INTRODUCTION
Mushrooms are fleshy fruiting bodies which are classified as food and are commonly produced worldwide. They are rich source of carbohydrates, vitamins and minerals such as niacin and riboflavin and contain high amount of protein. They are nutritious and low in calories. Mushrooms grow on decayed organic matters rich in lignin, cellulose, and other complex carbohydrates (Alananbeh, Bouqellah, & Al Kaff, 2014). Pleurotus in particular are an important source of nutrition and considered as one of the commercially edible mushrooms cultivated worldwide (Knop, Yarden, & Hadar, 2015). They are characterized by oyster-shaped basidiocarps and come in different colors such as gray, pink, white, yellow, cream and light brown (Singh & Singh, 2011). Pleurotus mushroom cultivation is considered to be economically viable
and environmentally sound since it involves the conversion of agricultural wastes into food. Globally, Pleurotus mushroom cultivation account for 27% of the total mushroom production (Royse, 2014). In the Philippines, the Pleurotus mushroom industry already gained popularity among backyard growers because of low production cost with higher returns (Chang et al., 2014). However, the Philippines is still considered in South East Asia as having the lowest production of mushrooms thus the idea of FPJ supplementation was conceptualized since it contain growth regulators/hormones such as auxin and cytokinins. They are known to induce cell division which could induce mycelial growth and possibly increase yield and biological efficiency.
FPJ is made from axillary buds and young fruits, fast growing young leaves of plants and grasses and mixed with crude sugar or molasses.
The juice is extracted and fermented after storing ARTICLE INFO
Keywords:
Fermented Plant Juice Pleurotus citrinopileatus Pleurotus djamor Pleurotus florida Pleurotus ostreatus Article History:
Received: August 5, 2021 Accepted: July 14, 2022
*) Corresponding author:
E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT
Pleurotus species are the common mushrooms popularly cultivated in the Philippines while Fermented Plant Juice (FPJ) is a known organic concoction which can help crops to grow. This study aimed to find out the effects of FPJ on the mycelial growth, basidiocarp production and sensory attributes of different species of Pleurotus in culture media, grain spawn and fruiting substrates supplemented with varying amounts of FPJ. The experiment was laid out in complete randomized design and replicated thrice for culture media and grain spawn; and replicated ten times for the fruiting substrates. P. florida in 20 ml culture media supplemented with 2.4 ml of the 120 ml FPJ solution had the fastest mycelial growth while P. citronipleatus in grain spawn supplemented with water had the fastest mycelial growth. P. ostreatus grown in 750 g dry weight of fruiting substrates supplemented with 150 ml of FPJ had 6.83 higher yield than the control, thus higher profitability and Return on Investment (ROI). Significant differences were also observed on the sensory attributes such as taste, aroma and general acceptability. Majority of the respondents liked P. florida which is considered as very much palatable.
As the concentration of FPJ become higher, the taste becomes better.
ISSN: 0126-0537Accredited First Grade by Ministry of Research, Technology and Higher Education of The Republic ofIndonesia, Decree No: 30/E/KPT/2018
Cite this as: Zurbano, L. Y., Antones, D. A., & Almoradie, C. M. C. (2022). Mycelial growth and basidiocarp production of Pleurotus species in substrates supplemented with fermented plant juice. AGRIVITA Journal of Agricultural Science, 44(3), 391-404. http://doi.org/10.17503/agrivita.v41i0.3080
Mycelial Growth and Basidiocarp Production of Pleurotus Species in Substrates Supplemented with Fermented Plant Juice
Leilidyn Y. Zurbano*), Diana A. Antones and Carla Mae C. Almoradie
Agribusiness Management Department, Polytechnic University of the Philippines, Lopez Quezon, Philippines
for a period of time and the liquid is applied. FPJ could provide nutrients to the plants to maintain vigor in plants and resistance against pest (Miller et al., 2013). Moreover, plant shoots and meristems are believed to have the abundance of cytokinin, a hormone responsible for cell division and just like coconut water which is widely used in culture media for faster mycelial growth, thus the use of FPJ to induce mycelial growth was conceptualized.
Moreover, since FPJ is also known to improve plant’s health, the idea that it could also help mushroom to grow and improve its yield was also hypothesized.
Thus, different species of Pleurotus mushrooms (P.
ostreatus, P. djamor, P. florida and P. citrinopileatus) were used to determine if varying amounts of FPJ might influece their mycelial growth, yield and sensory attributes. Profitability in the cultivation of different Pleurotus strains supplemented with varying amounts of FPJ was also assessed.
