PPT Back to School 2006

(1)

Pengantar Teknologi Informasi 1

Introduction to Introduction to

Hardware

(2)

Introduction to Hardware

• Review Review

• Computer System Computer System

• Sub Sistem CPU Sub Sistem CPU

• Sub Sistem Memori Sub Sistem Memori

• Sub Sistem Periferal Sub Sistem Periferal

(3)

Pengantar Teknologi Informasi

.: Fasilkom – UDINUS :.

Ref: IF-ITB/Santika WP/2003 3

Review

Abstract view

user user

...

^USER

USER

Application Software

System Software

Computer Hardware

(4)

Ref: IF-ITB/Santika WP/2003 4

Review

Sistem Komputer

• memiliki 4 unit fungsional utama : – Data processing

– Data storage

– Data movement – Control

Konfigurasi umum

CPU + Internal Memory Input

Devices

Storage System

Output

Devices

(5)

Ref: IF-ITB/Santika WP/2003 5

Computer System –

Data Movement and

Storage

(6)

Ref: IF-ITB/Santika WP/2003 6

Computer System - Data

Processing

(7)

Ref: IF-ITB/Santika WP/2003 7

Computer System

Konsep von Neumann/Turing

• Stored Program

• Internal Memory menyimpan program dan data

• ALU beroperasi menggunakan data biner

• Conrol Unit menginterpretasi instruksi dari memori dan mengeksekusinya

• I-device dan O-device dikendalikan CU

• Dibuat di Princeton Institute for Advanced Studies, — sehingga diberi nama IAS

• Selesai 1952

(8)

Ref: IF-ITB/Santika WP/2003 8

Computer System - IAS Structure

(CU)

(9)

Ref: IF-ITB/Santika WP/2003 9

Computer System - IAS Structure (detail)

Register dalam CPU

• Memory Buffer Register

• Memory Address Register

• Instruction Register

• Instruction Buffer Register

• Program Counter

• Accumulator

• Multiplier Quotient

(10)

Ref: IF-ITB/Santika WP/2003 10

Computer System – Top Level Structure

Computer

Main Memory

Input Output Systems

Interconnection Peripherals

Central Processing Unit

Computer

Communication Devices

(11)

Ref: IF-ITB/Santika WP/2003 11

Computer System - CPU Structure

Computer Arithmetic

and

Login Unit

Control Unit

Internal CPU Interconnection Registers

CPU I/O

Memory System

Bus

CPU

(12)

Ref: IF-ITB/Santika WP/2003 12

Computer System – Bus Based

Interrupts Processor

Cache

Memory–I/O bus

I/O

controller

I/O

controller

I/O

controller Main

memory

Network Graphics

output Disk

Disk

(13)

Ref: IF-ITB/Santika WP/2003 13

Computer System – MultiLevel Machine

Level View

5 Problem-oriented Language

4 Assembly Language

3 Operating system machine

2 Instruction Set Architecture [ISA]

1 Microarchitecture

0 Digital logic

(14)

Ref: IF-ITB/Santika WP/2003 14

Computer System –

MultiLevel Machine (detail)

• Level-0  (gate) yang membentuk prosesor, memori, dan register.

• Level-1  (register) yang membentuk memori lokal dan sebuah ALU, yang saling terhubung oleh data path.

• Level-2  (instruksi) sesuai arsitektur.

• Level-3  Tingkat OS, menangani instruksi-instruksi yang ada pada level-4 dan level-5.

• Level-4  Fasilitator pembuat program pada level-1,

level-2, dan level-3 yang tidak bisa membuat kode mesin;

butuh asembler sebagai translator.

• Level-5  Bahasa yang mendekati pola bahasa manusia,

butuh interpreter dan compiler sebagai translator.

