View of PRAGMATIC DISORDER AND COMMUNICATION STRATEGIES OF MENTAL RETARDATION CHARACTER IN I AM SAM MOVIE

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”ƒ•–‘™‘ǡǤȋʹͲͳͳƒȌǤMemahami Metode-Metode Penelitian: Suatu Tinjauan Teoritis dan PraktisǤ”Ǧ

—œœ‡†‹ƒǤ

”ƒ•–‘™‘ǡ Ǥ ȋʹͲͳͳ„ȌǤMetode Penelitian Kualitatif dalam Perspektif Rancangan PenelitianǤ ”Ǧ—œœ

‡†‹ƒǤ

ƒ…ŠƒŠƒƒǡ Ǥ Ǥ ȋʹͲͲͺȌǤ •‹‘Ž‘‰‹ —ƒ‹•–‹ †ƒ ’Ž‹ƒ•‹›ƒ †ƒŽƒ ‡†‹†‹ƒ ȏ—ƒ‹•–‹…

•›…Š‘Ž‘‰›ƒ†–•’’Ž‹…ƒ–‹‘•‹†—…ƒ–‹‘ȐǤEl-Tarbawi: Jurnal Pendidikan Islamǡ1ȋͳȌǡͻͻǤ

ƒ–—ǡǤȋʹͲͳͲȌǤ•‹‘Ž‘‰‹—ƒ‹•–‹ȋƒ”Ž‘‰‡”•ȌƒŽƒ‹„‹‰ƒ†ƒ‘•‡Ž‹‰ǤJurnal UntadǡͳͲ–

‹œ“‹›ƒŠǡ Ǥǡ Ƭ Šƒ†‹ǡ Ǥ ȋʹͲʹͳȌǤ ‘˜‡Ž ‡”——ƒ ‡”ƒŠ‹” ƒ”›ƒ › ƒ†ƒ•ƒ”‹ ͳͺǤ

ǣ ǤSapalaǡ

8ȋʹȌǡͳͶͳ–ͳͷ͵Ǥ

‹–ŠǡǤǤȋʹͲͳ͸ȌǤTheories of Counseling and Psychotherapy: An Integrative Approachȋʹ†‡†ǤȌǤ

—„Ž‹…ƒ–‹‘•Ǥ

—‰‹›‘‘ǤȋʹͲͲͺȌǤMemahami Penelitian KualitatifǤ…˜ǤŽˆƒ„‡–ƒǤ

Š‘”‡ǡǤȋʹͲͲ͵ȌǤCarl Rogers(Second). CA : SAGE Publications.

ƒ”†ƒ‹ǡ ǤǤ Ǥǡ—”‹˜‹›ƒ–‹ǡǤǡ”ƒ”‹‡ƒǡǤǤȋʹͲʹʹȌǤ‡’”‹„ƒ†‹ƒƒ–—ƒŽ‹•ƒ•‹‹”‹‘‘Š

–ƒƒƒŽƒ‘˜‡ŽŠ‡‹†‹‰Š–‹„”ƒ”›ƒ”›ƒƒ––ƒ‹‰ǣ‡‘”‹•‹‘Ž‘‰‹—ƒ‹•–‹„”ƒŠƒ

ƒ•Ž‘™Ǥ ANTHOR: Education and Learning Journalǡ 1ȋͷȌǡ ʹ͹͸–ʹͺͳǤ

Š––’•ǣȀȀ†‘‹Ǥ‘”‰ȀŠ––’•ǣȀȀ†‘‹Ǥ‘”‰ȀͳͲǤ͵ͳͲͲͶȀƒ–Š‘”Ǥ˜ͳ‹ͷǤͶ͹

PRAGMATIC DISORDER AND COMMUNICATION STRATEGIES OF MENTAL

RETARDATION CHARACTER IN I AM SAM MOVIE Ulfatuz Zahirah[1], Rohmani Nur Indah[2]

[1]—Žˆƒ–—•ŠŠŠŠŠ̷‹…Ž‘—†Ǥ…‘

[1][2]ƒ—ŽƒƒƒŽ‹„”ƒŠ‹ƒŽƒ‰Ǥ

ƒŽƒ‰ǡ†‘‡•‹ƒ

Abstractǣƒ›‡š’‡”–•Šƒ˜‡‹˜‡•–‹‰ƒ–‡†–Š‡‹••—‡•”‡‰ƒ”†‹‰Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡†‹•‘”†‡”•‹

‡–ƒŽ”‡–ƒ”†ƒ–‹‘•‹…‡‹–ƒˆˆ‡…–•–Š‡…‘—‹…ƒ–‹‘’”‘…‡••Ǥ‘™‡˜‡”ǡŽ‹––Ž‡‹•‘™

ƒ„‘—–’”ƒ‰ƒ–‹…†‹•‘”†‡”•‹’‡‘’Ž‡™‹–Š‡–ƒŽ”‡–ƒ”†ƒ–‹‘ǤŠ‹••–—†›ƒ‹•–‘ƒƒŽ›œ‡

–Š‡ ƒ‹ …Šƒ”ƒ…–‡”̵• ’”ƒ‰ƒ–‹… †‹•‘”†‡” ƒ† …‘—‹…ƒ–‹‘ •–”ƒ–‡‰‹‡• ™‹–Š ‡–ƒŽ

retardation in the I Am Sam movie. It is based on John Carroll’s (1985) and Hatton's

–Š‡‘”› ȋͳͻͻͺȌǤ Š‡ ”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‡” ‘„•‡”˜‡† ƒ ƒ• –Š‡ ƒ‹ …Šƒ”ƒ…–‡” ™‹–Š ‡–ƒŽ

”‡–ƒ”†ƒ–‹‘Ǥ Š‡ —•‡† ƒ †‡•…”‹’–‹˜‡ “—ƒŽ‹–ƒ–‹˜‡ ‡–Š‘† –‘ †‡‡’Ž› —†‡”•–ƒ† –Š‡

’”ƒ‰ƒ–‹… †‹•‘”†‡”• ‹ –Š‡ ƒ‹ …Šƒ”ƒ…–‡”̵• ‡–ƒŽ ”‡–ƒ”†ƒ–‹‘Ǥ Š‡ ˆ‹†‹‰• ‘ˆ –Š‹•

•–—†›‹†‹…ƒ–‡†–Šƒ–‘ˆ–Š‡•‡˜‡–‡‡—––‡”ƒ…‡•’”‘†—…‡†„›ƒǡ–Š‡”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‡”ˆ‘—†

four out of eleven types of language disorders using John Carroll’s (1985) theory and

–Š”‡‡‘—–‘ˆˆ‘—”types of pragmatic disorders using Hatton’s (1998) theory. The types

‘ˆŽƒ‰—ƒ‰‡†‹•‘”†‡”•ˆ‘—†ƒ”‡ǣŠƒ˜‹‰†‹ˆˆ‹…—Ž–›ˆ‹†‹‰™‘”†•Ǣ‘–ƒ’’‡ƒ”‹‰–‘Ž‹•–‡Ǣ

Šƒ˜‹‰†‹ˆˆ‹…—Ž–›—†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰…‘’Ž‡š•‡–‡…‡•Ǣƒ†•Š‘™‹‰ƒŽƒ…‘ˆ‹–‡”‡•–Ǥ

…‘…Ž—•‹‘ǡ–Š‹•”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡†–Šƒ–‡–ƒŽŽ›”‡–ƒ”†‡†’‡‘’Ž‡Šƒ˜‡‡š’”‡••‹˜‡ƒ†

”‡…‡’–‹˜‡ Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ †‹•‘”†‡”• …ƒ—•‡† „› Ž‘™ ‹–‡ŽŽ‹‰‡…‡Ǥ —”–Š‡”‘”‡ǡ –Š‹• •–—†›

†‹•…‘˜‡”‡†–Š”‡‡…‘—‹…ƒ–‹‘•–”ƒ–‡‰‹‡•–‘…‘’‡™‹–Š–Š‡’”ƒ‰ƒ–‹…†‹•‘”†‡”ǣ—•‹‰

‘”‡ •—„‹••‹˜‡ ƒ† ‹†‹”‡…– …‘˜‡”•ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ •–”ƒ–‡‰‹‡• ™‹–Š –Š‡‹” ’‡‡”• ™‹–Š‘—–

†‹•ƒ„‹Ž‹–‹‡•ǡ—•‹‰‘”‡†‘‹ƒ–…‘˜‡”•ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ•–”ƒ–‡‰‹‡•™‹–Š–Š‡‹”†‹•ƒ„Ž‡†’‡‡”•ǡ

ƒ†—•‹‰•‘’Š‹•–‹…ƒ–‡†’”ƒ‰ƒ–‹…Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡‘Ž›”ƒ”‡Ž›Ǥ

Keywordsǣ”ƒ‰ƒ–‹…‹•‘”†‡”•ǡ‘—‹…ƒ–‹‘–”ƒ–‡‰‹‡•ǡ‡–ƒŽ‡–ƒ”†ƒ–‹‘ǡI Am SamǤ

INTRODUCTION

ƒ•‡†‘†ƒ–ƒˆ”‘–Š‡‘”Ž†‡ƒŽ–Š”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘ȋʹͲͲ͸ȌǡͳͷΨ‘ˆ–Š‡™‘”Ž†̵•’‘’—Žƒ–‹‘Šƒ•

‡–ƒŽ”‡–ƒ”†ƒ–‹‘ǤŠ‹••Š‘™•ƒ•‡”‹‘—•‡‘—‰Š‹••—‡–‘—†‡”•–ƒ†ˆ—”–Š‡”Š‘™Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡•‹ŽŽ•‘……—”

‹’‡‘’Ž‡™‹–Š‡–ƒŽ”‡–ƒ”†ƒ–‹‘Ǥƒ‰—ƒ‰‡†‹•‘”†‡”•‹’‡‘’Ž‡™‹–Š‡–ƒŽ”‡–ƒ”†ƒ–‹‘ƒ”‡‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡

–‘’‹…• ‘ˆ •–—†› ‹ ’•›…Š‘Ž‹‰—‹•–‹…•Ǥ Š‡ †‹•‘”†‡” ‹• –Š‡ ”‡•—Ž– ‘ˆ ‡–ƒŽ ”‡–ƒ”†ƒ–‹‘ǡ ™Š‹…Š ‹• ƒ

Š‡”‡†‹–ƒ”›…‘†‹–‹‘…Šƒ”ƒ…–‡”‹œ‡†„›…‘•‹†‡”ƒ„Ž›Ž‘™‡”Ǧ–ŠƒǦƒ˜‡”ƒ‰‡‘˜‡”ƒŽŽ…‘‰‹–‹˜‡’‡”ˆ‘”ƒ…‡

ƒ††‡ˆ‹…‹‡…‹‡•‹ƒ†ƒ’–‹˜‡„‡Šƒ˜‹‘”ȋ”ƒ–ƒ•ǡʹͲͲͻȌǤ‡‘’Ž‡™‹–ŠŽƒ‰—ƒ‰‡’”‘„Ž‡•Šƒ˜‡Ž‹‹–‡†

…‘—‹…ƒ–‹‘ƒ„‹Ž‹–‹‡•ǤŠ‡›ƒ›‘–—†‡”•–ƒ†Š‘™–‘’ƒ”–‹…‹’ƒ–‡‹†‹•…—••‹‘•ǡ„‡”‡•’‡…–ˆ—Žǡ‘”

ˆ‹†ƒ†ƒ‡ˆ”‹‡†•Ǥ

‡‘’Ž‡™‹–ŠŽƒ‰—ƒ‰‡’”‘„Ž‡•Šƒ˜‡Ž‹‹–‡†…‘—‹…ƒ–‹‘ƒ„‹Ž‹–‹‡•ǤŠ‡›ƒ›‘–—†‡”•–ƒ†

Š‘™–‘’ƒ”–‹…‹’ƒ–‡‹†‹•…—••‹‘•ǡ„‡”‡•’‡…–ˆ—Žǡ‘”ˆ‹†ƒ†ƒ‡ˆ”‹‡†•Ǥ•ƒ”‡•—Ž–ǡ–Š‹••–—†›‡šƒ‹‡•

’”ƒ‰ƒ–‹…Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡†‹•‘”†‡”•‹’‡‘’Ž‡™‹–ŠŽ‹‹–‡†‡š’”‡••‹˜‡ƒ†”‡…‡’–‹˜‡•‹ŽŽ•ǡƒ•†‡’‹…–‡†‹–Š‡I Am Sam ‘˜‹‡ǤŠ‡”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‡”‘„•‡”˜‡•–Š‡—––‡”ƒ…‡•‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ‹…Šƒ”ƒ…–‡”‘ˆ–Š‡I Am Sam‘˜‹‡ǡ

™Š‘•Š‘™••’‡‡…Š’”‘„Ž‡•ƒ•Š‡™ƒ•†‹ƒ‰‘•‡†™‹–Š‹–‡ŽŽ‡…–—ƒŽ‹’ƒ‹”‡–‘”‡–ƒŽ”‡–ƒ”†ƒ–‹‘Ǥ

ƒ–‡ŽŽ•–Š‡…ƒ’–‹˜ƒ–‹‰•–‘”›‘ˆƒƒ™•‘ǡƒˆƒ–Š‡”™Š‘•—ˆˆ‡”•ˆ”‘‡–ƒŽ”‡–ƒ”†ƒ–‹‘ƒ†

”ƒ‹•‡• Š‹• ‘Ǧ„‹‘Ž‘‰‹…ƒŽ †ƒ—‰Š–‡” —…›Ǥ ‡ƒ ‡ǡ ™Š‘ ’Žƒ›• ƒ ƒ™•‘ǡ ™ƒ• ‘‹ƒ–‡† ˆ‘” ƒ

“

Žˆƒ–—œƒŠ‹”ƒŠȏͳȐǡ‘Šƒ‹—”†ƒŠȏʹȐ

…ƒ†‡› ™ƒ”† ˆ‘” ‡•– …–‘” ‹ ƒ ‡ƒ†‹‰ ‘Ž‡ ‹ ʹͲͲʹ ȋŽŽ ‘˜‹‡ǡ ʹͲͲʹȌǤ Š‹• •Š‘™• –Šƒ– –Š‡

—––‡”ƒ…‡•’Žƒ›‡†Šƒ˜‡”‡ˆŽ‡…–‡†–Š‡…‘—‹…ƒ–‹‘’”‘ˆ‹Ž‡‘ˆ’‡‘’Ž‡™‹–Š‡–ƒŽ”‡–ƒ”†ƒ–‹‘Ǥ

—‹‰•ȋʹͲͳͲȌ•–ƒ–‡•–Šƒ–’”ƒ‰ƒ–‹…†‹•‘”†‡”•‹…Š‹Ž†”‡ƒ†ƒ†—Ž–•Šƒ˜‡„‡‡–Š‡ˆ‘…—•‘ˆ

…Ž‹‹…ƒŽ‹˜‡•–‹‰ƒ–‹‘•ˆ‘”ƒ’’”‘š‹ƒ–‡Ž›ͶͲ›‡ƒ”•Ǥ‘…‹ƒŽ…‘—‹…ƒ–‹‘†‹•‘”†‡”ǡƒŽ•‘…ƒŽŽ‡†’”ƒ‰ƒ–‹…

Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡†‹•‘”†‡”ǡ‹•ƒ…‘†‹–‹‘‹™Š‹…Š•‘‡‘‡Šƒ•ƒ’”‘„Ž‡™‹–Š–Š‡—•‡ƒ†—†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰‘ˆ

…‘—‹…ƒ–‹‰˜‡”„ƒŽŽ›ƒ†‘˜‡”„ƒŽŽ›‹•‘…‹ƒŽ•‹–—ƒ–‹‘•Ǥƒ‰—ƒ‰‡‹’”ƒ‰ƒ–‹…•‹•…‘—‹…ƒ–‹‘

•–”ƒ–‡‰‹‡•ǡ‹…Ž—†‹‰‘™‹‰™Šƒ––‘•ƒ›ǡŠ‘™–‘•ƒ›‹–ǡƒ†™Š‡–‘•ƒ›‹–Ǥ

‘–Š‡”…ƒ•‡•ǡ–Š‹••‹‰‹ˆ‹…ƒ–Ž›‹’ƒ…–‡†–Š‡‹”˜‡”„ƒŽ‘”™”‹––‡…ƒ’ƒ…‹–›ǤŠƒ–‹•†‹•…—••‡†‘”

—†‡”•–‘‘†‹•‹ˆŽ—‡…‡†„›–Š‡…‘–‡–ǤŠ‡ˆ‘”‹…Ž—†‡•™Šƒ–‹•—†‡”‡ƒ–Šƒ’‡”•‘̵•™‘”†•ƒ†

Š‘™–Š‡›…‘•–”—…–ƒ†‹ƒŽ‘‰—‡„ƒ•‡†‘™Šƒ––Š‡›‘™ƒ„‘—––Š‡Ž‹•–‡‡”ƒ†–Š‡•‹–—ƒ–‹‘Ǥ…‘–”ƒ•–ǡ

—––‡”ƒ…‡• …‘…‡” ™Šƒ– Ž‹‡• —†‡”‡ƒ–Š ƒ ’‡”•‘̵• ™‘”†• ƒ† Š‘™ –Š‡› …‘•–”—…– ƒ ‡š’”‡••‹‘

†‡’‡†‹‰‘™Šƒ––Š‡›…ƒ—†‡”•–ƒ†ƒ„‘—––Š‡…‘–‡š–ƒ†–Š‡ƒ—†‹‡…‡ȋŽ‘‘ǡͳͻͺͺȌǤ

”ƒ‰ƒ–‹…•‹•–Š‡•–—†›‘ˆ–Š‡”—Ž‡•‰‘˜‡”‹‰Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡—•‡‹•‘…‹ƒŽ•‹–—ƒ–‹‘•Ǥ–ˆ‘…—•‡•‘—•‹‰

Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡‹…‘–‡š–ƒ†‡’Šƒ•‹œ‡•–Š‡ˆ—…–‹‘‘”—•‡‘ˆŽƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ǡ‹…Ž—†‹‰…‘˜‡”•ƒ–‹‘•‹ŽŽ•ǡ‘Ǧ

˜‡”„ƒŽ ‡ƒ• ‘ˆ …‘—‹…ƒ–‹‘ ȋ•—…Š ƒ• ˆƒ…‹ƒŽ ‡š’”‡••‹‘• ƒ† ‡›‡ …‘–ƒ…–Ȍǡ ƒ† ƒ””ƒ–‹˜‡ •‹ŽŽ•Ǥ ……‘”†‹‰–‘‡”‹•ȋʹͲͳͻȌǡ–Š‡ƒ„‹Ž‹–›–‘”‡’ƒ‹”…‘˜‡”•ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ„”‡ƒ†‘™•ǡŠ‹‰ŠŽ‹‰Š–‡™‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘

‹ —––‡”ƒ…‡•ǡ ƒ† ’‡”ˆ‘” ˜ƒ”‹‘—• •’‡‡…Š ƒ…–• ȋ‡Ǥ‰Ǥǡ ’”‘‹•‡• ƒ† ƒ’‘Ž‘‰‹‡•Ȍ ‹• ƒŽ•‘ ‡••‡–‹ƒŽ ˆ‘”

’”ƒ‰ƒ–‹…Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ǤŠ‡†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ƒŽƒ„‘”ƒŽ‹–‹‡•ǡ†‹•‡ƒ•‡•ǡƒ†‹Œ—”‹‡•–Šƒ–‹–‡”ˆ‡”‡™‹–Š–Š‡•‡

ˆ—…–‹‘•ƒ”‡†‹˜‡”•‡Ǥ

”ƒ‰ƒ–‹…†‹•‘”†‡”ƒŽ•‘…ƒ—•‡•‡–ƒŽŽ›†‹•ƒ„Ž‡†’‡‘’Ž‡–‘—•‡‘”‡†‘‹ƒ–…‘˜‡”•ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ

•–”ƒ–‡‰‹‡•™‹–Š–Š‡‹”†‹•ƒ„Ž‡†’‡‡”•ǤŠ‡†‘‹ƒ–…‘˜‡”•ƒ–‹‘•–”ƒ–‡‰‹‡•‹…Ž—†‡…‘””‡…–‹‰‘–Š‡”•̵

—––‡”ƒ…‡•ǡ ”‡“—‡•–‹‰ǡ ƒ† ‹–‡””—’–‹‰Ǥ Š‡ ’”ƒ‰ƒ–‹… †‹•‘”†‡” ƒŽ•‘ ‹’ƒ…–• ‡–ƒŽ ”‡–ƒ”†ƒ–‹‘Ǣ

’‡‘’Ž‡”ƒ”‡Ž›—•‡•‘’Š‹•–‹…ƒ–‡†ǡ’”ƒ‰ƒ–‹…Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡Ǥ–‹•„‡…ƒ—•‡–Š‡›ƒ”‡‘–ƒŽŽ‘™‡†–‘†‡‘•–”ƒ–‡

–Š‘•‡ƒ„‹Ž‹–‹‡•Ǥ……‘”†‹‰–‘–Š‹•˜‹‡™’‘‹–ǡ’‡‘’Ž‡™‹–Š‘—–‹–‡ŽŽ‡…–—ƒŽ’”‘„Ž‡•Šƒ˜‡’”‡…‘…‡’–‹‘•

‘ˆ –‡””‹„Ž‡ …‘˜‡”•ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‹•–•Ǥ Š‡•‡ ’”‡Œ—†‹…‡• …ƒ—•‡ ’‡”•‘• ™‹–Š‘—– †‹•ƒ„‹Ž‹–‹‡• –‘ —–‹Ž‹œ‡

…‘˜‡”•ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ’ƒ––‡”•–Šƒ–‰‹˜‡–Š‡’‡”…‡’–‹‘‘ˆ‹‡’–‹–—†‡–‘–Š‘•‡™‹–Š‹–‡ŽŽ‡…–—ƒŽ‹’ƒ‹”‡–•Ǥ

‘’Š‹•–‹…ƒ–‡†’”ƒ‰ƒ–‹…Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡•‹ŽŽ•ƒ”‡‡ƒ•—”‡†„›ƒ…Š‹‡˜‹‰ƒ’ƒ”–‹…—Žƒ”…‘‰‹–‹˜‡•‹ŽŽŽ‡˜‡ŽǤ

—…Š›ƒ†‹ ‡– ƒŽǤ ȋʹͲͳͺȌ ƒ‹ –‘ ‡š’Ž‘”‡ ƒ† ‹˜‡•–‹‰ƒ–‡ •‘…‹ƒŽ ‹–‡”ƒ…–‹‘ ‹ ‡–ƒŽ ”‡–ƒ”†ƒ–‹‘

…Š‹Ž†”‡‹‡š–”ƒ‘”†‹ƒ”›•…Š‘‘Ž‡–ƒ”‹‹–ƒǤ–ƒ†‘’–‡†ƒ†‡•…”‹’–‹˜‡“—ƒŽ‹–ƒ–‹˜‡”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‡–Š‘†ǤŠ‡

ˆ‹†‹‰•”‡˜‡ƒŽ‡†–Šƒ–‡–ƒŽŽ›†‹•ƒ„Ž‡†…Š‹Ž†”‡…ƒ‹–‡”ƒ…–‡˜‡–Š‘—‰Š–Š‡›‘Ž›–‘—…Š‡ƒ…Š‘–Š‡”Ǥ

Š‡•—„Œ‡…–…ƒ•ƒ›Š‡ŽŽ‘™Š‡‡–‡”‹‰–Š‡…Žƒ••ǡ‡˜‡‹ˆ‘Ž›–‘•‘‡–‡ƒ…Š‡”•ǤŠ‡•—„Œ‡…–•™‹–Š

‹–‡ŽŽ‡…–—ƒŽ†‹•ƒ„‹Ž‹–‹‡•…ƒ‹–‡”ƒ…–•‘…‹ƒŽŽ›„—–•–‹ŽŽŠƒ˜‡†‹ˆˆ‹…—Ž–›‰‡––‹‰’‡‘’Ž‡ƒ”‘—†–Š‡–‘’ƒ›

ƒ––‡–‹‘ …Š‘‘•‡ ƒ† —•‡ ‰‘‘† ƒ† …‘””‡…– ˜‘…ƒ„—Žƒ”›Ǥ Š‡ •—„Œ‡…– Šƒ• ƒ ™‡ƒ‡•• ‹ ƒ‹–ƒ‹‹‰

…‘…‡–”ƒ–‹‘ǤŠ‡…‘—‹…ƒ–‹‰™‹–Š–Š‡ˆƒ…‹Ž‹–ƒ–‘”ǡ–Š‡•—„Œ‡…–—•‡•Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡–Šƒ–•‘—†••–‹ˆˆ

„‡…ƒ—•‡–Š‡•—„Œ‡…–Žƒ…•˜‘…ƒ„—Žƒ”›Ǥ

Š‡…—””‡–•–—†›†‡’ƒ”–•ˆ”‘–Š‡ƒ••—’–‹‘–Šƒ–‹–Š‡I am Sam‘˜‹‡ǡ–Š‡ƒ‹…Šƒ”ƒ…–‡”

Šƒ••’‡…‹ƒŽŽƒ‰—ƒ‰‡•‹ŽŽ•ƒ†…Šƒ”ƒ…–‡”‹•–‹…•†—‡–‘•—ˆˆ‡”‹‰ˆ”‘‡–ƒŽ”‡–ƒ”†ƒ–‹‘Ǥƒ††‹–‹‘ǡ–Š‹•

•–—†›ƒŽ•‘†‡’ƒ”–•ˆ”‘–Š‡ƒ••—’–‹‘–Šƒ–Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡•‹ŽŽ•ƒ††‹•‘”†‡”•‡š’‡”‹‡…‡†„›’‡‘’Ž‡™‹–Š

‡–ƒŽ”‡–ƒ”†ƒ–‹‘…ƒ„‡ƒƒŽ›œ‡†—•‹‰–Š‡–Š‡‘”›‘ˆƒ””‘ŽŽȋͳͻͺͷȌƒ†ƒ––‘ȋͳͻͻͺȌǤŠ‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ǡ–Š‡

…—””‡–”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‹˜‡•–‹‰ƒ–‡•–Š‡–›’‡•‘ˆ’”ƒ‰ƒ–‹…†‹•‘”†‡”•ˆ‘—†‹‡–ƒŽ”‡–ƒ”†ƒ–‹‘…Šƒ”ƒ…–‡”•

‹–Š‡I Am Sam‘˜‹‡Ǥ

Š‹••–—†›‹•‡š’‡…–‡†–‘…‘–”‹„—–‡–‘–Š‡‘”‡–‹…ƒŽƒ†’”ƒ…–‹…ƒŽ‹••—‡•‹’•›…Š‘Ž‹‰—‹•–‹…•Ǥ

–Š‡‘”›ǡ–Š‹•†‹•…‘˜‡”›™‹ŽŽ„‡˜ƒŽ—ƒ„Ž‡‹˜ƒ”‹‘—••‹–—ƒ–‹‘•ǡ’ƒ”–‹…—Žƒ”Ž›‹Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ǤŠ‡ˆ‹†‹‰•‘ˆ–Š‹•

•–—†›™‹ŽŽ’”‘˜‹†‡ˆ—–—”‡”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‡”•™‹–Š‹’‘”–ƒ–‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘”‡‰ƒ”†‹‰Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡’”‘†—…–‹‘‹

’‡‘’Ž‡ ™‹–Š ‡–ƒŽ ”‡–ƒ”†ƒ–‹‘ ƒ† ˆ—–—”‡ ”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‡”• ”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‹‰ –Š‹• •—„Œ‡…–Ǥ Š‡ ”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‡”

