Preparation and Characterization of Activated Carbon From Mangosteen Peels (Garcinia

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eriodic , Vol 9 No 1 (2020)

Chemistry Journal of State University of Padang

http://ejournal.unp.ac.id/index.php/kimia

ISSN : 2339-1197

Page 35 Jurusan Kimia, Fakultas Matematika dan Ilmu Pengetahuan Alam

Universitas Negeri Padang (UNP)

Test type Requirements Water content Max 15%

ubtances

Evaporates Max 25%

Ash content Max 10%

Fid carbon Min 65%

Preparation and Characterization of Activated Carbon From Mangosteen Peels (Garcinia

Mangostana L)

Rahmiatul Husna, Ananda Putra^*

Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural science, Universitas Negeri Padang Jln. Prof. Dr. Hamka Air Tawar Barat, Padang, West Sumatera, Indonesia Telp. 0751 7057420

*[email protected]

Abstract ─ The purpose of this experiment was to prepare and characterize activated carbon from Mangosteen peels (Garcinia mangostan L). Carbon from Mangosteen peels was prepared by pyrolysis method at 300°C for 1 hour. This carbon was activated by chemical activation process with various activating reagent and concentration. The activated carbon was characterized using Indonesian Industry Standard (SNI 06-3730-1995), that is maximum water content of 15%, maximum vapor content of 25%, maximum ash content of 10% and bounded carbon content at least 65%. The results showed that the highest bounded carbon content obtained from pyrolysis was 78,09%. The best activating reagent was HCl with concentration of 4N that improved the bounded carbon to 87,84%. The water content, ash content, and vapor content of activated carbon was obtained as follows, 6,11%, 1,97%,and 10,19%. Based on this results, activated carbon of mangosteen peels conformed the (SNI 06-3730-1995) values and will be applied as a thermoelectric material.

Keywords - Pirolisis, Activated Carbon, HCl, Mangosteen Peels I. INTRODUCTION

Activated carbon is a porous material consisting of 85-95%

carbon. Activated carbon can be obtained in various ways. One of them is through the use of organic waste which is currently a problem for the community and government because it can cause environmental pollution. This pollution continues to increase, along with the growth of large and small industries that make carbon a source of industry or a much needed life necessity.

Active carbon can be used as a fragrance (odor remover), fuel, fine art medium and as a dye as well as thermoelectric material [1]. Active carbon can be produced from wastes such as zalacca shell, kakao shell, durian shell, coconut shells. In this study, active carbon is used from zalacca shell, zalacca shell is a waste that can be converted into active carbon because have high cellulose content [2].

Activated carbon can be produced through a 2-stage process. The first stage is carbonization and the second stage is activation. Carbonization stage is a process of incomplete combustion until carbon is obtained [3]. Meanwhile, the activation stage is the process of removing peripherals and opening carbon pores [4]. The activation stage is divided into two, namely chemical activation and physical activation.

Chemical activation is an activation that uses reagent activation [5]. Meanwhile, physical activation is activation using oxidizing reagents such as CO2, gas and water vapor [6].

The advantage of chemical activation is that it takes less time, and uses a temperature of 300-700 ° C [7]. The activators used are HCl, ZnCl2, and KOH whose function of this

activation reagent is to expand the pores on the carbon surface.

In the process of making this active carbon a few things to keep in mind are can be seen in table.

TABLE 1

ACTIVE CARBON QUALITY REQUIREMENTS INDONESIA (SNI 06-3730-1995)

The purpose of this study was to utilize alternative raw materials, determine the activation temperature, determine the best activator reagent and activator concentration to obtain high quality and environmentally friendly activated carbon.

II. RESEARCH METHOD

A. Preparation of Activated Carbon from Mangosteen peels Mangosteen peels were obtained from the Padang area.

Mangosteen peels was dried to dry in sunlight to reduce their water contentto produce good activated carbon

.

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B. Carbonization and Activation of Mangosteen peels The carbonization stage, the salts were weig

the pyrolysis process was performed with fu

and 350 °C for 1 hour. The carbon from mangosteen peels this stage of carbonization was filtered u

almonds, then filtered using 150 μm fixation was done by soaking 6 grams of carbon of into 25 mL of different activator reagents KOH) with concentration of 4N for 24 hou activated carbon were filtered using whatma and washed with aquades until neutral conditi heated at 110°C for 2 hours. The optimized reagent was obtained by applying Indon Standard measurement, SNI 06-3730-1995 (w content, vapor content and bounded carbon). T concentration of optimized activated carbon carried out from 2N, 4N, and 6N to pr activated carbon.