MATERIALS AND METHODS Source of Strains
Pure culture of Pleurotus species: P. florida, P. djamor, P. citrinopileatus and P. ostreatus were obtained from the mushroom collection of Polytechnic University of the Philippines (PUP) Lopez Mushroom Laboratory. The mushrooms were obtained from the mushroom produce of PUP Mushroom House. The study was conducted from June 2019 to March 2020 at PUP Lopez Branch Mushroom Laboratory.
Research Design and Treatments
The study was divided into 3 phases where in the treatments in each phase were laid out in Complete Randomized Design. The treatments in all of the phases were: T1 (Control- 10 g sugar/water);
T2 (30 ml FPJ); T3 (60 ml FPJ); T4 (90 ml FPJ); T5 (120 ml FPJ) and; T6 (150 ml FPJ).
Preparation of FPJ
Two kilograms of fresh swamp cabbage leaves were collected early morning to ensure that there is a high concentration of plant hormone. It was chopped, put in a container and mixed with one kilogram of molasses, then covered. The container was stored in a cool dry, shady place and after seven days, 500 ml of plant juice was extracted from the mixture of 1 kg molasses and 2 kg of swamp cabbage.
Phase I. Evaluation of Mycelial Ramification in Potato Sucrose Gelatin (PSG) Supplemented with Varying Amounts of FPJ
PSG served as the culture media for all of the strains since it is widely used as substitute for
the expensive (PDA) and proved to be an effective culture media for mushroom growth. For the control, the protocol for culture media preparation developed by Reyes, Grassel, & Rau (2009) was used. For all of the treatments, 250 g of potato; 1000 ml of water and; 20 g of white gelatin bar were used. For the control, 10 g of sugar was added since it is the common amount of sugar used in the culture media preparation. For the rests of the treatments, sugar was replaced with corresponding amounts of FPJ based on the treatment. The prepared media was sterilized at 15 psi for 15 minutes at 121ºC. Then it was dispensed in sterile flat bottles and allowed to cool. The flat bottles with culture media were aseptically and individually inoculated with 7-day old 10 mm mycelial block F1 culture from different Pleurotus species. The media were incubated at room temperature under dark condition until full ramification or when the mycelia fully branched out and occupied the width of the flat bottle.
Mycelial growth in each flat bottle was determined by measuring the average diameter of the mycelia colony every day for 2 weeks. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) was performed to determine if significant differences were manifested on the mycelial growth on the culture media used supplemented with varying amounts of FPJ.
Phase II. Evaluation of the Mycelial Ramification of Pleurotus in Grain Spawn Supplemented with FPJ The culture media with best mycelial growth and with the fastest mycelial ramification for each strain was used for the evaluation of mycelial ramification on the grain spawn (sorghum) supplemented with different concentrations of FPJ. Sorghum was the grain used since normally, it is the one used for mushroom production and exhibits excellent support for mycelial growth and ramification (Sahu, Singh, Patel, & Awadhiya, 2014;
Zurbano, 2018). Treatment varies on the amount of water and FPJ used in boiling sorghum. For the control, for every kg of sorghum, 2000 ml of water was added; T2 (30 ml was added for every liter of water); T3 (60 ml); T4 (90 ml); T5 (120 ml) and; T6 (150 ml). After boiling for 30 minutes, it was drained and moisture was adjusted to 65% moisture content.
Eighty grams of each grain was dispensed in clean catsup bottle and secured with cotton plug and used paper. They were sterilized for 45 minutes at 15 psi at 121ºC. A 7-day old 10 mm mycelial culture block of Different Pleurotus species from the best isolation media was inoculated on the grains. It was incubated at room temperature to allow mycelial ramification.
It was determined by measuring mycelia extension at 4 sides of the bottles at 2-day intervals for 14
days. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) was performed to determine if there are were any significant differences on the mycelial ramification on the grain spawn supplemented with different amounts of FPJ.