‹†‡–‹ˆ‹‡• –›’‡• ‘ˆ ’”ƒ‰ƒ–‹… †‹•‘”†‡”• ƒ† …‘—‹…ƒ–‹‘ •–”ƒ–‡‰‹‡• ‘ˆ ‡–ƒŽ ”‡–ƒ”†ƒ–‹‘ ’‡‘’Ž‡

—•‹‰ ‘Š ƒ””‘ŽŽ ȋͳͻͺͷȌ ƒ† ƒ––‘̵• –Š‡‘”› ȋͳͻͻͺȌǤŠ‹• ”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‘Ž›ˆ‘…—•‡•‘ –Š‡ ’”ƒ‰ƒ–‹…

†‹•‘”†‡” ƒ† …‘—‹…ƒ–‹‘ •–”ƒ–‡‰‹‡• ‘ˆ ƒ ‹ –Š‡  ƒ ‘˜‹‡Ǥ Š‡ …‘…Ž—•‹‘• †”ƒ™ ƒ”‡

ƒ‹Ž›–‘ƒ•™‡”–Š‡…‘””‡…–“—‡•–‹‘•‹–Š‡•–—†›̵•’”‘„Ž‡•„ƒ•‡†‘•‡˜‡”ƒŽ–Š‡‘”‹‡•”‡Žƒ–‡†–‘–Š‹•

”‡•‡ƒ”…ŠǤ ‘˜‡”„ƒŽ Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ ‹• ‘Ž› —•‡† ƒ• •—’’‘”–‹‰ †ƒ–ƒ ‹ˆ –Š‡ ƒ—–Š‘” ‡‡†• –Š‡ †ƒ–ƒ ƒ• ƒ

‡š’Žƒƒ–‹‘ˆ‘”˜‡”„ƒŽŽƒ‰—ƒ‰‡–Šƒ–‹•‘–—†‡”•–‘‘†ǤŠ‡—––‡”ƒ…‡•ˆ”‘‘–Š‡”…Šƒ”ƒ…–‡”•‹–Š‡

‘˜‹‡ƒ”‡‘––ƒ‡ƒ•†ƒ–ƒǤ

“

…ƒ†‡› ™ƒ”† ˆ‘” ‡•– …–‘” ‹ ƒ ‡ƒ†‹‰ ‘Ž‡ ‹ ʹͲͲʹ ȋŽŽ ‘˜‹‡ǡ ʹͲͲʹȌǤ Š‹• •Š‘™• –Šƒ– –Š‡

—––‡”ƒ…‡•’Žƒ›‡†Šƒ˜‡”‡ˆŽ‡…–‡†–Š‡…‘—‹…ƒ–‹‘’”‘ˆ‹Ž‡‘ˆ’‡‘’Ž‡™‹–Š‡–ƒŽ”‡–ƒ”†ƒ–‹‘Ǥ

—‹‰•ȋʹͲͳͲȌ•–ƒ–‡•–Šƒ–’”ƒ‰ƒ–‹…†‹•‘”†‡”•‹…Š‹Ž†”‡ƒ†ƒ†—Ž–•Šƒ˜‡„‡‡–Š‡ˆ‘…—•‘ˆ

…Ž‹‹…ƒŽ‹˜‡•–‹‰ƒ–‹‘•ˆ‘”ƒ’’”‘š‹ƒ–‡Ž›ͶͲ›‡ƒ”•Ǥ‘…‹ƒŽ…‘—‹…ƒ–‹‘†‹•‘”†‡”ǡƒŽ•‘…ƒŽŽ‡†’”ƒ‰ƒ–‹…

Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡†‹•‘”†‡”ǡ‹•ƒ…‘†‹–‹‘‹™Š‹…Š•‘‡‘‡Šƒ•ƒ’”‘„Ž‡™‹–Š–Š‡—•‡ƒ†—†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰‘ˆ

…‘—‹…ƒ–‹‰˜‡”„ƒŽŽ›ƒ†‘˜‡”„ƒŽŽ›‹•‘…‹ƒŽ•‹–—ƒ–‹‘•Ǥƒ‰—ƒ‰‡‹’”ƒ‰ƒ–‹…•‹•…‘—‹…ƒ–‹‘

•–”ƒ–‡‰‹‡•ǡ‹…Ž—†‹‰‘™‹‰™Šƒ––‘•ƒ›ǡŠ‘™–‘•ƒ›‹–ǡƒ†™Š‡–‘•ƒ›‹–Ǥ

‘–Š‡”…ƒ•‡•ǡ–Š‹••‹‰‹ˆ‹…ƒ–Ž›‹’ƒ…–‡†–Š‡‹”˜‡”„ƒŽ‘”™”‹––‡…ƒ’ƒ…‹–›ǤŠƒ–‹•†‹•…—••‡†‘”

—†‡”•–‘‘†‹•‹ˆŽ—‡…‡†„›–Š‡…‘–‡–ǤŠ‡ˆ‘”‹…Ž—†‡•™Šƒ–‹•—†‡”‡ƒ–Šƒ’‡”•‘̵•™‘”†•ƒ†

Š‘™–Š‡›…‘•–”—…–ƒ†‹ƒŽ‘‰—‡„ƒ•‡†‘™Šƒ––Š‡›‘™ƒ„‘—––Š‡Ž‹•–‡‡”ƒ†–Š‡•‹–—ƒ–‹‘Ǥ…‘–”ƒ•–ǡ

—––‡”ƒ…‡• …‘…‡” ™Šƒ– Ž‹‡• —†‡”‡ƒ–Š ƒ ’‡”•‘̵• ™‘”†• ƒ† Š‘™ –Š‡› …‘•–”—…– ƒ ‡š’”‡••‹‘

†‡’‡†‹‰‘™Šƒ––Š‡›…ƒ—†‡”•–ƒ†ƒ„‘—––Š‡…‘–‡š–ƒ†–Š‡ƒ—†‹‡…‡ȋŽ‘‘ǡͳͻͺͺȌǤ

”ƒ‰ƒ–‹…•‹•–Š‡•–—†›‘ˆ–Š‡”—Ž‡•‰‘˜‡”‹‰Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡—•‡‹•‘…‹ƒŽ•‹–—ƒ–‹‘•Ǥ–ˆ‘…—•‡•‘—•‹‰

Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡‹…‘–‡š–ƒ†‡’Šƒ•‹œ‡•–Š‡ˆ—…–‹‘‘”—•‡‘ˆŽƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ǡ‹…Ž—†‹‰…‘˜‡”•ƒ–‹‘•‹ŽŽ•ǡ‘Ǧ

˜‡”„ƒŽ ‡ƒ• ‘ˆ …‘—‹…ƒ–‹‘ ȋ•—…Š ƒ• ˆƒ…‹ƒŽ ‡š’”‡••‹‘• ƒ† ‡›‡ …‘–ƒ…–Ȍǡ ƒ† ƒ””ƒ–‹˜‡ •‹ŽŽ•Ǥ ……‘”†‹‰–‘‡”‹•ȋʹͲͳͻȌǡ–Š‡ƒ„‹Ž‹–›–‘”‡’ƒ‹”…‘˜‡”•ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ„”‡ƒ†‘™•ǡŠ‹‰ŠŽ‹‰Š–‡™‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘

‹ —––‡”ƒ…‡•ǡ ƒ† ’‡”ˆ‘” ˜ƒ”‹‘—• •’‡‡…Š ƒ…–• ȋ‡Ǥ‰Ǥǡ ’”‘‹•‡• ƒ† ƒ’‘Ž‘‰‹‡•Ȍ ‹• ƒŽ•‘ ‡••‡–‹ƒŽ ˆ‘”

’”ƒ‰ƒ–‹…Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ǤŠ‡†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ƒŽƒ„‘”ƒŽ‹–‹‡•ǡ†‹•‡ƒ•‡•ǡƒ†‹Œ—”‹‡•–Šƒ–‹–‡”ˆ‡”‡™‹–Š–Š‡•‡

ˆ—…–‹‘•ƒ”‡†‹˜‡”•‡Ǥ

”ƒ‰ƒ–‹…†‹•‘”†‡”ƒŽ•‘…ƒ—•‡•‡–ƒŽŽ›†‹•ƒ„Ž‡†’‡‘’Ž‡–‘—•‡‘”‡†‘‹ƒ–…‘˜‡”•ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ

•–”ƒ–‡‰‹‡•™‹–Š–Š‡‹”†‹•ƒ„Ž‡†’‡‡”•ǤŠ‡†‘‹ƒ–…‘˜‡”•ƒ–‹‘•–”ƒ–‡‰‹‡•‹…Ž—†‡…‘””‡…–‹‰‘–Š‡”•̵

—––‡”ƒ…‡•ǡ ”‡“—‡•–‹‰ǡ ƒ† ‹–‡””—’–‹‰Ǥ Š‡ ’”ƒ‰ƒ–‹… †‹•‘”†‡” ƒŽ•‘ ‹’ƒ…–• ‡–ƒŽ ”‡–ƒ”†ƒ–‹‘Ǣ

’‡‘’Ž‡”ƒ”‡Ž›—•‡•‘’Š‹•–‹…ƒ–‡†ǡ’”ƒ‰ƒ–‹…Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡Ǥ–‹•„‡…ƒ—•‡–Š‡›ƒ”‡‘–ƒŽŽ‘™‡†–‘†‡‘•–”ƒ–‡

–Š‘•‡ƒ„‹Ž‹–‹‡•Ǥ……‘”†‹‰–‘–Š‹•˜‹‡™’‘‹–ǡ’‡‘’Ž‡™‹–Š‘—–‹–‡ŽŽ‡…–—ƒŽ’”‘„Ž‡•Šƒ˜‡’”‡…‘…‡’–‹‘•

‘ˆ –‡””‹„Ž‡ …‘˜‡”•ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‹•–•Ǥ Š‡•‡ ’”‡Œ—†‹…‡• …ƒ—•‡ ’‡”•‘• ™‹–Š‘—– †‹•ƒ„‹Ž‹–‹‡• –‘ —–‹Ž‹œ‡

…‘˜‡”•ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ’ƒ––‡”•–Šƒ–‰‹˜‡–Š‡’‡”…‡’–‹‘‘ˆ‹‡’–‹–—†‡–‘–Š‘•‡™‹–Š‹–‡ŽŽ‡…–—ƒŽ‹’ƒ‹”‡–•Ǥ

‘’Š‹•–‹…ƒ–‡†’”ƒ‰ƒ–‹…Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡•‹ŽŽ•ƒ”‡‡ƒ•—”‡†„›ƒ…Š‹‡˜‹‰ƒ’ƒ”–‹…—Žƒ”…‘‰‹–‹˜‡•‹ŽŽŽ‡˜‡ŽǤ

—…Š›ƒ†‹ ‡– ƒŽǤ ȋʹͲͳͺȌ ƒ‹ –‘ ‡š’Ž‘”‡ ƒ† ‹˜‡•–‹‰ƒ–‡ •‘…‹ƒŽ ‹–‡”ƒ…–‹‘ ‹ ‡–ƒŽ ”‡–ƒ”†ƒ–‹‘

…Š‹Ž†”‡‹‡š–”ƒ‘”†‹ƒ”›•…Š‘‘Ž‡–ƒ”‹‹–ƒǤ–ƒ†‘’–‡†ƒ†‡•…”‹’–‹˜‡“—ƒŽ‹–ƒ–‹˜‡”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‡–Š‘†ǤŠ‡

ˆ‹†‹‰•”‡˜‡ƒŽ‡†–Šƒ–‡–ƒŽŽ›†‹•ƒ„Ž‡†…Š‹Ž†”‡…ƒ‹–‡”ƒ…–‡˜‡–Š‘—‰Š–Š‡›‘Ž›–‘—…Š‡ƒ…Š‘–Š‡”Ǥ

Š‡•—„Œ‡…–…ƒ•ƒ›Š‡ŽŽ‘™Š‡‡–‡”‹‰–Š‡…Žƒ••ǡ‡˜‡‹ˆ‘Ž›–‘•‘‡–‡ƒ…Š‡”•ǤŠ‡•—„Œ‡…–•™‹–Š

‹–‡ŽŽ‡…–—ƒŽ†‹•ƒ„‹Ž‹–‹‡•…ƒ‹–‡”ƒ…–•‘…‹ƒŽŽ›„—–•–‹ŽŽŠƒ˜‡†‹ˆˆ‹…—Ž–›‰‡––‹‰’‡‘’Ž‡ƒ”‘—†–Š‡–‘’ƒ›

ƒ––‡–‹‘ …Š‘‘•‡ ƒ† —•‡ ‰‘‘† ƒ† …‘””‡…– ˜‘…ƒ„—Žƒ”›Ǥ Š‡ •—„Œ‡…– Šƒ• ƒ ™‡ƒ‡•• ‹ ƒ‹–ƒ‹‹‰

…‘…‡–”ƒ–‹‘ǤŠ‡…‘—‹…ƒ–‹‰™‹–Š–Š‡ˆƒ…‹Ž‹–ƒ–‘”ǡ–Š‡•—„Œ‡…–—•‡•Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡–Šƒ–•‘—†••–‹ˆˆ

„‡…ƒ—•‡–Š‡•—„Œ‡…–Žƒ…•˜‘…ƒ„—Žƒ”›Ǥ

Š‡…—””‡–•–—†›†‡’ƒ”–•ˆ”‘–Š‡ƒ••—’–‹‘–Šƒ–‹–Š‡I am Sam‘˜‹‡ǡ–Š‡ƒ‹…Šƒ”ƒ…–‡”

Šƒ••’‡…‹ƒŽŽƒ‰—ƒ‰‡•‹ŽŽ•ƒ†…Šƒ”ƒ…–‡”‹•–‹…•†—‡–‘•—ˆˆ‡”‹‰ˆ”‘‡–ƒŽ”‡–ƒ”†ƒ–‹‘Ǥƒ††‹–‹‘ǡ–Š‹•

•–—†›ƒŽ•‘†‡’ƒ”–•ˆ”‘–Š‡ƒ••—’–‹‘–Šƒ–Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡•‹ŽŽ•ƒ††‹•‘”†‡”•‡š’‡”‹‡…‡†„›’‡‘’Ž‡™‹–Š