C. Characterization Of Activated Carbon The activated carbon obtained is tested parameters:

a. Water Content Analysis

The activated carbon was weighed 1 gram crucible porcelain, then was heated in the ov hour. The activated carbon was then coole and weighed.Water content can be calculated equation

Water content = x 100%

Where:

a = initial activated charcoal weight ( b = weight of activated charcoal after b. Ash Content Analysis

The Activated carbon was weighed 1 gram crucible porcelain, Then it was tarnished i heated slowly until ashes appeared. The fla enlarged up to 550°C and kept it at that temp When all the carbon has been changed to desiccator and then weighed to obtain perm content can be calculated by the following e

Ash content = ^{𝐰𝐞𝐢𝐠𝐡𝐭 𝐚𝐬𝐡} 𝐰𝐞𝐢𝐠𝐡𝐭 𝐨𝐟 𝐬𝐚𝐦𝐩𝐥𝐞x c. Vapor Content Analysis

The activated carbon was weighed 1 gram crucible porcelain, then was heated up to 310°C off the furnace. After the temperature of t below 100°C, the activated carbon was rem in to desiccator and cooled. Vapor content ca the following equation:

Vapor content = x100%

Where:

a = initial activated carbon weight (gram) b = activated charcoal weight after heating ( d. Bound Carbon Content Analysis The bounded carbon content of activated car

stry Journal of State University of Padang

% Water Content

Mangosteen peels ghed 500 grams,

urnaces at 300 °C angosteen peels in using mortar and on The Activation of mangosteen peels (HCl, ZnCl2 and 24 hours. Then these ann filtered paper ion obtained, then d activated carbon ndonesian National water content, ash Then variations in bon reagent were roduce optimized

bon

with the following

and put into a dried oven at 105°C for 1 ed in the desiccator ted by the following

(gram)

ter drying (gram)

m and put into dried d into furnace and lame of furnace was perature for 2 hours.

ashes, cool it in a manent weight. Ash equation:

x100%

and put into a dried 310°C and then turn the furnace reached moved and then put can be calculated by 100%

(gram)

rbon was obtained

from the results of the reduction (vapor content) and ash content.

Pure activated carbon=

Where:

A = ash content (%) B = vapour content (%)

III.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION A. Preparation of Activated Ca

peels

Sample preparation is the first step to carry out this research. The sample preparation phase begins with the provision of activated carbon from the mangosteen peel in two stages, namely the carbonization stage and the activation stage. The collected mangosteen (garcinia mangostana) shells are cut into cubes and then cleaned of dirt with water. After washing, samples of mangosteen peel are dried in the sun for 1 week before being taken to the pyrolysis process, which aims to reduce the moisture content of the mangosteen peel and reduce smoke during the pyrolysis process. The carbonization process is a process of in

of mangosteen peel into carbon which is pyrolyzed at 300 ° C and 350 ° C for 1 hour. Finally, several tests were carried out, namely: moisture content, ash content, vapor content and carbon absorption.

B. Carbonization and Activation a. Temperature Variation The carbonization stage was peels into carbon. Mangosteen peels at temperatures of 300°C (CA) and were tested: water conte and bound carbon content mangosteen peels carbon by py hour. And CB was symbolize by pyrolysis process at 350°C

1. Water Content Analysis Water content analysis was content of water remaining in carbonization process.

5

4.82

3 2 1

0

CA Mangosteen peels Fig 1. Water content analysis of carbon from for 1 hour

Fig 1 showed the water con pyrolysis process at three diff Higher the pyrolysis temperatu

ISSN : 2339-1197 on of parts lost on heating 310°C

.