Phase III. Mycelial Ramification, Yield and Biological Efficiency of Different Pleurotus Species Supplemented with FPJ
Substrates used (rice straw, sawdust and rice bran) in the evaluation of mycelial growth, yield and biological efficiency (Kalaw et al., 2017) were collected from the local farms. Rice straw was soaked overnight in a steel drum to make it more pliable. After soaking, it was rinsed with clean water, and chopped. Rice straw, sawdust, and rice bran was prepared in a volume basis with the ratio of 7:3:1. Rice bran supplements the organic nitrogen which helps in getting higher yields (Chae & Ahn, 2013). One percent lime was also added to act as a pH buffer in substrate that holds the pH steady as the mushrooms grow to ensure the substrate does not go too acid during the growth cycle (Zurbano, 2018). For each treatment, 5 l of water were used for every ratio of 7:3:1 (volume basis) to attain 65%
moisture content. For every liter of water used, corresponding amount of FPJ (per treatment) was added. For treatment 1 (Control), only water was used; For Treatment 2, 30 ml of FPJ was added to every liter of water; For Treatment 3, 60 ml of FPJ was added to every liter of water; Treatment 4, 90 ml of FPJ was added to every liter of water; Treatment 5, 120 ml of FPJ was added to every liter of water and; Treatment 6, 150 ml of FPJ was added to every 1 l of water added. After 65% moisture content was attained, it was mixed and put in the polypropylene (pp) bag, compacted and sealed using pvc pipe, cotton waste, paper and rubber band prior to pasteurization. From the mixture of 7:3:1 ratio added with FPJ, 10 bags weighing 750 g were obtained and 1500 ml of FPJ solution was added. Thus, for every 750 g bag of fruiting substrates, 150 ml of FPJ solution is present (Table 1). The fruiting bags were
pasteurized in a steel drum with the temperature of 80ºC for 10 hours to be free from spore and non- spore forming bacteria and contamination. The pasteurized bags were cooled overnight in a clean room. Five grams of grain spawn was carefully inoculated into the cooled fruiting substrate. It was put in the incubation room with a temperature of 28- 30°C to allow mycelial ramification. When the bags are fully colonized by mycelia, it was transferred in the growing house. They were cut to allow primordial formation and fruiting.
Watering of the fruiting substrates was done twice a day and the solution used in the misting of the fruiting bags also depended on the treatments.
During the entire duration of the experiment, no chemical was used in the study and no pests were encountered. Harvesting of mushrooms was done once mushroom emerge from fruiting bags. They were harvested for about a month of flushing. Mycelial growth during spawn running was determined by measuring mycelia extension at 4 sides of the bag at 2-day intervals for 30 days.
Sensory Evaluation of the Organoleptic Properties of Different Pleurotus Species
The freshly harvested mushrooms were evaluated by a 30-member taste panel. They were instructed to rate the taste on a 1-9 scale based on Hedonic scale developed by (Lawless & Heymann, 2010). The sensory attributes included aroma (typical mushroom aroma), flavor/taste, and general acceptability.
The respondents were asked to avoid eating, drinking and smoking for one hour prior to food tasting. They rated the different parameters based on a Labeled Magnitude Scale. Respondents were asked to expectorate every sample after tasting.
During the 60-sec break between each sample, they rinsed out their mouths four times with deionized water and “cleansed their palates” with premium crackers (Sky Flakes Crackers).
Table 1. Amount of FPJ added to dry substrates
Treatment Amount of FPJ (ml) added in 150 ml water Weight of dry substrate (g)
Water (Control) --- 750
30 ml FPJ 4.5 750
60 ml FPJ 9.0 750
90 ml FPJ 13.5 750
120 ml FPJ 18.0 750
150 ml FPJ 22.5 750
For its economic analysis, Return on Investment (ROI) was determined using the following formula:
For the expenditures, all the materials used in culture media such as potato, gelatin bar, grains, sugar, molasses, polypropelene bags, PVC pipe, rubber band, labor cost and energy cost were computed.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Phase I. Mycelial Ramification of Different Pleu- rotus Species in Culture Media Supplemented with Various Amount of FPJ
Mycelia are the vegetative part of a fungus consisting of a mass of branching, thread-like hyphae. The robust growth of mycelia depends on the nutritive content of the medium where they grow. Mycelial growth is important in mushroom production because mycelia stock culture served as source of mushroom cell lines (De Leon, Reyes,
& dela Cruz, 2013).