‡–ƒŽ”‡–ƒ”†ƒ–‹‘…ƒ„‡ƒƒŽ›œ‡†—•‹‰–Š‡–Š‡‘”›‘ˆƒ””‘ŽŽȋͳͻͺͷȌƒ†ƒ––‘ȋͳͻͻͺȌǤŠ‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ǡ–Š‡

…—””‡–”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‹˜‡•–‹‰ƒ–‡•–Š‡–›’‡•‘ˆ’”ƒ‰ƒ–‹…†‹•‘”†‡”•ˆ‘—†‹‡–ƒŽ”‡–ƒ”†ƒ–‹‘…Šƒ”ƒ…–‡”•

‹–Š‡I Am Sam‘˜‹‡Ǥ

Š‹••–—†›‹•‡š’‡…–‡†–‘…‘–”‹„—–‡–‘–Š‡‘”‡–‹…ƒŽƒ†’”ƒ…–‹…ƒŽ‹••—‡•‹’•›…Š‘Ž‹‰—‹•–‹…•Ǥ

–Š‡‘”›ǡ–Š‹•†‹•…‘˜‡”›™‹ŽŽ„‡˜ƒŽ—ƒ„Ž‡‹˜ƒ”‹‘—••‹–—ƒ–‹‘•ǡ’ƒ”–‹…—Žƒ”Ž›‹Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ǤŠ‡ˆ‹†‹‰•‘ˆ–Š‹•

•–—†›™‹ŽŽ’”‘˜‹†‡ˆ—–—”‡”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‡”•™‹–Š‹’‘”–ƒ–‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘”‡‰ƒ”†‹‰Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡’”‘†—…–‹‘‹

’‡‘’Ž‡ ™‹–Š ‡–ƒŽ ”‡–ƒ”†ƒ–‹‘ ƒ† ˆ—–—”‡ ”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‡”• ”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‹‰ –Š‹• •—„Œ‡…–Ǥ Š‡ ”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‡”

‹†‡–‹ˆ‹‡• –›’‡• ‘ˆ ’”ƒ‰ƒ–‹… †‹•‘”†‡”• ƒ† …‘—‹…ƒ–‹‘ •–”ƒ–‡‰‹‡• ‘ˆ ‡–ƒŽ ”‡–ƒ”†ƒ–‹‘ ’‡‘’Ž‡

—•‹‰ ‘Š ƒ””‘ŽŽ ȋͳͻͺͷȌ ƒ† ƒ––‘̵• –Š‡‘”› ȋͳͻͻͺȌǤŠ‹• ”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‘Ž›ˆ‘…—•‡•‘ –Š‡ ’”ƒ‰ƒ–‹…

†‹•‘”†‡” ƒ† …‘—‹…ƒ–‹‘ •–”ƒ–‡‰‹‡• ‘ˆ ƒ ‹ –Š‡  ƒ ‘˜‹‡Ǥ Š‡ …‘…Ž—•‹‘• †”ƒ™ ƒ”‡

ƒ‹Ž›–‘ƒ•™‡”–Š‡…‘””‡…–“—‡•–‹‘•‹–Š‡•–—†›̵•’”‘„Ž‡•„ƒ•‡†‘•‡˜‡”ƒŽ–Š‡‘”‹‡•”‡Žƒ–‡†–‘–Š‹•

”‡•‡ƒ”…ŠǤ ‘˜‡”„ƒŽ Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ ‹• ‘Ž› —•‡† ƒ• •—’’‘”–‹‰ †ƒ–ƒ ‹ˆ –Š‡ ƒ—–Š‘” ‡‡†• –Š‡ †ƒ–ƒ ƒ• ƒ

‡š’Žƒƒ–‹‘ˆ‘”˜‡”„ƒŽŽƒ‰—ƒ‰‡–Šƒ–‹•‘–—†‡”•–‘‘†ǤŠ‡—––‡”ƒ…‡•ˆ”‘‘–Š‡”…Šƒ”ƒ…–‡”•‹–Š‡

‘˜‹‡ƒ”‡‘––ƒ‡ƒ•†ƒ–ƒǤ

METHOD

—ƒŽ‹–ƒ–‹˜‡†‡•…”‹’–‹˜‡”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‹•—•‡†‹–Š‹••–—†›ƒ•–Š‡”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‡–Š‘†Ǥ–ƒŽ•‘‹’Ž‡‡–‡†

ƒ…‘–‡–ƒƒŽ›•‹•‡–Š‘†ǤŠ‡”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‡”—•‡•–Š‡…‘–‡–ƒƒŽ›•‹•‡–Š‘†„‡…ƒ—•‡‹–‡š’Ž‘”‡•–Š‡

…‘˜‡”•ƒ–‹‘‹–Š‡ƒ‘˜‹‡ƒ•–Š‡†ƒ–ƒǤŠ‡”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‡”ƒƒŽ›œ‡†–Š‡…Šƒ”ƒ…–‡”̵•—––‡”ƒ…‡•™‹–Š

‡–ƒŽ”‡–ƒ”†ƒ–‹‘‹–Š‡ƒ‘˜‹‡–‘‹˜‡•–‹‰ƒ–‡–Š‡–›’‡•‘ˆ’”ƒ‰ƒ–‹…†‹•‘”†‡”•ǤŠ‡’”‘„Ž‡•

–Šƒ–™‹ŽŽ„‡—…‘˜‡”‡†‹–Š‹••–—†›ƒ”‡™Šƒ–’”ƒ‰ƒ–‹…†‹•‘”†‡”•ƒ”‡ˆ‘—†ƒ†Š‘™ƒƒ•ƒ‡–ƒŽŽ›

”‡–ƒ”†‡†…Šƒ”ƒ…–‡”ǡ—•‡•…‘—‹…ƒ–‹‘•–”ƒ–‡‰‹‡•–‘…‘’‡™‹–ŠŠ‹•’”ƒ‰ƒ–‹…†‹•‘”†‡”ǤŠ‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ǡ–Š‹•

’”‘„Ž‡™‹ŽŽ„‡ƒ•™‡”‡†„›†‡•…”‹„‹‰–Š‡”‡•‡ƒ”…Šˆ‹†‹‰•„ƒ•‡†‘–Š‡–›’‡‘ˆ†ƒ–ƒ–Š‡”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‡”

Šƒ•†‡–‡”‹‡†ǡƒ‡Ž›“—ƒŽ‹–ƒ–‹˜‡†ƒ–ƒǤ

Š‡ †ƒ–ƒ •‘—”…‡ ‘ˆ –Š‹• •–—†› ƒ”‡ ‹ ™‘”†•ǡ ’Š”ƒ•‡•ǡ ƒ† —––‡”ƒ…‡• ’”‘†—…‡† „› –Š‡ ‡–ƒŽ

”‡–ƒ”†ƒ–‹‘…Šƒ”ƒ…–‡”‹–Š‡I Am Sam‘˜‹‡Ǥ–‹•ƒ‡Ž‘†”ƒƒ‘˜‹‡†”ƒƒˆ”‘–Š‡‹–‡†–ƒ–‡•ƒ†

–‡ŽŽ•ƒ„‘—–ƒƒ™•‘ȋ’Žƒ›‡†„›‡ƒ‡Ȍǡƒƒ™‹–Š‡–ƒŽ”‡–ƒ”†ƒ–‹‘™Š‘Ž‹˜‡•‹‘•‰‡Ž‡•Ǥ

‡Šƒ•ƒ•‹šǦ›‡ƒ”Ǧ‘Ž††ƒ—‰Š–‡”—…›ȋ’Žƒ›‡†„›ƒ‘–ƒ ƒ‹‰ȌǤŠ‹•‘˜‹‡™ƒ•”‡Ž‡ƒ•‡†‹ʹͲͲʹƒ†

†‹”‡…–‡†„›‡••‹‡‡Ž•‘ǤŠ‡”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‹•–”—‡–—•‡†‹–Š‹••–—†›‹•–Š‡I Am Sam‘˜‹‡‘‡–ˆŽ‹šǡ

ƒƒ—†‹‘˜‹•—ƒŽƒ†”‡ƒ†‹‰•…”‹’–ˆ”‘–Š‡‘˜‹‡Ǥ

‡˜‡”ƒŽ•–‡’•ƒ”‡—•‡†–‘…‘ŽŽ‡…––Š‡”‡•‡ƒ”…Š†ƒ–ƒǣ ‹”•–ǡ–Š‡”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‡”™ƒ–…Š‡†–Š‡ƒ

‘˜‹‡‘‡–ˆŽ‹šƒ†–Š‡†‘™Ž‘ƒ†‡†‹–ƒ–ƒ›ƒ”ƒ…ƒʹͳƒ†”‡ƒ†–Š‡I Am Sam‘˜‹‡•…”‹’–Ǥ‡š–‹•”‡Ǧ

™ƒ–…Š‹‰–Š‡ƒ‘˜‹‡ƒ†‡•—”‹‰‘—––‡”ƒ…‡•ƒ”‡‹••‡†Ǣƒˆ–‡”–Šƒ––ƒ‹‰‘–‡•‘ˆ‡–ƒŽ

retardation characters’ conversations in the movie that relate to pragmatic disorders of mental

”‡–ƒ”†ƒ–‹‘ƒ†—Ž–•Ǥ ‹ƒŽŽ›ǡ–Š‡”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‡”…‘˜‡”–‡†–Š‡†ƒ–ƒ‹–‘‡š…‡”’–‡†—––‡”ƒ…‡•ƒ†’”‡•‡–‡†

–Š‡†ƒ–ƒ‹…Š”‘‘Ž‘‰‹…ƒŽ‘”†‡”Ǥ

‘ ‡šƒ‹‡ –Š‡ †ƒ–ƒǡ –Š‡ ”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‡” —•‡† •‡˜‡”ƒŽ •–‡’•Ǥ ‹”•–ǡ –Š‡ ”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‡” ƒƒŽ›œ‡† ‡ƒ…Š

—––‡”ƒ…‡„ƒ•‡†‘–Š‡…‘–‡š–”‡Žƒ–‡†–‘–Š‡’•›…Š‘Ž‘‰‹…ƒŽ‡š’”‡••‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡…Šƒ”ƒ…–‡”Ǥˆ–‡”–Šƒ–ǡ•Š‡

‹–‡”’”‡–‡†–Š‡†ƒ–ƒ—•‹‰–Š‡–Š‡‘”›‘ˆ–›’‡•‘ˆ’”ƒ‰ƒ–‹…Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡†‹•‘”†‡”•„›‘Šƒ””‘ŽŽȋͳͻͺͷȌ

ƒ†’”ƒ‰ƒ–‹…†‹•‘”†‡”•‘‡–ƒŽŽ›”‡–ƒ”†‡†ƒ†—Ž–•„›ƒ––‘̵•–Š‡‘”›ȋͳͻͻͺȌǤƒ•–ǡ–Š‡”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‡”

ƒ†‡…‘…Ž—•‹‘•ˆ”‘†ƒ–ƒƒƒŽ›•‹•…‘…‡”‹‰–Š‡–›’‡•‘ˆ’”ƒ‰ƒ–‹…†‹•‘”†‡”•ˆ‘—†‹–Š‡‡–ƒŽ

”‡–ƒ”†ƒ–‹‘…Šƒ”ƒ…–‡”‹–Š‡I Am Sam‘˜‹‡Ǥ‘–Š‹•‡š–‡–ǡ–Š‡…‘—‹…ƒ–‹‘•–”ƒ–‡‰‹‡••—’’‘”––Š‡

™ƒ›–‘…‘’‡™‹–Š–Š‡’”ƒ‰ƒ–‹…†‹•‘”†‡”‘ˆ–Š‡‡–ƒŽŽ›”‡–ƒ”†‡†…Šƒ”ƒ…–‡”‹–Š‡‘˜‹‡Ǥ FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION

Š‡”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‡”•ˆ‘—†˜ƒ”‹‘—••‡–‡…‡•…‘–ƒ‹‹‰’”ƒ‰ƒ–‹…†‹•‘”†‡”•‘ˆ–Š‡‡–ƒŽŽ›”‡–ƒ”†‡†

…Šƒ”ƒ…–‡”‹I Am Sam‘˜‹‡Ǥͳͷ†ƒ–ƒ’‘‹–•…‘–ƒ‹‡†—––‡”ƒ…‡•ƒ†‡„›–Š‡‡–ƒŽŽ›”‡–ƒ”†‡†…Šƒ”ƒ…–‡”

‹ –Š‡ ˆ‹Ž  ƒǤ Š‡ ͻ †ƒ–ƒ ‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡† –Š‡ ’”ƒ‰ƒ–‹… †‹•‘”†‡”• ˆ‘—† ‹ –Š‡ ‡–ƒŽ ”‡–ƒ”†ƒ–‹‘

character in the I Am Sam movie using John Carroll’s theory (1985), and –Š‡ ͸ †ƒ–ƒ ‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡† –Š‡

’”ƒ‰ƒ–‹…†‹•‘”†‡”‹–Š‡…‘—‹…ƒ–‹‘•–”ƒ–‡‰‹‡•‘ˆ–Š‡‡–ƒŽ”‡–ƒ”†ƒ–‹‘…Šƒ”ƒ…–‡”‹–Š‡I Am Sam movie using Hatton’s theory (1998).

