joe Biden showing his task-oriented mentioned the word “…, I'm looking to go manage this competition responsibly.” That means his role as President of the United States is responsible for his job leading the country. The task-oriented included the bald on-record politeness strategy.
Datum 15
“We oppose unilateral change in the status quo by either side and we are committed to maintaining the peace and stability in the Taiwan straits. It was also clear that China and the United States should be able to work together where we can to solve global challenges and require every nation to do its part.
In this statement, President Joe Biden mentions the word "against" which means Joe Biden warns against unilateral decision changes that result in the status quo.
The warning sub-strategy belongs to the bald-on-record politeness strategy.
Off-Record Politeness Strategy Datum 16
“I have traveled this week and it's been clear just how closely the world, our allies, and our competitors have been following our elections at home.”
In this statement, President Joe Biden uses an off- record politeness strategy since he mentioned, “...it’s been clear just how closely the world and our allies…” This means he indirectly hints at his power as President when cooperating with other countries to ensure the goals are achieved.
Discussion
This part of the research discusses the result and compares it with the previous studies and theories used in this research. It will discover whether the theory used supports this research and its relation with the previous studies mentioned to conduct this research. In this study, Joe Biden uses the most politeness strategies, which are positive politeness strategies with 9 data, instead of 4 data of negative politeness, 2 data bald on and 1 data off record.
The Types of Politeness Strategies Used by Joe Biden Politeness strategy is the strategy or way for the person to be polite. Since Joe Biden was an essential person in the United States of America, he required being too polite. His polite personality can be seen from his speech since he always gave speeches. As the country's leader, the people of America eagerly awaited his speech, mainly to find out what happened at their place of stay.
This research used the data from YouTube videos uploaded by the official CNN channel—the moment used in the G20 economic forum held in Bali, Indonesia. Thus, this research is related to the research conducted (Nisak &
Ariyanti, 2021).
This research used the politeness strategy by Brown and Levinson's 1987 theory that the politeness strategy has four strategies: positive politeness strategy, negative politeness strategy, bald on record, and the last off record. Based on the analysis done by the researcher, the data above convey Joe Biden’s perspective on the Ukraine-Russia war as in that speech.
Positive politeness strategies (addressing the hearer’s need to be valued as a group member) is least direct and most polite, Joe Biden primarily uses positive politeness to notice his audience’s attraction since his audiences not only American people but also people who watch and listen to his speeches all over the world, opening with warm regards before conveying information to the audience; commitment to the partner to ensure the future purpose such as free, open and prosperous country; asking help his Secretary for ensuring his job going well; being optimistic to gain the world better in the future with the way such as support for debt relief, reforms for multilateral development banks, investments to bolster global health security; showing his interest in the G20 forum to establish economic cooperation among to the country who involved;
promises that US citizens will be safe form war, and guaranteed his citizen to be calm and not have to worry about US involvement in Ukraine Russia War; and he showing his power as President that keeping secure to citizen.
Negative politeness strategies (attending to the speaker’s need to be free from imposition) are more indirect and polite. Joe Biden sometimes uses negative politeness since he claims American citizenship has the same opinion as him. He showed his firmness by minimizing the imposition used to emphasize exclamation and being pessimistic about the critical moment facing the Ukraine-Russia war.
Bald on record (using no mitigating politeness strategies) is the most direct and least polite. President Joe Biden also used bald on record politeness strategy, warning against unilateral decision changes resulting in the status quo, and showed responsibility as his job led the country.
The last is off-record (avoiding unequivocal formulation of the face-threatening act through hints) and is more indirect and polite. He showed his power as President when cooperating with other countries to ensure the goals were achieved.
Joe Biden Wants to Comply with International Law In datum 9 explains above that Joe Biden is a speaker. As he mentioned in his speech, he made sure that every country complies with international rules. The war between Ukraine and Russia violated international law, namely international humanitarian law because the military attack by Russia killed innocent Ukrainian civilians.
President Joe Biden mentioned in this statement,
“… we will defend American interest and values, promote universal human rights and stand up for the international order...” That means Joe Biden defends the American people about human rights, follows the international order, and works with allies and partners. The hearer of this speech was mainly the American people. Joe Biden, who listened to this speech, takes a more significant risk with this statement since he stands up for the international order because taking not only internal countries but also needed external countries to make it happen. One of positive politeness is fulfilling the hearer's wants.
Joe Biden and Xi Jinping Were Competing
In datum 11, President Joe Biden mentioned,
“We’re going to compete vigorously,” which means that America and China will compete. And Joe Biden mentioned that " vigorously " may not resolve the problem.
Because America is on Ukraine's side, and China is on Russia's side.
The United States and China have a pretty lousy history because they were involved in the history of a trade
war conflict between the two sides in 2018, which was when President Donald Trump led America. The conflict initiated by Trump at that time caused the economic downturn of the two countries and even slowed global economic growth(Dano, 2022).
China has a historical closeness to Russia, so China supports Russia. Between America and China are not countries that can be underestimated. They have equally strong military forces, so when these two countries even get into conflict due to defending one another, it is feared that it will only cause detrimental damage. But in Joe Biden's speech, he said the two competed healthily and enthusiastically.
As his role of President, Joe Biden understands or recognizes that the people who come to see him at that address are his people who support him. And he tries to protect his people by guaranteeing their safety during the Ukraine-Russia war and making the world better in the future after the pandemic. That's why he mostly used positive politeness strategy. Moreover, Joe Biden uses only 1 data of off record politeness strategy as he wants to showed his power as his role leading the country.
CONCLUSION
This research investigates what types of politeness strategies from Joe Biden's speech and to know personalized Joe Biden reflected—used by Brown Levinson's 1987 theory. The researcher found that Joe Biden used a politeness strategy such as 9 data positive politeness strategy, 4 data negative politeness strategy, 2 data bald on record politeness strategy, and the last 1 data off-record politeness strategy.
President Joe Biden, as a speaker, understands or recognizes that audience that comes to see him in that speech are the people who are his people. He believes his people want the same thing as he said, and they have a common goal, such as making the world better in the future. That's why he showed positive politeness.
The researcher's analysis of the data above conveys Joe Biden's perspective on the Ukraine-Russia war, as expressed in that speech. Joe Biden primarily uses positive politeness to notice his audience's attraction because his audiences include people from all over the world who watch and listen to his speeches; opening with warm regards before conveying information to the audience; commitment to the partner to ensure the future purpose such as free, open, and prosperous country; asking for help to ensure his job goes well; and being optimistic about making the world a better place in the future.
Demonstrating his interest in the G20 forum to establish economic cooperation among the countries involved;
promising that US citizens will be safe from war, and guaranteeing his citizens be calm and not have to worry
about US involvement in the Ukraine-Russia War; and demonstrating his power as President in keeping citizens secure. Joe Biden uses negative politeness at times.
President Joe Biden China or Xi Jinping had the same opinion as him and demonstrated his firmness by minimizing the imposition used to emphasize an exclamation. President Joe Biden also employs a blatant on-the-record politeness strategy; he warns against unilateral decision changes that result in the status quo and demonstrates that he takes responsibility as his job led him to do.
This study is advised for future researchers who are interested in conducting further research in these areas to use these findings as beginning points. Using the same theories as this study, the following researchers are advised to employ different data sources, in this case a formal discussion in any literary work. The researchers should explore how pragmatics, particularly politeness methods and rhetorical devices, are required in conducting talks like this one.
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