...1)
Remarks: Means of 3 replicates with the same letter are not significantly different at α = 0.05 using Least Significant Difference (LSD) Test inside each treatment
Fig. 1. Comparison of mycelial growth of Pleurotus at each level of supplementation in culture media treatment
Table 2. Mycelial growth (mm) of different Pleurotus species in Potato Sucrose Gulaman (PSG) supplemented with different amounts of Fermented Plant Juice (FPJ)
Pleurotus strain Water (Control 100%) 30 ml FPJ 60 ml FPJ 90 ml FPJ 120 ml FPJ 150 ml FPJ
P. ostreatus 7.50 d 10.00 c 15.00 b 14.00 b 14.67 b 22.50 a
P. djamor 12.50 f 15.50 e 22.00 c 35.00 a 26.50 b 18.00 d
P. florida 34.00 d 34.00 d 38.00 c 43.00 b 49.00 a 22.50 e
P. citrinopileatus 18.00 b 36.00 a 37.00 a 15.00 c 13.00 c 14.50 c
Remarks: Comparison of treatments at each level of Pleurotus species (Means of 3 replicates with the same letter are not significantly different at α = 0.05 using Tukeys’s Honest Significant Difference (HSD) Test)
The effect of different treatments on the mycelial ramification of different Pleurotus strains was observed and recorded. As shown in Table 2, significant differences were observed on the mycelial ramification of each of the Pleurotus species on culture media with different treatments. P. florida in culture media supplemented with 120 ml FPJ/1000 l had the fastest mycelial growth. While, P. ostreatus in the control treatment had the slowest mycelial growth. It could be noticed that as the amount of FPJ added increases, the faster the mycelial run for P. ostreatus. However, for P. djamor, P. florida and P. citrinopileatus, optimum mycelial growth was achieved in that of culture media with 90 ml, 120 ml and 60 ml of FPJ respectively.
In comparing the mycelial growth of the Pleurotus species on each treatment (Fig. 1 and Fig. 2), significant differences were observed.
In the control treatment, P. florida had the fastest
mycelial growth while, P. ostreatus had the slowest.
In 30 ml of FPJ, P. citrinopileatus had the fastest mycelial growth while P. ostreatus had the slowest.
In culture media with 60 ml of FPJ, P. florida and citrinopleautus had the fastest mycelial run while P.
ostreatus was the slowest. The same results were observed on 120 ml of FPJ since P. florida exhibited the fastest mycelial growth, while P. ostreatus and P. citrinopileatus had the slowest mycelial growth.
However, in culture media supplemented with 150 ml of FPJ, a decrease in the mycelial growth for all of the Pleurotus species was observed. Based on the results, different mushroom species have different sugar requirements. Though the mycelial growth of P. florida is relatively higher than those of other species, the reason could be on the suitability of P. florida to Potato Sucrose Gelatin (Zurbano, Bellere, & Savilla, 2017).
Fig. 2. Mycelial growth of different mushroom species supplemented with different concentrations of FPJ.
A) Water (Control), B) 30 ml FPJ, C) 60 ml FPJ, D) 90 ml FPJ, E) 120 ml FPJ, F ) 150 ml FPJ, after 7 days of culture (Pleurotus citrinopileatus, Pleurotus florida, Pleurotus ostreatus and Pleurotus djamor)
Remarks: Means of 3 replicates with the same letter are not significantly different at α = 0.05 using Least Significant Difference (LSD) Test inside each treatment
Fig. 3. Mycelial growth of Pleurotus species at each level of grain spawn treatment after incubation for 10 days
Fig. 4. Mycelial growth of different Pleurotus species supplemented with different amounts of FPJ. A) Water (Control) B) 30 ml FPJ C) 60 ml FPJ D) 80 ml FPJ E) 120 ml FPJ F) 150 ml FPJ
The result is in congruence with the study of Hoa, Wang, & Wang (2015) where the mycelial growth of P. ostreatus and P. cystidiosus was relatively higher in Potato Dextrose Agar than Yam Dextrose Agar, Sweet potato dextrose agar and malt extract agar medium. Moreover, in a study done by Memon et al. (2017), Pleurotus inoculated in potato dextrose agar had an increase in mycelial growth as the concentration of sugar gradually increases.
However, a decrease in mycelial growth happens when the optimum growth is achieved even when sugar is added. Since FPJ contains growth hormone, it could also be another factor which contributed to its mycelial growth, though varietal response could also be a factor for the differences on the response for FPJ supplementation. In a similar study, Ramachela
& Sihlangu (2016) reported that the best mycelial growth were achieved in media supplemented with auxins, cytokinins and gibberelins.
Phase II. Mycelial Ramification on Grain Substrates with Varying Amounts of FPJ
Mushroom spawn is the mushroom mycelium growing on a given substrate. It serves as the planting material in mushroom cultivation. Spawn quality is the most important factor in the production of edible mushroom. Furthermore, Dissasa (2022) noted that mushroom spawning is a process of cellular expansion in order to produce more mycelia for mass production.