Š”‘—‰Š –Š‡ ˜‹†‡‘• ‘ˆ –Š‡ I Am Sam‘˜‹‡Ǣ –Š‡ ”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‡” …‘—Ž† ˆ‹† –Š‡†ƒ–ƒ –‘‰ƒ‹ –Š‡ –™‘

‘„Œ‡…–‹˜‡•‘ˆ–Š‹•”‡•‡ƒ”…Šǣ–›’‡•‘ˆ’”ƒ‰ƒ–‹…†‹•‘”†‡”ˆ‘—†ƒ†–Š‡…‘—‹…ƒ–‹‘•–”ƒ–‡‰‹‡•—•‡†„›

ƒ–‘…‘’‡™‹–ŠŠ‹•’”ƒ‰ƒ–‹…†‹•‘”†‡”Ǥ Findings

Pragmatic Disorders

The researcher used John Carroll’s theory (1985) to identify pragmatic language disorders

ˆ‘—† ‹ ‡–ƒŽ ”‡–ƒ”†ƒ–‹‘ …Šƒ”ƒ…–‡” ‹ –Š‡ I Am Sam ‘˜‹‡Ǥ Š‡”‡ ƒ”‡ –™‘ –›’‡• ‘ˆ ’”ƒ‰ƒ–‹…

†‹•‘”†‡”•ǣ‡š’”‡••‹˜‡Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡†‹•‘”†‡”ƒ†”‡…‡’–‹˜‡Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡†‹•‘”†‡”Ǥ

“

Žˆƒ–—œƒŠ‹”ƒŠȏͳȐǡ‘Šƒ‹—”†ƒŠȏʹȐ John Carroll’s Theory (1985)

No

Pragmatic Language

Disorder

Characteristic Utterance

ͳǤ š’”‡••‹˜‡

ƒ‰—ƒ‰‡‹•‘”†‡” ƒ˜‹‰

‹ˆˆ‹…—Ž–›‘ˆ

‹†‹‰‘”†•

ƒȌ ǣŠƒ––Š‡Š‡ŽŽƒ”‡›‘—†‘‹‰–‘–Šƒ–„ƒ„›ǫ

Šƒ–̵•–Š‡ƒ––‡”™‹–Š–Š‡„ƒ„›ǡƒǫ

SAM: (Calling with holding Lucy, looking at Lucy and the window in turn) Everything's so tiny, tiny. Tiny. Everything.

Won't you please come over? Help. I need somebody. Won't you please please help me.

(D 01, M 07m:19s)

„Ȍ ǣ‹ŽŽ›‘—…‘‡‘˜‡”Š‡”‡ƒ†Š‡Ž’‡ǫ

ǣ‘—‘™…ƒ̵–†‘–Šƒ–ǤŠƒ–†‘‡•Š‡”‘–Š‡”•ƒ›ǫ SAM:Her mother? Her mother said "This isn't my life. I'm outta here when she comes. It didn't mean anything, Sam. It was just one night. The two of you. That's all I need..." Annie, what if she's sick?

(D 02, M 07m:29s)

ƒ˜‹‰Ž‹‹–‡†

˜‘…ƒ„—Žƒ”› Ǧ

ʹǤ ‡…‡’–‹˜‡

ƒ‰—ƒ‰‡‹•‘”†‡” ‘‘–’’‡ƒ”

–‘‹•–‡ ƒȌ ǣ†‘̵–

‘™‹ˆ›‘—”‡‡„‡”‡Ǥ̵ƒ”‰ƒ”‡–ƒŽ‰”‘˜‡ǡ‡’ƒ”–‡–‘ˆ

Š‹Ž†ƒ† ƒ‹Ž›‡”˜‹…‡•Ǥ‡‡–ƒ––Š‡’‘Ž‹…‡•–ƒ–‹‘Ǥ

SAM:(Following child movement with rolling his body)Put the present there. You have to hurry, because Lucy's coming.

Come on, hide with us.

(D 03, M 31m:27s – 31m:31s)

„Ȍ LUCY’S ADOPTIVE MOM: Maybe I can –ƒŽ–‘ƒ††›ˆ‘”ƒ‹—–‡ǫ LUCY: Yeah…

LUCY’S ADOPTIVE MOM: Sam…

SAM: (Look at Lucy proudly) You're a Girl Scout now! Yeah, that's really good.

(D 04, M 01h:52m:47s – 01h:52m:50s)

ƒ˜‹‰

†‹ˆˆ‹…—Ž–›

‹–‡”’”‡–‹‰

™‘”†•‘”

’Š”ƒ•‡•

Ǧ

ƒ˜‹‰

‹ˆˆ‹…—Ž–›‹

†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰

‘’Ž‡š

‡–‡…‡•

ƒȌ Ǥ ǣ – ‰‹˜‡• —•ƒ ‰”‡ƒ–†‡ƒŽ ‘ˆ ‹•‹‰Š– ‹–‘ ™Šƒ– •Š‡

—•–„‡ˆ‡‡Ž‹‰Ǥ†‹–Š‡…Žƒ••”‘‘ǡ‹–̵•„‡…‘‹‰…Ž‡ƒ”–Šƒ–

•Š‡̵•Š‘Ž†‹‰Š‡”•‡Žˆ„ƒ…‹–Š‡…Žƒ••”‘‘Ǥ–̵•ƒ•‹ˆ•Š‡̵•Ž‹–‡”ƒŽŽ›

ƒˆ”ƒ‹†–‘Ž‡ƒ”Ǥ‘‘‡†‘—„–•–Šƒ–›‘—Ž‘˜‡›‘—”†ƒ—‰Š–‡”Ǥ—––Š‡

‡’ƒ”–‡– ‘ˆ Š‹Ž† ƒ† ƒ‹Ž› ‡”˜‹…‡• …‘–ƒ…–‡† —•Ǥ Š‡›

•Šƒ”‡† ™‹–Š —• –Šƒ– ›‘—” ”‡…‘”†• •Š‘™ –Šƒ– ›‘—” ‹–‡ŽŽ‡…–—ƒŽ

…ƒ’ƒ…‹–› ‹• ƒ”‘—† –Šƒ– ‘ˆ ƒ ͹Ǧ›‡ƒ”Ǧ‘Ž†Ǥ —” …‘…‡” ‹• ™Šƒ–

Šƒ’’‡•™Š‡—…›–—”•ͺǫ

ǣ”Ǥƒ™•‘ǡ†‘›‘——†‡”•–ƒ†™Šƒ–

•Ǥ”‹‰Š–‹•–”›‹‰–‘–‡ŽŽ›‘—ƒ„‘—–—…›ǫ

SAM: (Look confused) John wanted to try new things. And it wasn't Yoko's fault. No, it wasn't Yoko's fault. Annie says you can hear it on The White Album. Because John wanted to try new things.

(D 05, M 24m:27s – 25m:26s)

„Ȍ ǣ”Ǥƒ™•‘ǡ›‘—†‘—†‡”•–ƒ†–Šƒ–•‹…‡̵

ƒ …‘—”–Ǧƒ’’‘‹–‡† ’•›…Š‘Ž‘‰‹•– –Š‡ –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ …Ž‹‡–Ǧ–Š‡”ƒ’‹•–

…‘ˆ‹†‡–‹ƒŽ‹–›™‹ŽŽ„‡™ƒ‹˜‡†Ǥ‘›‘——†‡”•–ƒ†–Šƒ–ǫ ǣȋ‘‘…‘ˆ—•‡†Ȍ

ǣŠƒ––Š‡…‘ˆ‹†‡–‹ƒŽ‹–›™‹ŽŽ„‡™ƒ‹˜‡†Ǥ SAM: (Nod nervously and waves)

A PSYCHOLOGIST: Good. Let’s begin (D 06, M 48m:57s – 49m:16s)

…Ȍ ǣ‡Ǧ–™‡–›Ǥ‘––ƒ‰‡––‘‘‡Ǧ–™‡–›ˆ‹˜‡–‘ƒ‡‹–…‘—–Ǥ

ƒ›‘ƒ›‘ƒ›Ǥ̵‰‘ƒ‡‡†–Šƒ–Ž‹•–‘ˆ’‡‘’Ž‡™Š‘…ƒ–‡•–‹ˆ›

“

John Carroll’s Theory (1985)

No

Pragmatic Language

Disorder

Characteristic Utterance

ͳǤ š’”‡••‹˜‡

ƒ‰—ƒ‰‡‹•‘”†‡” ƒ˜‹‰

‹ˆˆ‹…—Ž–›‘ˆ

‹†‹‰‘”†•

ƒȌ ǣŠƒ––Š‡Š‡ŽŽƒ”‡›‘—†‘‹‰–‘–Šƒ–„ƒ„›ǫ

Šƒ–̵•–Š‡ƒ––‡”™‹–Š–Š‡„ƒ„›ǡƒǫ

SAM: (Calling with holding Lucy, looking at Lucy and the window in turn) Everything's so tiny, tiny. Tiny. Everything.

Won't you please come over? Help. I need somebody. Won't you please please help me.

(D 01, M 07m:19s)

„Ȍ ǣ‹ŽŽ›‘—…‘‡‘˜‡”Š‡”‡ƒ†Š‡Ž’‡ǫ

ǣ‘—‘™…ƒ̵–†‘–Šƒ–ǤŠƒ–†‘‡•Š‡”‘–Š‡”•ƒ›ǫ SAM:Her mother? Her mother said "This isn't my life. I'm outta here when she comes. It didn't mean anything, Sam. It was just one night. The two of you. That's all I need..." Annie, what if she's sick?

(D 02, M 07m:29s)

ƒ˜‹‰Ž‹‹–‡†

˜‘…ƒ„—Žƒ”› Ǧ

ʹǤ ‡…‡’–‹˜‡

ƒ‰—ƒ‰‡‹•‘”†‡” ‘‘–’’‡ƒ”

–‘‹•–‡ ƒȌ ǣ†‘̵–

‘™‹ˆ›‘—”‡‡„‡”‡Ǥ̵ƒ”‰ƒ”‡–ƒŽ‰”‘˜‡ǡ‡’ƒ”–‡–‘ˆ

Š‹Ž†ƒ† ƒ‹Ž›‡”˜‹…‡•Ǥ‡‡–ƒ––Š‡’‘Ž‹…‡•–ƒ–‹‘Ǥ

SAM:(Following child movement with rolling his body)Put the present there. You have to hurry, because Lucy's coming.

Come on, hide with us.

(D 03, M 31m:27s – 31m:31s)

„Ȍ LUCY’S ADOPTIVE MOM: Maybe I can –ƒŽ–‘ƒ††›ˆ‘”ƒ‹—–‡ǫ LUCY: Yeah…

LUCY’S ADOPTIVE MOM: Sam…

SAM: (Look at Lucy proudly) You're a Girl Scout now! Yeah, that's really good.

(D 04, M 01h:52m:47s – 01h:52m:50s)

ƒ˜‹‰

†‹ˆˆ‹…—Ž–›

‹–‡”’”‡–‹‰

™‘”†•‘”

’Š”ƒ•‡•

Ǧ

ƒ˜‹‰

‹ˆˆ‹…—Ž–›‹

†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰

‘’Ž‡š

‡–‡…‡•

ƒȌ Ǥ ǣ – ‰‹˜‡• —•ƒ ‰”‡ƒ–†‡ƒŽ ‘ˆ ‹•‹‰Š– ‹–‘ ™Šƒ– •Š‡

—•–„‡ˆ‡‡Ž‹‰Ǥ†‹–Š‡…Žƒ••”‘‘ǡ‹–̵•„‡…‘‹‰…Ž‡ƒ”–Šƒ–

•Š‡̵•Š‘Ž†‹‰Š‡”•‡Žˆ„ƒ…‹–Š‡…Žƒ••”‘‘Ǥ–̵•ƒ•‹ˆ•Š‡̵•Ž‹–‡”ƒŽŽ›

ƒˆ”ƒ‹†–‘Ž‡ƒ”Ǥ‘‘‡†‘—„–•–Šƒ–›‘—Ž‘˜‡›‘—”†ƒ—‰Š–‡”Ǥ—––Š‡

‡’ƒ”–‡– ‘ˆ Š‹Ž† ƒ† ƒ‹Ž› ‡”˜‹…‡• …‘–ƒ…–‡† —•Ǥ Š‡›

•Šƒ”‡† ™‹–Š —• –Šƒ– ›‘—” ”‡…‘”†• •Š‘™ –Šƒ– ›‘—” ‹–‡ŽŽ‡…–—ƒŽ

…ƒ’ƒ…‹–› ‹• ƒ”‘—† –Šƒ– ‘ˆ ƒ ͹Ǧ›‡ƒ”Ǧ‘Ž†Ǥ —” …‘…‡” ‹• ™Šƒ–

Šƒ’’‡•™Š‡—…›–—”•ͺǫ

ǣ”Ǥƒ™•‘ǡ†‘›‘——†‡”•–ƒ†™Šƒ–

•Ǥ”‹‰Š–‹•–”›‹‰–‘–‡ŽŽ›‘—ƒ„‘—–—…›ǫ

SAM: (Look confused) John wanted to try new things. And it wasn't Yoko's fault. No, it wasn't Yoko's fault. Annie says you can hear it on The White Album. Because John wanted to try new things.

(D 05, M 24m:27s – 25m:26s)

„Ȍ ǣ”Ǥƒ™•‘ǡ›‘—†‘—†‡”•–ƒ†–Šƒ–•‹…‡̵

ƒ …‘—”–Ǧƒ’’‘‹–‡† ’•›…Š‘Ž‘‰‹•– –Š‡ –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ …Ž‹‡–Ǧ–Š‡”ƒ’‹•–

…‘ˆ‹†‡–‹ƒŽ‹–›™‹ŽŽ„‡™ƒ‹˜‡†Ǥ‘›‘——†‡”•–ƒ†–Šƒ–ǫ ǣȋ‘‘…‘ˆ—•‡†Ȍ

ǣŠƒ––Š‡…‘ˆ‹†‡–‹ƒŽ‹–›™‹ŽŽ„‡™ƒ‹˜‡†Ǥ SAM: (Nod nervously and waves)

A PSYCHOLOGIST: Good. Let’s begin (D 06, M 48m:57s – 49m:16s)

…Ȍ ǣ‡Ǧ–™‡–›Ǥ‘––ƒ‰‡––‘‘‡Ǧ–™‡–›ˆ‹˜‡–‘ƒ‡‹–…‘—–Ǥ

ƒ›‘ƒ›‘ƒ›Ǥ̵‰‘ƒ‡‡†–Šƒ–Ž‹•–‘ˆ’‡‘’Ž‡™Š‘…ƒ–‡•–‹ˆ›

–Šƒ–›‘—̵”‡ƒ‰‘‘†ˆƒ–Š‡”†‡•’‹–‡›‘—”Šƒ†‹…ƒ’Ǥ†‹†̵–‡ƒ

›‘—”Šƒ†‹…ƒ’‡ƒ–›‘—”†‹•ƒ„‹Ž‹–›Ǧ‡ƒ–Š‡ˆƒ…––Šƒ–›‘—̵”‡

”‡–ƒ”†‡†ǤŠƒ–̵•‘––Š‡”‹‰Š–™‘”†Ǥ‡ƒǤǤǤŠƒ–†‘…ƒŽŽ›‘—ǫ SAM: Sam. You can call me Sam.