= 100%- (A+B)

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION arbon from Mangosteen

Sample preparation is the first step to carry out this research. The sample preparation phase begins with the provision of activated carbon from the mangosteen peel in two stages, namely the carbonization stage and the activation stage. The collected mangosteen (garcinia mangostana) shells are cut into cubes and then cleaned of dirt with water. After les of mangosteen peel are dried in the sun for 1 week before being taken to the pyrolysis process, which aims to reduce the moisture content of the mangosteen peel and reduce smoke during the pyrolysis process. The carbonization process is a process of incomplete combustion of mangosteen peel into carbon which is pyrolyzed at 300 ° C and 350 ° C for 1 hour. Finally, several tests were carried out, namely: moisture content, ash content, vapor content and

on of Mangosteen Peels

s a change in the mangosteen Mangosteen peels samples were pyrolyzed A) and 350°C (CB) for 1 hour ent, ash content, vapor content t. CA was symbolized for pyrolysis process at 300°C for 1 ed for mangosteen peels carbon 350°C for 1 hour.

s carried out to determine the carbon after going through the

3 4.02

A CB Mangosteen peels carbon

from pyrolysis process of mangosteen peels

ontent analysis of carbon from fferent temperature for 1 hour.

ure, the greater water content

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Jurusan Kimia, Fakultas Matematika dan I Universitas Negeri Padang (UNP)

Jl. Prof. Hamka, Air Tawar, Padang, Sumater

% ash content % Vapor Content

mangosteen peels carbon. At temperture of 30 Several factors can affect the water content humid conditions can cause absorption of s vapor. [8].

2. Ash Content Analysis

The ash content analysis aimed to determi content which was still present in the carbon

30 20

10

0 10.81

CA mangosteen peels carbo Fig 2 Ash content analysis of carbon from pyrolysis proces at 550°C or 2 hours

Fig 2 shows the analysis of carbon a carbonization process, the higher the temp the ash content obtained at 300°C 10.81% a The increase in ash content is influenced by volatile substances including carbon in line temperature [9].

3. Vapor Content Analysis

Vapor content analysis aimed to determ substances or compounds that have not carbonization process.

15

10 11.1 5

0

CA Fig 3 Vapor content analysis of carbon from pyrolysis proc peels

Fig 3 shows the analysis of steam carbonization process at two different tempe the carbonization temperature, the lower the this decrease in vapor rate is due to the volatile compounds being removed or rem decrease in vapor rate [10].

4. Bounded Carbon Content Analysis Bounded carbon content analysis aimed carbon content after carbonization process

.

stry Journal of State University of Padang

Ilmu Pengetahuan Alam ra Barat, Indonesia, 25131

% Bounded Carbon % Water Content 300°C the 4,82%.

nt of carbon, where

surrounding water 80 79

77 78.09 76

75 ine the metal oxide

n.

CA mangosteen peels Fig 4 Bounded carbon content analysis of

mangosteen peels

Figure 4 shows the analysis of

A CB bon

20.77 the pyrolysis process with two the temperature, the higher the mangosteen peels At 300°C bound 350°C bounded carbon at 78.4%.

the better the carbon is produce perfectly which eliminates vapor

ss of mangosteen peels

ash levels from the perature, the higher and 350°C 20.77%.

by the oxidation of with the increase in

mine the amount of evaporated in the

b. Variation of Reagents From the process pyrolysis, mangosteen peels at 300°C wa from mangosteen peels was a reagent. The

activation stage was a change in Mangosteen peels samples were and KOH for 24 hours with tested: water content, ash conten carbon content

.

1. Water Content Analysis Water content analysis was content of water remaining in through the activation process.

0.83

15

10 4.82 6.1 5

0 CA CB

cess of mangosteen

non activated

carbon HCl 4

Activat levels from the

eratures. The higher e vaporization rate.

volatility of some moved resulting in a

d to determine the

Fig 5 Water content analysis of mangosteen peels 4N concentration

Fig 5 shows the analysis carbon of mangosteen peels fr activation reagents with 4N con water level rise. Water levels storage conditions where mois absorption of water vapor on ca

2. Ash Content Analysis The ash content analysis aime content which is still present in t carbon after going through the ca activation.