In comparison of the mycelial growth of each of the Pleurotus strains in different treatments, P.
citrinopleatus inoculated in T1 (Control) had the fastest mycelial growth. Though, it could be noticed that all species had the fastest mycelial growth in the control treatment (Table 3). With respect to the comparison of mushroom species for each of the treatments (Fig. 3 and Fig. 4), it shows that a significant difference was observed in the mycelial growth of the
different Pleurotus species. All mushroom species in grain spawn supplemented with 60 ml of FPJ had the slowest mycelial growth. It can be seen that from all the grain spawns supplemented with 6 tbsp until 10 tbsp of FPJ, no mycelial growth was observed and contamination happened. It just shows that as the concentration of FPJ supplements become higher, the slower the mycelial growth until no mycelial growth was observed. This could be attributed to higher amount of sugar in the grain spawn which makes it more prone to bacterial contamination. Moreover, it could also be due to Maillard reaction in molasses that results to undesirable loss of nutrients (Coklar
& Akbulut, 2020). In addition, the reaction could form toxic compounds such as toxic compounds such as HMF, acrylamide, Nε-carboxymethyl-lysine and pyrraline which might also be the reason for the hindrance of growth of microorganisms (Oh, Kim, Lee, Lee, & Park, 2018).
In a similar study done by Memon et al. (2017) on the effect of sugar in mycelial growth of oyster mushrooms, it shows that highest mycelial growth was achieved in grain spawn supplemented with 2%
dextrose. Thus, it could mean that there is a maximum amount of sugar needed by the mushrooms to attain optimum growth. It could be recalled that sorghum also contains 2.23% sugar (Liu et al., 2021).
Phase III. Mycelial Growth and Yield of Different Pleurotus Species on Fruiting Substrates Supplemented with Varying Amounts of FPJ
Fruiting of Pleurotus under cultivated conditions can occur as quickly as two weeks after grain spawn inoculation into pasteurized bulk substrates (Mkhize, Cloete, Basson, & Zharare, 2016). Fruiting of Pleurotus species was observed for about a month.
In comparison of the mycelial growth of each the Pleurotus strains, P. ostreatus and P. florida had the fastest mycelial run in substrates applied with 10 tbsp Table 3. Mycelial growth of different Pleurotus species in sorghum supplemented with different amounts of Fermented Plant Juice (FPJ) 15 DAI
Pleurotus strain Water (Control 100%) 30 ml FPJ 60 ml FPJ 90 ml FPJ 120 ml FPJ 150 ml FPJ
P. ostreatus 18.00a 10.00b 5.00c 0.00d 0.00d 0.00d
P. djamor 24.70a 14.00b 5.67c 0.00d 0.00d 0.00d
P. florida 25.00a 9.33b 5.17c 0.00d 0.00d 0.00d
P. citrinopileatus 37.00a 13.00b 6.00c 0.00 0.00d 0.00d
Remarks: Comparison of treatments at each level of Pleurotus species (Means of 3 replicates with the same letter are not significantly different at α = 0.05 using Tukeys’s Honest Significant Difference (HSD) Test); DAI: Days after inoculation
solution of FPJ and significantly different with the rest of the treatments (Table 4). Faster mycelial growth of P. djamor was observed in those applied with 60 ml and 90 ml of FPJ solution while P. citrinopileatus had fastest mycelial run in that applied with 120 ml FPJ solution. It could be noticed that mycelial growth of mushrooms is faster in substrates with higher sugar content. In comparing the mycelial growth of the
Pleurotus species on each FPJ concentration (Fig.
5), it shows that P. ostreatus and P. citrinopileatus had the fastest mycelial growth in the control treatment; P djamor was fastest in that applied with 30 ml and 60 ml FPJ; P. ostreatus was fastest in substrate applied with 90 and 120 ml of FPJ and; P. florida was fastest in that applied with 150 ml of FPJ.
Table 4. Mycelial growth of different Pleurotus species in fruiting substrates supplemented with different concentrations of FPJ
Mushroom Water (Control 100%) 30 ml FPJ 60 ml FPJ 90 ml FPJ 120 ml FPJ 150 ml FPJ
P. ostreatus 106.80 e 114.10d 124.40c 137.33b 137.80ab 139.00a
P. djamor 98.00 c 117.40 b 128.83 a 128.70 a 116.20 b 116.00 b
P. florida 89.50 e 110.80 d 112.00 d 114.53 c 119.13 b 143.00 a
P. citrinopileatus 106.60 d 112.60 c 114.00 c 126.50 b 134.40 a 112.80 c Remarks: Comparison of treatments at each level of Pleurotus species (Means of 10 replicates with the same letter are not significantly different at α = 0.05 using Tukeys’s Honest Significant Difference (HSD) Test)
Remarks: Means with the same letter are not significantly different at α = 0.05 using Least Significant Difference (LSD) Test
Fig. 5. Mycelial growth of Pleurotus species at each level of treatment in fruiting substrates
Table 5. Yield (g per 750 g substrate) of different Pleurotus species in fruiting substrates supplemented with different concentrations of FPJ
Mushroom Water
(Control 100%) 2 tbsp. FPJ
(g) 4 tbsp. FPJ
(g) 6 tbsp. FPJ
(g) 8 tbsp. FPJ
(g) 10 tbsp. FPJ (g)
P. ostreatus 146.67 f 176.93 e 224.67 d 240.00 c 297.33 b 415.00 a
P. djamor 248.87 c 281.67 b 318.57 a 247.00 c 172.13 d 157.27 e
P. florida 60.35 f 289.53 b 315.33 a 190.33 d 148.73 e 206.00 c
P. citrinopileatus 29.33 c 21.20 d 73.40 a 61.00 b 24.00 d 20.80 d
Remarks: Comparison of treatments at each level of Pleurotus species (Means of 10 replicates with the same letter are not significantly different at α = 0.05 using Tukeys’s Honest Significant Difference (HSD) Test)
One of the requirements of mushrooms for growth is carbon and different mushroom species grow over a wide range of carbon sources. The sources could be sugars such as dextrose, maltose, sucrose, fructose and glucose (Hoa, Wang, & Wang, 2015). In the case of P. ostreatus, P. florida and P.