(D 07, M 52m:14s – 52m:33s)

Š‘™‹‰ƒ

ƒ…‘ˆ

–‡”‡•–

ƒȌ ǣ„Œ‡…–‹‘Ǥ̶”—‡ˆ‡‡Ž‹‰•”‡˜‡ƒŽ‡†̶ǫ

ǤǣŠ‡•–ƒ–‡‹•’ƒ›‹‰‹••‡ŽŽ‡”ˆ‘”Š‡”‘’‹‹‘•Ǧ ǣŠ‡‡˜‡”›…Š‹Ž†™Š‘”ƒ‰‡•„‡…ƒ—•‡–Š‡›†‹†̵–‰‡––‘•–ƒ›

—’–Šƒ–‡š–”ƒŠ‘—”–‘™ƒ–…ŠǦ Ǥǣ„Œ‡…–‹‘›‘—”Š‘‘”Ǧ

RITA: …in fact any child who said they hated their parents because

–Š‡› †‹†̵– ™ƒ–ƒ „ƒ–ŠǤ ‘—Ž† „‡ ƒ ’”‹‡ …ƒ†‹†ƒ–‡ ˆ‘” ˆ‘•–‡”

…ƒ”‡ǫ

Ǥǣ„Œ‡…–‹‘Ǥ ǣ—•–ƒ‹‡†Ǥ

ǣ–Š‹–Š‡›™ƒ–›‘—–‘•–‘’Ǥ ǣ‡ƒŽŽ›ǫŠƒ›‘—ǡƒǤ

ǣ‡ƒŠǡǤBrad's wearing a tie today... and I think the tie looks wonderful on you, Brad.

(D 08, M 56m:51s – 57m:18s)

„Ȍ ǣ ”ƒ†̵• ™‡ƒ”‹‰ ƒ –‹‡ –‘†ƒ› ƒ† –Š‹ –Š‡ –‹‡ Ž‘‘•

™‘†‡”ˆ—Ž‘›‘—ǡ”ƒ†Ǥ ǣ‘—Ž‘‘‰”‡ƒ–ǡ–‘‘Ǥ

ǣ Š‡”‡̵• ƒ Žƒ†›Ǥ Š‡̵•™”‹–‹‰ ‡˜‡”›–Š‹‰ †‘™Ǥ ƒ–…Š

™Šƒ–›‘—•ƒ›Ǥ

ǣ(Speak loudly)I have the best friends in the whole world.

(D 09, M 57m:18s – 57m:34s)

š’”‡••‹˜‡ƒ‰—ƒ‰‡‹•‘”†‡”

ǣŠƒ––Š‡Š‡ŽŽƒ”‡›‘—†‘‹‰–‘–Šƒ–„ƒ„›ǫŠƒ–̵•–Š‡ƒ––‡”™‹–Š–Š‡„ƒ„›ǡƒǫ SAM : Everything's so tiny, tiny. Tiny. Everything. Won't you please come over? Help. I

need somebody. Won't you please please help me.

Š‡†‹ƒŽ‘‰—‡‘……—”•™Š‡„ƒ„›—…›‡‡’•…”›‹‰‹–Š‡‹‰Š–ǤŠ‹•™ƒ•Š‡ƒ”†„›‹‡̵•

‡‹‰Š„‘”™Š‘‡š’‡”‹‡…‡†̶‰‘”ƒ’Š‘„‹ƒ̶ǡ™Š‹…Š‹•ƒ…‘†‹–‹‘™Š‡”‡ƒ’‡”•‘ˆ‡‡Ž•‡š…‡••‹˜‡ƒš‹‡–›

ƒ†Ž‹‡•–‘’ƒ‹…‘”ƒ›„‡ˆ‡ƒ”‹…”‘™†•Ǥ‹‡…ƒŽŽ•ƒƒ†ƒ••™Šƒ–̵•‰‘‹‰‘™‹–Š–Š‡„ƒ„›Ǥ‡

Ž‘‘•‘—–Š‹•™‹†‘™ƒ†•‡‡•‹‡ƒ••‡ŽŽǡŠ‹•‡‹‰Š„‘”‘–Š‡’Š‘‡ǡ™ƒ–…Š‹‰Š‹–Š”‘—‰ŠŠ‡”

™‹†‘™Ǥƒ–”‹‡•–‘‡š’Žƒ‹ǡ„—–Š‡ƒ’’‡ƒ”•’‡”’Ž‡š‡†ƒ†•–”—‰‰Ž‡•–‘ˆ‹†–Š‡”‹‰Š–™‘”†•Ǥ ‹ƒŽŽ›ǡ

‹‡–‘Ž†ƒ–‘–ƒ‡–Š‡„ƒ„›–‘Š‡”Š‘—•‡ƒ†‰‹˜‡Š‹ƒ‡š’Žƒƒ–‹‘‘ˆŠ‘™–‘ˆ‡‡†–Š‡„ƒ„›ǤŠƒ–

„ƒ„‹‡•‡‡†–‘‡ƒ–‘…‡‡˜‡”›–™‘Š‘—”•Ǥ‹‡‡š’Žƒ‹‡†‹ƒ™ƒ›–Šƒ–ƒ—†‡”•–‘‘†ǡƒ‡Ž›„›

…‘†‹–‹‘‹‰–Š‡–‹‡‘ˆ–Š‡’”‘‰”ƒ‘–‡Ž‡˜‹•‹‘Ǥ

‡”‡ƒ•Š‘™•–Šƒ–Š‡Šƒ•–Š‡ˆ‹”•–‡š’”‡••‹˜‡Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡†‹•‘”†‡”ǡƒ‡Ž›Šƒ˜‹‰†‹ˆˆ‹…—Ž–›‘ˆ

ˆ‹†‹‰™‘”†•Ǥ‡•ƒ›••‘‡–Š‹‰—”‡Žƒ–‡†–‘–Š‡“—‡•–‹‘‹•–‡ƒ†‘ˆ‡š’Žƒ‹‹‰‹–ǤƒŽ‘‘•Ž‹‡Š‡‹•

Šƒ˜‹‰ †‹ˆˆ‹…—Ž–› ƒ•™‡”‹‰ ‹‡̵• “—‡•–‹‘• ƒ† …ƒ‘– ˆ‹† –Š‡ ƒ’’”‘’”‹ƒ–‡ ƒ•™‡”•Ǥ •–‡ƒ† ‘ˆ

•ƒ›‹‰—…›‹•…‘•–ƒ–Ž›ˆ—••›ǡŠ‡•ƒ›•‡˜‡”›–Š‹‰Ž‘‘•–‹›‘Š‹Ǥ ‡…‡’–‹˜‡ƒ‰—ƒ‰‡‹•‘”†‡”

Ǥǣ–‰‹˜‡•—•ƒ‰”‡ƒ–†‡ƒŽ‘ˆ‹•‹‰Š–‹–‘™Šƒ–•Š‡—•–„‡ˆ‡‡Ž‹‰Ǥ†‹–Š‡

…Žƒ••”‘‘ǡ‹–̵•„‡…‘‹‰…Ž‡ƒ”–Šƒ–•Š‡̵•Š‘Ž†‹‰Š‡”•‡Žˆ„ƒ…‹–Š‡…Žƒ••”‘‘Ǥ–̵•ƒ•‹ˆ•Š‡̵•

Ž‹–‡”ƒŽŽ›ƒˆ”ƒ‹†–‘Ž‡ƒ”Ǥ‘‘‡†‘—„–•–Šƒ–›‘—Ž‘˜‡›‘—”†ƒ—‰Š–‡”Ǥ—––Š‡‡’ƒ”–‡–‘ˆŠ‹Ž†

ƒ† ƒ‹Ž› ‡”˜‹…‡• …‘–ƒ…–‡† —•Ǥ Š‡› •Šƒ”‡† ™‹–Š —• –Šƒ– ›‘—” ”‡…‘”†• •Š‘™ –Šƒ– ›‘—”

‹–‡ŽŽ‡…–—ƒŽ…ƒ’ƒ…‹–›‹•ƒ”‘—†–Šƒ–‘ˆƒ͹Ǧ›‡ƒ”Ǧ‘Ž†Ǥ—”…‘…‡”‹•™Šƒ–Šƒ’’‡•™Š‡—…›

–—”•ͺǫ

ǣ”Ǥƒ™•‘ǡ†‘›‘——†‡”•–ƒ†™Šƒ–•Ǥ”‹‰Š–‹•–”›‹‰–‘–‡ŽŽ›‘—

ƒ„‘—–—…›ǫ

SAM: John wanted to try new things. And it wasn't Yoko's fault. No, it wasn't Yoko's fault.

Annie says you can hear it on The White Album. Because John wanted to try new things.

Š‡ •…Š‘‘Ž ’”‹…‹’ƒŽ …ƒŽŽ• ƒ –‘ –Š‡ ‘ˆˆ‹…‡Ǥ ”•Ǥ ”‹‰Š– ‡š’Žƒ‹• –‘ Š‹ –Šƒ– —…› ˆ‡‡Ž•

†‡’”‡••‡†ƒ„‘—–Š‹•…‘†‹–‹‘Ǥ”•Ǥ”‹‰Š–ƒ†–Š‡•…Š‘‘Ž’”‹…‹’ƒŽƒŽ•‘™‘””›ƒ„‘—–—…›̵•‰”‘™–ŠǤ

“

Žˆƒ–—œƒŠ‹”ƒŠȏͳȐǡ‘Šƒ‹—”†ƒŠȏʹȐ

Š‡› ƒŽ•‘ ‡–‹‘ ƒ”‰ƒ”‡– ƒŽ‰”‘˜‡ǡ –Š‡ ‡’ƒ”–‡– ‘ˆ Š‹Ž† ƒ† ƒ‹Ž› ‡”˜‹…‡• ‘ˆˆ‹…‡”Ǥ ”•Ǥ

”‹‰Š–‡š’Žƒ‹•™‹–Š‘—–ƒŽŽ‘™‹‰‘–Š‡”•–‘‹–‡””—’–Ǥƒ•‡‡•…‘ˆ—•‡†ƒ†‡‡’••‹Ž‡–Ǥ

Š‡ ’”‹…‹’ƒŽ ƒ•‡† ƒ ƒˆ–‡” ”•Ǥ ”‹‰Š– ˆ‹‹•Š‡† Š‡” •‡–‡…‡•Ǥ ‡ ƒ•• ™Š‡–Š‡” ƒ

—†‡”•–ƒ†•”•Ǥ”‹‰Š–̵•‡š’Žƒƒ–‹‘Ǥ‹–Šƒ…‘ˆ—•‹‰‰‡•–—”‡ƒ†ˆƒ…‡ǡƒƒ•™‡”•–Š‡“—‡•–‹‘Ǥ

ˆ‘”–—ƒ–‡Ž›ǡŠ‡†‘‡•‘–”‡•’‘†–‘–Š‡“—‡•–‹‘ƒ†‹•–‡ƒ†”ƒ„Ž‡•ƒ„‘—–—”‡Žƒ–‡†–‘’‹…•Ǥ–

•Š‘™•–Šƒ–ƒ‡‡†•–‘…ƒ–…Š–Š‡•–”ƒ‹‰Š–ˆ‘”™ƒ”†…‘–‡š–‘ˆ”•Ǥ”‹‰Š–̵•—––‡”ƒ…‡•Ǥ

”‘–Š‡ͻ†ƒ–ƒ’‘‹–•‘’”ƒ‰ƒ–‹…†‹•‘”†‡”•ˆ‘—†ǡʹ†ƒ–ƒ’‘‹–•‹†‡–‹ˆ‹‡†ƒ•‡š’”‡••‹˜‡

Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ †‹•‘”†‡”• ™‹–Šƒ ’‡”…‡–ƒ‰‡ ‘ˆ ͶͺΨ ƒ† ͹ †ƒ–ƒ ’‘‹–•‹†‡–‹ˆ‹‡†ƒ• ”‡…‡’–‹˜‡ Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡

†‹•‘”†‡”•™‹–Šƒ’‡”…‡–ƒ‰‡‘ˆͳͳΨǤŠ‡”‡•—Ž–•‘ˆ–Š‡–›’‡‘ˆ’”ƒ‰ƒ–‹…†‹•‘”†‡”ƒ”‡’”‡•‡–‡†‹

ˆ‹‰—”‡ͳǤ

‹‰—”‡ͳǤ”ƒ‰ƒ–‹…‹•‘”†‡”• ‘—†‘‡–ƒŽ‡–ƒ”†ƒ–‹‘Šƒ”ƒ…–‡”‹ƒ‘˜‹‡

Š‡”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‡”•…‘…Ž—†‡–Šƒ––Š‡•›’–‘•‘”…Šƒ”ƒ…–‡”‹•–‹…•‘ˆ‡š’”‡••‹˜‡ƒ†”‡…‡’–‹˜‡

‡š‹•–‘–Š‡ƒ‹…Šƒ”ƒ…–‡”ƒǤŽŽ‘ˆ•›’–‘•–Š‡–›’‡•‘ˆ’”ƒ‰ƒ–‹…Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡†‹•‘”†‡”‘”‡

”‡Žƒ–‡†ƒ†‘‡‘ˆ–›’‡•‹•‘”‡†‘‹ƒ–‹•š’”‡••‹˜‡Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡†‹•‘”†‡”‹–Š‡‘˜‹‡ƒǤ Pragmatic Disorder and the Communication Strategies