ISSN : 2339-1197

Page 37 78.4

A CB osteen peels carbon

carbon from pyrolysis process of

of carbon levels bonded from two different mixtures. The higher

carbon content is bound to the bounded carbon 78.09% and at t 78.4%. The higher the carbon bond ced, but the dehydration occurs por products [11].

obtained the best carbon from as obtained. After that, carbon activated by various activated in carbon into activated carbon.

e activated reagent at HCl, ZnCl2 concentrations 4N and were

nt, vapor content and bound

s carried out to determine the in activated carbon after going

11 6.3

10.92

4N Zncl2 4N KOH 4N

ed Reagent

mangosteen peelsCA at various activated reagent at

of water levels of activated from various HCl, ZnCl2, KOH oncentration. here you can see the are affected by storage time, sture conditions will cause the carbon.

ed to determine the metal oxide the mangosteen peels activated carbonization process and

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%Bound Carbon Content% Vapor Content% Ash Content 15 10.81 10

5 0

1.97

6.33

non activated

carbon

HCl 4N Zncl2 4

Activated Reage

Fig 6 Ash content analysis reagen of mangosteen peelsCA reagentat 4N concentration.

Fig 6 shows the analysis of the active HCl, ZnCl2, KOH activation reagents with on the HCl activation reagent was 1.97% a carbon it has a 10.81% ash content. The ra 10%.

Vapor content analysis aimed to determ substances or compounds that have not carbonization and activation process but ev

25 20

15 11.1 10.19 10.3 10

5 non activated

carbon HCl 4N Zncl2 Activated Reagent

Fig 7 Vapor content analysis of mangosteen peelsCA at v activated reagent at 4N concentration

Figure 7 shows the analysis of vapor carbon of the mangosteen peels with variat KOH reagent with 4N concentration. T reagent was found to be 11,19% vapor, and vapor. the steam rate obtained in accorda 3730-1995 is less than 25%.

4. Bounded Carbon Content Analysis carbon content after carbonization and activ

90 85

80 78.09 75

70

87.84

83.3

non activated

carbon HCl 4N Zncl2 4 Activated Carbon Fig 8 Bound carboncontent analysis of mangosteen peelsCA

activated reagent at 4N concentration

stry Journal of State University of Padang

% Ash Content% Water Content 3 7.12

Figure 8 shows the analysis mangosteen peels with the act activation with 4N concentrati obtained a bound carbon rate of carbon obtained carbon bond 78.0 06-3730-1995 which is greater t 4N KOH 4N

ent

C. Variations in Concentration From the reaction of the reag activating reagent of carbon from

CA at various activate

ve carbon content of h 4N concentration.

ash. and on inactive ate of active carbon

from the best activation reagent concentration of 2N, 4N, 6N, 8N

1. Water Content Analysis Water content analysis is carried out of water remaining in activated activating process using variati

mine the amount of evaporated in the vaporate at 310°C

.

10 7.89 8

6 4 2 0

6.11

35 10.82

2N 4N Concentra

Fig 9 Water content analysis of activated mangosteen peels at various concentration

4N KOH 4N Fig 9 shows the analysis carbon with different concentra t

various

levels on activated iations of HCl, ZnCl, The HCl activation nd 11.1% non-carbon ance with SNI 06-

reagents. From various concent water content of 4N HCl was 6.11%

Water rate analysis is influen length, and humidity conditions absorption in the cabin.The water with SNI 06-3730-1995 is up to 15

2. Ash Content Analysis The ash content analysis w amount of metal oxide still pre activation by varying the concen

vation process.

5 3.71

3 1.97

32 82.06 2

1 0

2N 4N Concen 4N KOH 4N

Gambar 10 Ash content analysis of activate at various concentration

CA at various Figure 10 shows the ash cont

of the 2N, 4N, 6N, 8N HCl

ISSN : 2339-1197

is of the levels of carbon-bound tivation of HCL, ZnCl2, KOH ion. The HCl activator reagent of 87.84%. and in non active 78.09% in accordance with SNI

than 60%

n

gent that has been made, the best om mangosteen is HCl. the next, nt was performed by varying the 2N, 4N, 6N, 8N concentration.

s

ied out to determine the content carbon after going through the ions in activator concentration.