citrinopileatus, higher amount of FPJ is needed as compared to P. djamor where only 60 to 90 ml of FPJ solution is needed. Thus, could mean that high sugar concentration may be detrimental to metabolite biosynthesis that might inhibit mycelium growth (Hoa, Wang, & Wang, 2015).
In the yield of each Pleurotus species for each treatment (Table 5), it shows that P. ostreatus had the highest yield in substrate applied with 150 ml of FPJ solution; P djamor, P. florida and P.
citrinopileatus had the highest yield in substrate applied with 60 ml FPJ solution. The yield and response of different Pleurotus species on the application of FPJ might also be attributed to the variety. FPJ contains growth hormones from plant diluted in molasses and might contributed to the yield obtained (Ramachela & Sihlangu, 2016). It could also be noted that, generally, all the Pleurotus species used in the study were inoculated in rice straw and sawdust combination substrate which are very cellulosic, thus make it very easy for the mushrooms to absorb and utilize sugar for their growth and metabolic purposes (Kumla et al., 2020).
Sensory Evaluation of Different Pleurotus Mushroom Species
The different Pleurotus species were evaluated based on their taste, aroma and general acceptability. Based on the respondents’ perceptions, it shows that there is a significant difference on the taste, aroma and general acceptability of each Pleurotus species (Table 6). P. florida supplemented with 150 ml of FPJ were rated by the respondents as very much palatable. In terms of aroma, P.
ostreatus in substrates supplemented with 150 ml of FPJ were very much liked by the respondents.
While, in terms of general acceptability, P. ostreatus, P. djamor and P. florida in substrates supplemented with 150 ml of FPJ obtained higher ratings than the others and were rated as moderately acceptable by the respondents while P. citrinopileatus were just rated as slightly acceptable. The organoleptic
properties of each Pleurotus species is also variety dependent (Zawirksa-Wojtasiak, 2004) and each Pleurotus species has different characteristics. For instance, P. florida is characterized by its slightly sweet flavor and woody taste; P djamor is meaty, fishy and pungent; P. citrinopileatus has a bitter nutty flavor and; P. ostreatus is characterized by its mild flavor and light odor similar to anise. Generally, as perceived by the respondents, as the amount of FPJ becomes higher, the better the taste and aroma for the different Pleurotus strains. As mentioned by Kokkinidou, Peterson, Bloch, & Bronston (2018), sucrose is responsible for retention of aroma and enhancing the flavor of foods.
Economic Analysis of Pleurotus Mushroom Production
The individual computed return on investment (ROI) for each fruiting substrates is shown in Table 7. P. ostreatus in substrates supplemented with 150 ml FPJ gave 139.16% ROI. This explained that for every peso invested in P. ostreatus in substrates supplemented with 150 ml FPJ, it gained .43 centavos. It was followed by P. djamor and P. florida (120.71% and 118.49%) in substrates supplemented with 60 ml FPJ. It could also be noted that low yields were obtained from all of the control treatments for each species. Thus, could imply that addition of FPJ in the substrates could help increase the ROI. However, negative ROI was particularly seen in all of the substrates used for P. citrinopileatus. Thus could imply that these substrates for P. citrinopileatus could mean losses.