The researcher used Hatton’s theory (1998) to identify how pragmatic disorder is supported

„›–Š‡—•‡‘ˆ…‘—‹…ƒ–‹‘•–”ƒ–‡‰‹‡•‘ˆ‡–ƒŽ”‡–ƒ”†ƒ–‹‘…Šƒ”ƒ…–‡”‹–Š‡ƒ‘˜‹‡Ǥ

No Pragmatic

Language Disorder Utterances

ͳǤ •‹‰ˆ‡™‡”

“—‡•–‹‘•ƒ†

†‡…Žƒ”ƒ–‹‘•‹

…‘˜‡”•ƒ–‹‘•

Ǧ

ʹǤ •‹‰‘”‡

•—„‹••‹˜‡ƒ†

‹†‹”‡…– …‘˜‡”•ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ

•–”ƒ–‡‰‹‡•™‹–Š–Š‡‹”

’‡‡”•™‹–Š‘—–

†‹•ƒ„‹Ž‹–›

ƒȌ Ǥǣ–‰‹˜‡•—•ƒ‰”‡ƒ–†‡ƒŽ‘ˆ‹•‹‰Š–‹–‘™Šƒ–•Š‡—•–„‡ˆ‡‡Ž‹‰Ǥ

†‹–Š‡…Žƒ••”‘‘ǡ‹–̵•„‡…‘‹‰…Ž‡ƒ”–Šƒ–•Š‡̵•Š‘Ž†‹‰Š‡”•‡Žˆ„ƒ…‹–Š‡

…Žƒ••”‘‘Ǥ–̵•ƒ•‹ˆ•Š‡̵•Ž‹–‡”ƒŽŽ›ƒˆ”ƒ‹†–‘Ž‡ƒ”Ǥ‘‘‡†‘—„–•–Šƒ–›‘—Ž‘˜‡

›‘—”†ƒ—‰Š–‡”Ǥ—––Š‡‡’ƒ”–‡–‘ˆŠ‹Ž†ƒ† ƒ‹Ž›‡”˜‹…‡•…‘–ƒ…–‡†—•Ǥ

Š‡›•Šƒ”‡†™‹–Š—•–Šƒ–›‘—””‡…‘”†••Š‘™–Šƒ–›‘—”‹–‡ŽŽ‡…–—ƒŽ…ƒ’ƒ…‹–›‹•

ƒ”‘—†–Šƒ–‘ˆƒ͹Ǧ›‡ƒ”Ǧ‘Ž†Ǥ—”…‘…‡”‹•™Šƒ–Šƒ’’‡•™Š‡—…›–—”•ͺǫ ǣ”Ǥƒ™•‘ǡ†‘›‘——†‡”•–ƒ†™Šƒ–•Ǥ”‹‰Š–‹•

–”›‹‰–‘–‡ŽŽ›‘—ƒ„‘—–—…›ǫ

SAM: (Look confused, stare at other things, rarely put his eyes in to Mrs.

Wright and the school principal) John wanted to try new things. And it wasn't Yoko's fault. No, it wasn't Yoko's fault. Annie says you can hear it on The White Album. Because John wanted to try new things.

(D 10, M 00h:24m:27s – 00h:25m:26s)

„Ȍ ǣȋ•—††‡Ž›…‘‡ƒ†–ƒŽƒŽ‘–Ȍ†‘̵––Š‹›‘—”‡ƒŽ‹œ‡™Šƒ–›‘—̵”‡—’

ƒ‰ƒ‹•–Ǥ ‡ Šƒ˜‡ –‘ „‡ ‹ …‘—”– ‹ –Š”‡‡ †ƒ›• ƒ† ™‡ †‘̵– Šƒ˜‡ ƒ †‡…‡–

™‹–‡••Ǥ ‘™ǡ ›‘—̵˜‡ ‰‘– –‘ ‘™ •‘‡‘‡ ™Š‘ …ƒ –‡•–‹ˆ› ™Š‘̵• „‡‡ –‘

…‘ŽŽ‡‰‡ ‘” Šƒ• ƒ †‡‰”‡‡ ‘ˆ •‘‡ ‹† ‘” Šƒ• •‘‡ ™ƒ› ‘ˆ ‡š’”‡••‹‰

–Š‡•‡Ž˜‡•–Šƒ–™‹ŽŽƒ‡–Š‡…‘—”–„‡Ž‹‡˜‡›‘—†‡•‡”˜‡ǤǤǤ–‘‰‡–›‘—”†ƒ—‰Š–‡”

„ƒ…Ǥ

ǣȋ•–ƒ”‹‰ƒ–‹–ƒ™‹–Š‰ƒ’‹‰‘—–Š•Ȍ (D 11, M 00h:54m:41s – 00h:54m:58s)

“

Š‡› ƒŽ•‘ ‡–‹‘ ƒ”‰ƒ”‡– ƒŽ‰”‘˜‡ǡ –Š‡ ‡’ƒ”–‡– ‘ˆ Š‹Ž† ƒ† ƒ‹Ž› ‡”˜‹…‡• ‘ˆˆ‹…‡”Ǥ ”•Ǥ

”‹‰Š–‡š’Žƒ‹•™‹–Š‘—–ƒŽŽ‘™‹‰‘–Š‡”•–‘‹–‡””—’–Ǥƒ•‡‡•…‘ˆ—•‡†ƒ†‡‡’••‹Ž‡–Ǥ

Š‡ ’”‹…‹’ƒŽ ƒ•‡† ƒ ƒˆ–‡” ”•Ǥ ”‹‰Š– ˆ‹‹•Š‡† Š‡” •‡–‡…‡•Ǥ ‡ ƒ•• ™Š‡–Š‡” ƒ

—†‡”•–ƒ†•”•Ǥ”‹‰Š–̵•‡š’Žƒƒ–‹‘Ǥ‹–Šƒ…‘ˆ—•‹‰‰‡•–—”‡ƒ†ˆƒ…‡ǡƒƒ•™‡”•–Š‡“—‡•–‹‘Ǥ

ˆ‘”–—ƒ–‡Ž›ǡŠ‡†‘‡•‘–”‡•’‘†–‘–Š‡“—‡•–‹‘ƒ†‹•–‡ƒ†”ƒ„Ž‡•ƒ„‘—–—”‡Žƒ–‡†–‘’‹…•Ǥ–

•Š‘™•–Šƒ–ƒ‡‡†•–‘…ƒ–…Š–Š‡•–”ƒ‹‰Š–ˆ‘”™ƒ”†…‘–‡š–‘ˆ”•Ǥ”‹‰Š–̵•—––‡”ƒ…‡•Ǥ

”‘–Š‡ͻ†ƒ–ƒ’‘‹–•‘’”ƒ‰ƒ–‹…†‹•‘”†‡”•ˆ‘—†ǡʹ†ƒ–ƒ’‘‹–•‹†‡–‹ˆ‹‡†ƒ•‡š’”‡••‹˜‡

Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ †‹•‘”†‡”• ™‹–Šƒ ’‡”…‡–ƒ‰‡ ‘ˆ ͶͺΨ ƒ† ͹ †ƒ–ƒ ’‘‹–•‹†‡–‹ˆ‹‡†ƒ• ”‡…‡’–‹˜‡ Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡

†‹•‘”†‡”•™‹–Šƒ’‡”…‡–ƒ‰‡‘ˆͳͳΨǤŠ‡”‡•—Ž–•‘ˆ–Š‡–›’‡‘ˆ’”ƒ‰ƒ–‹…†‹•‘”†‡”ƒ”‡’”‡•‡–‡†‹

ˆ‹‰—”‡ͳǤ

‹‰—”‡ͳǤ”ƒ‰ƒ–‹…‹•‘”†‡”• ‘—†‘‡–ƒŽ‡–ƒ”†ƒ–‹‘Šƒ”ƒ…–‡”‹ƒ‘˜‹‡

Š‡”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‡”•…‘…Ž—†‡–Šƒ––Š‡•›’–‘•‘”…Šƒ”ƒ…–‡”‹•–‹…•‘ˆ‡š’”‡••‹˜‡ƒ†”‡…‡’–‹˜‡

‡š‹•–‘–Š‡ƒ‹…Šƒ”ƒ…–‡”ƒǤŽŽ‘ˆ•›’–‘•–Š‡–›’‡•‘ˆ’”ƒ‰ƒ–‹…Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡†‹•‘”†‡”‘”‡

”‡Žƒ–‡†ƒ†‘‡‘ˆ–›’‡•‹•‘”‡†‘‹ƒ–‹•š’”‡••‹˜‡Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡†‹•‘”†‡”‹–Š‡‘˜‹‡ƒǤ Pragmatic Disorder and the Communication Strategies

The researcher used Hatton’s theory (1998) to identify how pragmatic disorder is supported

„›–Š‡—•‡‘ˆ…‘—‹…ƒ–‹‘•–”ƒ–‡‰‹‡•‘ˆ‡–ƒŽ”‡–ƒ”†ƒ–‹‘…Šƒ”ƒ…–‡”‹–Š‡ƒ‘˜‹‡Ǥ

No Pragmatic

Language Disorder Utterances

ͳǤ •‹‰ˆ‡™‡”

“—‡•–‹‘•ƒ†

†‡…Žƒ”ƒ–‹‘•‹

…‘˜‡”•ƒ–‹‘•

Ǧ

ʹǤ •‹‰‘”‡

•—„‹••‹˜‡ƒ†

‹†‹”‡…– …‘˜‡”•ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ

•–”ƒ–‡‰‹‡•™‹–Š–Š‡‹”

’‡‡”•™‹–Š‘—–

†‹•ƒ„‹Ž‹–›

ƒȌ Ǥǣ–‰‹˜‡•—•ƒ‰”‡ƒ–†‡ƒŽ‘ˆ‹•‹‰Š–‹–‘™Šƒ–•Š‡—•–„‡ˆ‡‡Ž‹‰Ǥ

†‹–Š‡…Žƒ••”‘‘ǡ‹–̵•„‡…‘‹‰…Ž‡ƒ”–Šƒ–•Š‡̵•Š‘Ž†‹‰Š‡”•‡Žˆ„ƒ…‹–Š‡

…Žƒ••”‘‘Ǥ–̵•ƒ•‹ˆ•Š‡̵•Ž‹–‡”ƒŽŽ›ƒˆ”ƒ‹†–‘Ž‡ƒ”Ǥ‘‘‡†‘—„–•–Šƒ–›‘—Ž‘˜‡

›‘—”†ƒ—‰Š–‡”Ǥ—––Š‡‡’ƒ”–‡–‘ˆŠ‹Ž†ƒ† ƒ‹Ž›‡”˜‹…‡•…‘–ƒ…–‡†—•Ǥ

Š‡›•Šƒ”‡†™‹–Š—•–Šƒ–›‘—””‡…‘”†••Š‘™–Šƒ–›‘—”‹–‡ŽŽ‡…–—ƒŽ…ƒ’ƒ…‹–›‹•

ƒ”‘—†–Šƒ–‘ˆƒ͹Ǧ›‡ƒ”Ǧ‘Ž†Ǥ—”…‘…‡”‹•™Šƒ–Šƒ’’‡•™Š‡—…›–—”•ͺǫ ǣ”Ǥƒ™•‘ǡ†‘›‘——†‡”•–ƒ†™Šƒ–•Ǥ”‹‰Š–‹•

–”›‹‰–‘–‡ŽŽ›‘—ƒ„‘—–—…›ǫ

SAM: (Look confused, stare at other things, rarely put his eyes in to Mrs.

Wright and the school principal) John wanted to try new things. And it wasn't Yoko's fault. No, it wasn't Yoko's fault. Annie says you can hear it on The White Album. Because John wanted to try new things.

(D 10, M 00h:24m:27s – 00h:25m:26s)

„Ȍ ǣȋ•—††‡Ž›…‘‡ƒ†–ƒŽƒŽ‘–Ȍ†‘̵––Š‹›‘—”‡ƒŽ‹œ‡™Šƒ–›‘—̵”‡—’

ƒ‰ƒ‹•–Ǥ ‡ Šƒ˜‡ –‘ „‡ ‹ …‘—”– ‹ –Š”‡‡ †ƒ›• ƒ† ™‡ †‘̵– Šƒ˜‡ ƒ †‡…‡–

™‹–‡••Ǥ ‘™ǡ ›‘—̵˜‡ ‰‘– –‘ ‘™ •‘‡‘‡ ™Š‘ …ƒ –‡•–‹ˆ› ™Š‘̵• „‡‡ –‘

…‘ŽŽ‡‰‡ ‘” Šƒ• ƒ †‡‰”‡‡ ‘ˆ •‘‡ ‹† ‘” Šƒ• •‘‡ ™ƒ› ‘ˆ ‡š’”‡••‹‰

–Š‡•‡Ž˜‡•–Šƒ–™‹ŽŽƒ‡–Š‡…‘—”–„‡Ž‹‡˜‡›‘—†‡•‡”˜‡ǤǤǤ–‘‰‡–›‘—”†ƒ—‰Š–‡”

„ƒ…Ǥ

ǣȋ•–ƒ”‹‰ƒ–‹–ƒ™‹–Š‰ƒ’‹‰‘—–Š•Ȍ (D 11, M 00h:54m:41s – 00h:54m:58s)

…Ȍ ǣ—–ǡƒǡ›‘—Šƒ˜‡–‘ˆ‹‰Š–ˆ‘”Š‡”Ǥ ǣ‡ƒŠǡ„—––”‹‡†Ǩ–”‹‡†Šƒ”†Ǩ ǣ”›Šƒ”†‡”Ǩ

ǣ‡ƒŠǡ„—–›‘—†‘̵–‘™Ǩ ǣ†‘̵–‘™™Šƒ–ǫ

SAM:(talk loudly and angrily)You don't know what it's like when you try and you try and you try and you don't ever get there! Because you were born perfect, and I was born like this! And you're perfect!

ǣ•–Šƒ–”‹‰Š–ǫ

ǣ‡‘’Ž‡Ž‹‡›‘—†‘̵–‘™Ǥ ǣ‡‘’Ž‡Ž‹‡‡ǫ

SAM: (talk loudly and angrily)You don't know what it's like to get hurted because you don't have feelings. People like you don't feel anything.