1

1.59 2.98

N 6N 8N ation Of HCl

mangosteen peelsCA with HCl

of water levels of activated ations of 2N, 4N, 6N, 8N, HCl

trations of activated carbon the 6.11% and HCl 6N was 1.59%.

nced by storage time, storage ons which can cause water vapor ter level obtained in accordance o 15%.

was performed to determine the sent in the carbon dioxide after ntration of the reagent

7

3.47 3.38

N 6N 8N entration Of HCl

ated mangosteen peelsCA with HCl

tent analysis of the variations reagent concentrations. of the

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Jurusan Kimia, Fakultas Matematika dan I Universitas Negeri Padang (UNP)

% Vapor Content % Bounded Carbon

various concentrations tested, it obtained 4N and HN 6H ash of 3.47%. The greater the the pores of the carbon become larger, but concentration will result in the blockage of t carbon.

Vapor rate analysis is intended to determ substance or compound that has not evapo activation process at various concentrations.

15

10 13.74 5

0

10.19 9.98

2N 4N 6N Concentration Of HCl Fig 11 Vapor content analysis of activated mangosteen peels

HCl at various concentration

Fig 11 shows the analysis of the active c of the 2N, 4N, 6N and 8N HCl reagent conce From the reaction mixture 4N HCl reagent 10,19% vapor and HCl 6N 98.98%.

concentration then the pores of the carbon the greater the concentration will result in t pore on the carbon.

4. Bounded Carbon Content Analysi The bonded carbon content analysis determine the pure carbon content after activ concentrations of reagent.

90

87.84

86.55 85

82.55 80

85

2N 4N 6N Concentration Of HCl Fig 12 Bound carbon content analysis of activated Zalacca

HCl at various concentration

Fig 12 shows the analysis of the bounde various concentration and reagent HCL 2N, variuos concentration and reagen HCl 4N 87.84% and the HCl 6N bounded carbon 86.55 the concentration of the pores of the activa greater, but with increasing concentration reagent, it can cause clogging of the pores damage [12]. The active carbon obtained

SNI 06-3730-1995 in which carbon is bound to be g 60%.

stry Journal of State University of Padang

Ilmu Pengetahuan Alam 4N HCl ash of 1.97%

concentration then but the greater the of the pore on the

mine the amount of porated during the .

IV. CON

Activated carbon obtained from mangosteen peel is in accordance with SNI 06-3730-1995 regulations. The optimum temperature of the pyrolysis process is to make zalacca shell activated carbon at a temperature of 300 ° C for 1 hour. With the activator of the HCL 4N moisture content 6.11%, the ash content of 1.97%, the vapor rate of 10.19% and the carbon bond of 87.84% in accordance with the applicable rules in SNI 06 1995

ACKNOWLEGMENT The author would like to

Directorate of Research and Comm 8 11.21

Negeri Padang, for their assis Fund. The author also express th Laboratory, Chemistry departme Mathematic and Natural Science providing support to this researc N 8N

Cl mangosteen peelsCA with

carbon vapor levels centration variations.

nt was found to be . The greater the become larger, but the blockage of the

is

was performed to vation with varying

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[5] Andrade, S. N., Veloso, C. M., Santos,L. S., Brito, M. J. P., & Dini activatedcarbon from coconut ( itsapplication in the adsor RevistaMexicana de Ingeniera Quimi [6] Faizal, M., Andynapratiwi, I.,

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85.41

[7] Ahmida, K., Darmoon, M., Al-toh 2015. Effect of Physical and Che Activated Carbon fromAgric N 8N

Cl

a shell CA with

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86.55%. The greater ated carbon will be on of the activator s on the carbon and in accordance with bound to be greater than

PotentialApplicationInt. Conf. Ch [8] Junary, E., Julhan P.P, Nerti

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[11] Pari G. 1996. Pembuatan Arang dengan Cara Kimia. Buletin Pene

ISSN : 2339-1197

Page 39 ONCLUSION

Activated carbon obtained from mangosteen peel is in 1995 regulations. The optimum re of the pyrolysis process is to make zalacca shell activated carbon at a temperature of 300 ° C for 1 hour. With the activator of the HCL 4N moisture content 6.11%, the ash content of 1.97%, the vapor rate of 10.19% and the carbon bond of

dance with the applicable rules in SNI 06-3730- ACKNOWLEGMENT

express t h e gratitude to the mmunity Service of Universitas stance in giving this Research he deepest gratitude to Chemical

ent, Faculty of

e Universitas Negeri padang for ch.

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