The results for the control treatment were in contrast with the cost and return analysis of mushroom farm in Benguet where its production had an ROI of 98-164% from a 16 x 24 fruiting bag for a four-month fruiting span (Luis, 1999). The higher ROI obtained from the control substrates might be attributed to the size of the bag and the amount of substrates. Thus, could mean that if FPJ will be added, there is more chance of getting higher ROI. However, what happened to P. citrinopileatus was related to what happened to Valley High Products Inc. in Antipolo City, Philippines were losses occurred attaining only a biological efficiency of 20% and much higher than that of the control substrate of P. citrinopileatus.
Table 6. Sensory evaluation of different Pleurotus species (taste, aroma and general acceptability) grown in fruiting substrates supplemented with different amounts of FPJ. MushroomTasteAromaGeneral Acceptability Water (Control) 30 ml FPJ 60 ml FPJ 90 ml FPJ 120 ml FPJ
150 ml FPJ
Water (Con- trol)
30 ml FPJ 60 ml FPJ 90 ml FPJ 120 ml FPJ 150 ml FPJ
Water (Con- trol)
30 ml FPJ 60 ml FPJ 90 ml FPJ 120 ml FPJ 150 ml FPJ
P. ostreatus
5.71 d (NPNU) 5.41 e (NPNU) 5.94 c (SP) 5.75 d (SP) 6.19 b (MP) 7.00 a (MP) 5.55 b (SL) 5.36 c (SL) 5.36 c (NLNU) 5.22d (NLNU) 5.50 b (SL) 7.51 a (VML) 5.91 d (SA) 5.01 f (NANU) 5.41 e (NANU) 5.98 (SA) 6.12b (SA) 6.44a (MA)
P. djamor
5.07 e (NPNU) 5.10 de (NPNU) 5.14d (NPNU) 5.32c (NPNU) 5.79a (SP) 5.39b (NPNU) 4.52 d (SD) 5.11 c (NLNU)5.11 c (NLNU) 5.50b (SL) 5.45 b (NLNU) 5.98 a (SL) 5.51 c (SA) 5.14 e (NANU) 4.99 f (NANU) 5.27 d (NANU) 5.60 b (SA) 6.36 a (MA)
P. florida
5.48 d (SP) 5.14 e (NPNU) 5.82 c (SP) 5.46 d (SP) 6.14 b (MP) 7.33a (VMP) 5.49 d (SL) 5.46 d (SL) 5.46 d (NLNU) 5.87 c (SL) 6.32 b (SL) 6.84 a (ML) 4.89 e (NANU) 4.95 d (NANU) 4.82 f (NANU) 5.39 c (NANU) 5.59 b (SA) 6.53 a (MA)
P. citrinopileatus 5.33 d (NPNU) 5.66 c (SP) 5.68 c (SP) 5.91 b (SP) 5.96 b (SP) 6.52a (MP) 5.95 e (SL) 6.31 c (SL) 6.31 c (ML) 6.63a (ML) 6.12 d (SL) 6.47 b (ML) 4.79 e (NANU) 4.95 cd (NANU) 4.92 d (NANU) 4.98 c (NANU) 5.97a (SA) 5.56b (SA)
Remarks: Comparison of treatments at each level of Pleurotus species (Means with the same letter are not significantly different at α = 0.05 using Tukeys’s Honest Significant Difference (HSD) Test); Legend: Taste (VMP – very much palatable; MP – moderately palatable; NPNU – neither palatable nor unpalatable; SP-slightly palatable); Aroma (ML – moderately like; NLNU – Neither Like nor Dislike; SL – slightly like); General Acceptability: (MA – moderately acceptable; SA – slightly acceptable; NANU – Neither acceptable nor unacceptable)
Table 7. Cost and Return Analysis of Pleurotus species production in fruiting substrates supplemented with different amounts of FPJ Cost of materialsP. ostreatusP. djamor Water 30 ml FPJ 60 ml FPJ 90 ml FPJ 120 ml FPJ 150 ml FPJ
Water
30 ml FPJ 60 ml FPJ 90 ml FPJ 120 ml FPJ 150 ml FPJ
Grain Spawn0.670.670.670.670.670.670.670.670.670.670.670.67 Rice bran1.651.651.651.651.651.651.651.651.651.651.651.65 Lime1.3751.3751.3751.3751.3751.3751.3751.3751.3751.3751.3751.375 FPJ1.953.95.857.89.751.953.95.857.89.75 PP Bags0.640.640.640.640.640.640.640.640.640.640.640.64 PVC pipe0.150.150.150.150.150.150.150.150.150.150.150.15 Cotton waste0.180.180.180.180.180.180.180.180.180.180.180.18 Rubber band0.040.040.050.040.040.040.040.040.050.040.040.04 Energy cost0.590.590.590.590.590.590.590.590.590.590.590.59 Labor Cost Hauling of Substrates 0.830.830.830.830.830.830.830.830.830.830.830.83 Soaking 0.420.420.420.420.420.420.420.420.420.420.420.42 Chopping of substrates0.830.830.830.830.830.830.830.830.830.830.830.83 