(D 12 & 13, M 01h:41m:27s-01h:42m:03s)

†Ȍ LUCY’S ADOPTIVE MOM: Whose dogs are these?

SAM: These are supplemental income. Because I wash and I walk and I feed the dogs. Sam Dawson has everything or your canine needs.

(D 14, M 01h:45m:06s-01h:45m:19s)

͵Ǥ •‹‰‘”‡†‘‹ƒ–

…‘˜‡”•ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ

•–”ƒ–‡‰‹‡•™‹–Š–Š‡‹”

†‹•ƒ„‹Ž‹–›’‡‡”•

ƒȌ SAM’S FRIENDS: (Entering to Sam’s Š‘—•‡ȌǨ

SAM: I'm just getting Lucy asleep and you're making noise and everything.

ǣ Šǡ •‘””›Ǥ ‡̵”‡ Š‡”‡ ˆ‘” ˜‹†‡‘ ‹‰Š–Ǥ ‹‰Š– ›‡ƒ”• ‡˜‡”› Š—”•†ƒ›

˜‹†‡‘‹‰Š–ǡƒ†›‘—ˆ‘”‰‘–ǫ

SAM: I'm sorry. It's always every first Thursday of every month video night at Sam's house. And I forgot.

ǣ‡ƒŠǡƒ†ˆ‘”‰‘–Ǥ‡……ƒ̵•‰‘‡Ǥ̶‘‡™‹–Š–Š‡‹†Ǥ̶ͳͻ͵ͻǡ†‹”‡…–‡†

„›‹…–‘” Ž‡‹‰ǤŠƒ–™ƒ•ƒ˜‡”›•ƒ†‘˜‹‡Ǥ‡”‡™‡‰‘Ǥ

ǣ˜‡”›–Š‹‰…Šƒ‰‡•‘™Ǥ‘‘›‘—̵ŽŽˆ‘”‰‡–ƒ„‘—–‡†‡•†ƒ›‹‰Š–

ƒ–ƒ†–Š‡ ”‹†ƒ›‹‰Š–ƒ–ƒ”ƒ‘‡ƒ†‰‘–Š‹–„›ƒ…ƒ”–‘†ƒ›Ǥ SAM: You did?

(D 15, 16 & 17, M 00h:09m:20s – 00h:10m:12s)

„Ȍ ǣ‘™™Šƒ–›‘—™‡––Š”‘—‰Š–Š‡Žƒ•––‹‡›‘—–‘‘–Š‡•–ƒ†Ǥ ǣ†‹†̵–Ž‹‡–Šƒ–ƒ–ƒŽŽǤ

ǣ‡…‘—Ž†‰‹˜‡–Š‡ˆ‘•–‡”’ƒ”‡–•‰—ƒ”†‹ƒ•Š‹’ƒ†–Š‡™‡…‘—Ž†–”›ˆ‘”

–Š‡ ‘•– ‹…”‡†‹„Ž‡ ˜‹•‹–ƒ–‹‘ ”‹‰Š–• ƒ† ‹– ™‘—Ž† ƒŽ‘•– •‡‡ Ž‹‡ Œ‘‹–

…—•–‘†›Ǥ

ǣ‘—̵”‡•ƒ›‹‰†‘̵–Šƒ˜‡ƒ…Šƒ…‡ǤŠƒ–̵•™Šƒ–›‘—̵”‡•ƒ›‹‰Ǥ ǣ‘Ǥ̵‘–•ƒ›‹‰›‘—†‘̵–Šƒ˜‡ƒ…Šƒ…‡Ǥ

ǣŠƒ–̵•™Šƒ–›‘—•ƒ‹†Žƒ•––‹‡ƒ†‘™Ž‘‘™Š‡”‡Š‡‹•Ǥ

ǣ—–•Š‡̵•‘–•ƒ›‹‰–Šƒ–†‘̵–Šƒ˜‡ƒ…Šƒ…‡Ǥ‘ǡ–‡ŽŽ‡–Šƒ–Šƒ˜‡ƒ

…Šƒ…‡Ǥ

ǣȋ‡‡’•‹Ž‡–Ȍ

ǣŠǡ›‘†Ǥƒǡ›‘—‰—›•‹–̵•˜‹†‡‘‹‰Š–ƒ–›Š‘—•‡ǡƒ†̵‘–‡˜‡

–Š‡”‡Ǥ

ǣŠ‡…Ǥ

ǣƒǡ‰‡–›‘—”†‡••‡”––‘‰‘Ǥ

SAM: Because, OK. Wait. This is really hard to say. For me, this is a very hard thing to say, but I'm gonna stay and have my dessert here with Rita...

and I'm not gonna go to video night tonight.

(D 18, M 01h:47m:42s – 01h:48m:59s) ͶǤ •‹‰•‘’Š‹•–‹…ƒ–‡†

’”ƒ‰ƒ–‹…Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡

”ƒ”‡Ž›

Ǧ

•‹‰ ‘”‡ —„‹••‹˜‡ ƒ† †‹”‡…– ‘˜‡”•ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ –”ƒ–‡‰‹‡• ™‹–Š Š‡‹” ‡‡”• ™‹–Š‘—–

‹•ƒ„‹Ž‹–›

RITA: (suddenly come and talk a lot) I don't think you realize what you're up against. We have to be in court in three days and we don't have a decent witness. Now, you've got to know someone who

“

Žˆƒ–—œƒŠ‹”ƒŠȏͳȐǡ‘Šƒ‹—”†ƒŠȏʹȐ

can testify who's been to college or has a degree of some kind or has some way of expressing themselves that will make the court believe you deserve... to get your daughter back.

SAM: (staring at Rita with gaping mouths)

The dialogue occurs after Rita has an interview with Sam’s friends. Rita feels frustrated because

•Š‡†‘‡•‘–‰‡–˜ƒŽ‹†–‡•–‹‘‹‡•–‘•—’’‘”––Š‡…Žƒ‹–Šƒ–ƒ‹•ƒ‰‘‘†ˆƒ–Š‡”–‘—…›Ǥ‡…ƒ—•‡‘ˆ

–Šƒ–ǡ‹–ƒ–Š‡†‡…‹†‡†–‘˜‹•‹–ƒƒ–Š‹•™‘”’Žƒ…‡Ǥ‹–ƒŠƒ•–‘ˆƒ…‡ƒ…”ƒ•Šƒ†ƒ…”‘™†‡†•–”‡‡–

„‡ˆ‘”‡ ‰‡––‹‰ ‹–‘ –ƒ”„—…• ™Š‡ ƒ ‹• ™‘”‹‰Ǥ Š‡ •‡‡‹‰ ƒǡ ‹–ƒ •‡‡• •–‡”‹Ž‡Ǥ Š‡

‹‡†‹ƒ–‡Ž›ˆƒ––‡•ƒ™‹–ŠŽ‘‰•‡–‡…‡•Ǥƒ‹•‘–”‡ƒ†›ˆ‘”–Šƒ–Ǥ‡Ž‘‘•ƒ–‹–ƒ™‹–Šƒ‰ƒ’‹‰

‘—–ŠǤ‡”‡ǡƒƒ…–••—„‹••‹˜‡‹–Š‡…‘˜‡”•ƒ–‹‘Ǥ‡†‘‡•‘––ƒŽ—…Šƒ†Ž‹•–‡•–‘‹–ƒǤ‡

can throw a protest at Rita if he does not understand Rita’s words because Rita talks fast.

•‹‰‘”‡†‘‹ƒ–…‘˜‡”•ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ•–”ƒ–‡‰‹‡•™‹–Š–Š‡‹”†‹•ƒ„‹Ž‹–›’‡‡”•

SAM’S FRIENDS: (Entering to Sam’s house) HI SAM!

SAM: I'm just getting Lucy asleep and you're making noise and everything.

ǣŠǡ•‘””›Ǥ‡̵”‡Š‡”‡ˆ‘”˜‹†‡‘‹‰Š–Ǥ‹‰Š–›‡ƒ”•‡˜‡”›Š—”•†ƒ›˜‹†‡‘‹‰Š–ǡƒ†

›‘—ˆ‘”‰‘–ǫ

SAM: I'm sorry. It's always every first Thursday of every month video night at Sam's house. And I forgot.

ǣ ‡ƒŠǡ ƒ† ˆ‘”‰‘–Ǥ ‡……ƒ̵• ‰‘‡Ǥ ̶‘‡ ™‹–Š –Š‡ ‹†Ǥ̶ ͳͻ͵ͻǡ †‹”‡…–‡† „› ‹…–‘”

Ž‡‹‰ǤŠƒ–™ƒ•ƒ˜‡”›•ƒ†‘˜‹‡Ǥ‡”‡™‡‰‘Ǥ

ǣ˜‡”›–Š‹‰…Šƒ‰‡•‘™Ǥ‘‘›‘—̵ŽŽˆ‘”‰‡–ƒ„‘—–‡†‡•†ƒ›‹‰Š–ƒ–ƒ†

–Š‡ ”‹†ƒ›‹‰Š–ƒ–ƒ”ƒ‘‡ƒ†‰‘–Š‹–„›ƒ…ƒ”–‘†ƒ›Ǥ SAM: You did?

The dialogue occurs when Sam’s friends, who are disabled, visit his house. They suddenly come

ƒ†‰”‡‡–ƒ™‹–ŠƒŽ‘—†˜‘‹…‡Ǥƒ‹••Š‘…‡†ƒ†ƒ••–Š‡–‘•Š—––Š‡‹”‘—–Š•—’„‡…ƒ—•‡—…› fell asleep after being fussy. Sam’s friends visit him to hold ƒŠ—”•†ƒ›˜‹†‡‘‹‰Š––Šƒ–Šƒ•„‡…‘‡

–Š‡‹””‘—–‹‡ƒ…–‹˜‹–›Ǥƒ•‡‡•–‘ˆ‘”‰‡–ƒ†ƒ’‘Ž‘‰‹œ‡•–‘Š‹•ˆ”‹‡†•Ǥ‡ǡ–‘‘ǡˆ‘…—•‡†‘–ƒ‹‰

…ƒ”‡‘ˆ„ƒ„›—…›Ǥ‘„‡”––Š‡…Š‹‡†‹–Šƒ–ƒ™‘—Ž†„‡…Šƒ‰‡†ƒ†ˆ‘”‰‡–‡˜‡”›–Š‹‰Ǥ‡ƒŽ•‘

•ƒ‹†–Šƒ–Š‡Œ—•–‰‘–Š‹–„›ƒ…ƒ”–‘†ƒ›Ǥƒ‹•“—‹–‡•—”’”‹•‡†„›–Š‡Žƒ•–™‘”†•Ǥ‡”‡ǡƒ•‡‡•

ƒ…–‹˜‡‹–Š‡…‘˜‡”•ƒ–‹‘™‹–ŠŠ‹•ˆ”‹‡†•Ǥ‡ƒ’‘Ž‘‰‹œ‡•ƒ†…Š‹‡•‹‘‡˜‡”›–Š‹‰Š‹•ˆ”‹‡†••ƒ›

”‘ –Š‡ ͸ †ƒ–ƒ ‘ˆ Š‘™ ’”ƒ‰ƒ–‹… †‹•‘”†‡” ‹ –Š‡ …‘—‹…ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ ‡–ƒŽ ”‡–ƒ”†ƒ–‹‘

…Šƒ”ƒ…–‡”–Š‡ƒ‘˜‹‡ǡ–Š‡”‡ƒ”‡Ͷ†ƒ–ƒ–Šƒ–‹†‡–‹ˆ‹‡†ƒ•—•‹‰‘”‡•—„‹••‹˜‡ƒ†‹†‹”‡…– …‘˜‡”•ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ•–”ƒ–‡‰‹‡•™‹–Š–Š‡‹”’‡‡”•™‹–Š‘—–†‹•ƒ„‹Ž‹–›™‹–Š–Š‡’‡”…‡–ƒ‰‡‘ˆ͸͹Ψƒ†ʹ†ƒ–ƒ

‹†‡–‹ˆ‹‡† ƒ• —•‹‰ ‘”‡ †‘‹ƒ– …‘˜‡”•ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ •–”ƒ–‡‰‹‡• ™‹–Š –Š‡‹” †‹•ƒ„‹Ž‹–› ’‡‡”• ™‹–Š –Š‡

’‡”…‡–ƒ‰‡‘ˆ͵͵ΨǤŠ‡”‡•—Ž–•‘ˆ…‘—‹…ƒ–‹‘•–”ƒ–‡‰‹‡•ƒ”‡’”‡•‡–‡†‹ˆ‹‰—”‡ʹǤ

‹‰—”‡ʹǤ”ƒ‰ƒ–‹…‹•‘”†‡”‹–Š‡‘—‹…ƒ–‹‘–”ƒ–‡‰‹‡•‘‡–ƒŽŽ›‡–ƒ”†ƒ–‹‘Šƒ”ƒ…–‡”‹ƒ‘˜‹‡

Discussion

•–Š‡ˆ‹”•–ˆ‹†‹‰ǡ–Š‡”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‡”…‘…Ž—†‡†–Šƒ–ƒƒ™•‘’”‘†—…‡†’”ƒ‰ƒ–‹…Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡

†‹•‘”†‡”Ǥ ‹”•–ǡ ƒ ’”‘†—…‡† ‡š’”‡••‹˜‡ Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ †‹•‘”†‡”ǡ ‹– ‹• ƒ †‹•‘”†‡” –Šƒ– ‘……—”• ™Š‡

•‘‡‘‡ —†‡”•–ƒ†• Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ „—– Šƒ• †‹ˆˆ‹…—Ž–› —•‹‰ ‹–Ǥ ’‡”•‘ ™‹–Š ‡š’”‡••‹˜‡ Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡

67%

33%

Pragmatic Disorder in the Communication on Mental Retardation Character

using more submissive and indirect conversational strategies with their peers without disability

using more dominant conversational strategies with their disability peers