(15)

Ref: IF-ITB/Santika WP/2003 15

Central Processing Unit

Fungsi CPU

• ALU menangani operasi aritmatika dan boolean, contoh: adder

• CU mengendalikan operasi sistem, contoh:

program counter

• Register menyimpan data kecepatan tinggi, volume kecil

• Bus atau data path sebagai media

interkoneksi /komunikasi antar register.

(16)

Ref: IF-ITB/Santika WP/2003 16

CPU – How does it work ?

(17)

Ref: IF-ITB/Santika WP/2003 17

Memory – Basic

Operations

(18)

Ref: IF-ITB/Santika WP/2003 18

Memory - Hierarchy

Register

Cache Memory Cache Memory Level 1 / Level 2 Level 1 / Level 2

Main Memory Main Memory

ROM / RAM ROM / RAM

Magnetic Disk Magnetic Disk

Tape Tape Optical Disk Optical Disk

In te rn al M em o ry In te rn al M em o ry

E xt er n al M em o ry E xt er n al M em o ry

Size = small, Size = small, Speed = high, Speed = high,

Price = expensive,

(19)

Ref: IF-ITB/Santika WP/2003 19

Memory - Internal Memory

Ciri:

• Sering disebut RAM

• Lebih cepat dari storage system

• Relatif mahal

• Lebih kecil kapasitasnya dari storage system

• Letak lebih dekat CPU.

Fakta

• volume >>>, kecepatan <<<

• kecepatan prosesor >>> memory

• Memory dipercepat, cost/bit >>>

(20)

Ref: IF-ITB/Santika WP/2003 20

Memory – Internal Memory

• jenis : RAM, ROM, PROM, EPROM, EEPROM

• organisasi [sel]

• kemasan chip [array DRAM : Kilo, Mega, Giga]

• koreksi error [parity check]

• media fisik: magnetic core  semiconductor

• kapasitas: Mega  Giga  Tera ?

• kecepatan akses: ~ 100 ns

(21)

Ref: IF-ITB/Santika WP/2003 21

Memory - Cache

•Lebih kecil kapasitasnya & lebih cepat dari Main Memory

•Isi: current info dari main memory untuk dieksekusi

•kapasitas ~ 1024 Kbytes

•transfer data dalam block / line

@ 4 bytes

(22)

Ref: IF-ITB/Santika WP/2003 22

Memory – Storage System

External Memory

• Disk magnetik: floppy (disket), harddisk

• Compact/optical disk

• Pita magnetik Virtual Memory

• Latar belakang: kebutuhan pemakai > fakta

• Solusi teknik virtual,sebagian data di Internal Memory dan sebagian besar di Storage System

• virtual logical address = address yang diacu prosesor

• MMU / PMMU (Page Memory Management Unit), is a computer hardware component responsible for handling accesses to memory requested by the

central processing unit (CPU). Dalam Virtual memory

berfungsi sbg translator dari adress virtual ke address fisik

(23)

Ref: IF-ITB/Santika WP/2003 23

Pheriperal – Input Devices

• Card reader

• Keyboard

• Bar code reader

• Mouse

• Scanner

• Optical character reader (OCR)

• Voice recorder

• Light pen

• Touch screen

•Digitizer

•Electronic funds transfer (EFT) Joystick

•Magnetic Ink Character

•Reader (MICR)

•Paper tape reader

(24)

Ref: IF-ITB/Santika WP/2003 24

Pheriperal – Input

Devices

(25)

Ref: IF-ITB/Santika WP/2003 25

Pheriperal – Output Devices

• Card & paper tape puncher

• Printer

- Impact: line printer, dot matrix

- Non-impact: laser printer, ink jet printer

• Plotter

- Flat bed - Roll

• Computer output microfilm (COM)

• Microfiche

(26)

Ref: IF-ITB/Santika WP/2003 26

Pheriperal – Output

Devices

(27)

Ref: IF-ITB/Santika WP/2003 27

Pheriperal – Input Output Devices

• Non regular screen: touch, light

• Tape drive

• Diskette drive

• Disk drive

• CD ROM drive