By Vincentius
11404018
BACHELOR’S DEGREE in
CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - SUSTAINABLE ENERGY & ENVIRONMENT CONCENTRATION
FACULTY OF LIFE SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGY
SWISS GERMAN UNIVERSITY The Prominence Tower
Jalan Jalur Sutera Barat No. 15, Alam Sutera Tangerang, Banten 15143 - Indonesia
August 2018
Revision after the Thesis Defense on 24 July 2018
STATEMENT BY THE AUTHOR
I hereby declare that this submission is my own work and to the best of my knowledge, it contains no material previously published or written by another person, nor material which to a substantial extent has been accepted for the award of any other degree or diploma at any educational institution, except where due acknowledgement is made in the thesis.
Vincentius
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Student
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Date
Approved by:
Dr. -Ing. Evita H. Legowo
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Thesis Advisor
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Date
Dr. Irvan S. Kartawiria., ST., MSc.
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Thesis Co-Advisor
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Date
Dr. Dipl. -Ing. Samuel P. Kusumocahyo
ABSTRACT
POTENTIAL OF PALM OIL EMPTY FRUIT BUNCH AS BIOGAS SUBSTRATE
By
Vincentius
Dr. -Ing. Evita H. Legowo, Advisor Dr. Irvan S. Kartawiria., ST., MSc., Co-Advisor
SWISS GERMAN UNIVERSITY
Natural gas is a source of energy that comes from the earth which is depleting everyday, an alternative source of energy is needed and one of the sources comes from biogas. There is an abundant of empty fruit bunch (EFB) that comes from palm oil plantation that can become substrate for biogas production. A methodology of fermentation based on Verein Deutscher Ingenieure was used to utilize EFB as substrate to produce biogas using biogas sludge and waste water sludge as inoculum in wet fermentation process under mesophilic condition. Another optimization was done by adding a different water ratio to the inoculum mixture. In 20 days, an average of 6gr from 150gr of total EFB used in each sample was consumed by the microbes.
The best result from 20 days of experiment with both biogas sludge and waste water sludge as inoculum were the one added with 150gr of water that produced 2910ml and 2185ml of gas respectively. The highest CH4 produced achieved from biogas sludge and waste water sludge with an addition of 150gr of water to the inoculum were 27%
and 22% CH4 respectively. This shows that biogas sludge are better in term of volume of gas that is produced and CH4 percentage.
Keywords: Biogas, Palm Oil, Empty Fruit Bunch, Fermentation, Mesophilic, Inoculum.
© Copyright 2018 by Vincentius All rights reserved
DEDICATION
I dedicate this works for my family, my mother who have passed away and the future of the country I loved: Indonesia
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
First of all i am really grateful to the almighty God for everything that He has bless me with.
I would like to give my gratitude to all the people who had helped and supported me.
To Dr.-Ing Evita H. Legowo, as my advisor, for the advice, patience, guidance, and time that she has given me during my thesis work. Also to my Co-Advisor, Dr. Irvan S. Kartawiria., ST., MSc. for his support, guidance, solution, and time during experiment and consultation.
Another big gratitude for all the lecturers and staffs of Life Sciences and Technology Faculty who have guide and have been the source of my knowledge for these past four years as student in LST faculty.
To the class of Sustainable Energy and Environment 2014 for the laugh, friendship, and constant support during these 8 semester making it a fun place to be during my college life.
Also thank you to Pak Imam from ANJ Belitung for the support and help with the sample collection and suggestion.
And to my beloved family for the endless love and support also some sacrifices that my family have given during my hard time doing this thesis. Without it I would have not made it this far.
Last but not least, Megan Shanzu, for her motivation, constant support, help, and the company since the beginning of my university year and I wish nothing but the best for you.
Table of Content
Page
STATEMENT BY THE AUTHOR ... 2
ABSTRACT ... 3
DEDICATION ... 5
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ... 6
TABLE OF CONTENTS ... 7
LIST OF FIGURES ... 9
LIST OF TABLES ... 10
CHAPTER 1 – INTRODUCTION ... 13
1.1 Background ... 14
1.2 Research Problems ... 14
1.3 Research Objectives ... 14
1.4 Significance of Study ... 14
1.5 Research Questions ... 14
1.6 Hypothesis ... 14
CHAPTER 2 – LITERATURE REVIEW ... 15
2.1 Palm Oil ... 15
2.1.1 Palm Oil Process ... 16
2.1.2 Palm Oil Waste ... 18
2.1.3 Empty Fruit Bunch ... 19
2.2 Renewable Energy ... 19
2.3 Biogas... 19
2.4 Anaerobic Digestion ... 20
2.4.1 Hydrolysis ... 21
2.4.2 Acidogenesis ... 21
2.4.3 Acetogenesis ... 22
2.4.4 Methanogenesis ... 22
2.5 Fermentation ... 23
2.5.1 Fermentation Test Apparatus ... 24
2.5.2 Seeding Sludge ... 25
2.5.3 pH ... 26
2.5.4 Temperature ... 27
CHAPTER 3 – RESEARCH METHOD ... 29
3.1 Venue and Time ... 29
3.2 Material and Equipments ... 29
3.2.1 Materials ... 29
3.2.2 Equipments ... 29
3.3 Design of Experiment ... 30
3.4 Experimental Procedure ... 32
3.4.1 Experiment Plan ... 33
3.4.2 Sealing Liquid (Sperrflüssigkeit) Production based on Verein Deutscher Ingenieure (VDI) 4630 ... 35
3.4.3 Fermentation Procedure ... 35
3.5 Microbes Population Procedure Based on APHA 9215 Method ... 37
3.6 Observation ... 37
3.7 Analytical Procedure ... 40
CHAPTER 4 – RESULT AND DISCUSSION ... 41
4.1 Gas Produced ... 41
4.2 Microorganism Population ... 45
4.3 pH Measurement ... 47
4.4 Gas Quality Produced ... 50
4.4.1 Gas Quality of Sample Using Biogas Sludge ... 50
4.4.2 Gas Quality of Sample Using Waste Water Sludge ... 53
4.4.3 Gas Quality Comparison of Both Inoculum ... 56
4.4.4 Theoritical Value Compared with The Best Result from Biogas & Waste Water Sludge ... 56
4.4.5 H2S Results from Both Inoculum ... 60
CHAPTER 5 – CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION ... 63
5.1 Conclusion ... 63
5.2 Recommendation ... 63