Pasteurization0.830.830.830.830.830.830.830.830.830.830.830.83 Inoculation and stocking0.830.830.830.830.830.830.830.830.830.830.830.83 Transferring of fully ramified bags to growing area0.420.420.420.420.420.420.420.420.420.420.420.42 Cost of bagging per bag333333333333 Drum12.512.512.512.512.512.512.512.512.512.512.512.5 Total Expensesa24.9626.9128.8730.8132.7634.7124.9626.9128.8730.8132.7634.71 Total Harvest (kg)b0.150.180.220.240.300.420.2490.280.320.250.170.16 Net Incomed (c-a) 4.378.4816.0617.1926.7148.2924.8129.4234.8418.591.67-9.38 ROI (%) [(d/a) x 100]17.5331.5355.6555.8181.55139.1699.43109.36120.7160.365.11-3.26
Table 7.(continued) Cost of materialsP. floridaP. citrinipileatus Water 30 ml FPJ 60 ml FPJ 90 ml FPJ 120 ml FPJ 150 ml FPJ
Water
30 ml FPJ 60 ml FPJ 90 ml FPJ 120 ml FPJ 150 ml FPJ
Grain Spawn0.670.670.670.670.670.670.670.670.670.670.670.67 Rice bran1.651.651.651.651.651.651.651.651.651.651.651.65 Lime1.3751.3751.3751.3751.3751.3751.3751.3751.3751.3751.3751.375 FPJ1.953.95.857.89.751.953.95.857.89.75 PP Bags0.640.640.640.640.640.640.640.640.640.640.640.64 PVC pipe0.150.150.150.150.150.150.150.150.150.150.150.15 Cotton waste0.180.180.180.180.180.180.180.180.180.180.180.18 Rubber band0.040.040.050.040.040.040.040.040.050.040.040.04 Energy cost0.590.590.590.590.590.590.590.590.590.590.590.59 Labor Cost Hauling of Substrates 0.830.830.830.830.830.830.830.830.830.830.830.83 Soaking 0.420.420.420.420.420.420.420.420.420.420.420.42 Chopping of substrates0.830.830.830.830.830.830.830.830.830.830.830.83 Pasteurization0.830.830.830.830.830.830.830.830.830.830.830.83 Inoculation and stocking0.830.830.830.830.830.830.830.830.830.830.830.83 Transferring of fully ramified bags to the growing area0.420.420.420.420.420.420.420.420.420.420.420.42 Cost of bagging per bag333333333333 Drum12.512.512.512.512.512.512.512.512.512.512.512.5 Total Expensesa24.95626.90628.86630.80632.75634.70624.95626.90628.86630.80632.75634.706 Total Harvest (kg)b0.060.290.320.190.150.210.030.020.070.060.020.02 Gross Income (P 200/12.0757.9163.0738.0729.7541.25.874.2414.6812.24.84.16 kg) (P 200 x b) c Net Incomed (c-a) -12.88631.00434.2047.264-3.0066.494-19.086-22.666-14.186-18.606-27.956-30.546 ROI (%) [(d/a) x 100]-51.63115.23118.4923.58-9.1818.71-76.48-84.24-49.14-60.40-85.35-88.01
CONCLUSION
Significant differences were observed on the mycelial growth of Pleurotus mushrooms in culture media and grain spawn supplemented with varying amounts of FPJ. P. florida supplemented with 120 ml of FPJ had the fastest mycelial growth in PSG while P. citrinopileatus supplemented with water had the fastest mycelial growth in grain spawn (sorghum). Significant differences on the yield and biological efficiency of different Pleurotus strains supplemented with different concentrations of FPJ were also observed. P. ostreatus supplemented with 150 ml of FPJ had the highest yield and biological efficiency, thus higher ROI. Significant differences were also observed on its sensory attributes such as taste, aroma and general acceptability. P. florida and P. ostreatus in substrates supplemented with 150 ml of FPJ were perceived by the respondents as very much palatable and very much aromatic, respectively.
For faster mycelial growth and optimum yield and BE, the use of varying amounts of FPJ as supplements in culture media and fruiting substrates is recommended for P ostreatus, P djamor and P. florida species but not recommended for P. citrinopileatus because of the negative ROI obtained. Moreover, for grain spawn production, the use of water as the only source of moisture is recommended.
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