The ovary is located on the right side of the body, at the level of the acetabulum. The vitellaria lie between the middle of the esophagus and the caudal end of the intestinal ceca.
AET. 17 PARASITES OF AMPHIBIA AND EEPTILIA HARWOOD 13
The distance from the cephalic margin of the acetabulum to the anterior end is 0.59 to 0.92 mm. The esophagus is quite short, usually about the length of the pharynx or slightly longer.
ART. 17 PARASITES OF AMPHIBIA AND EEPTILIA HARWOOD 15 from the middle of the pharynx to the level of the intestinal fork
17 PARASITES OF AMPHIBA AND EEPTILIUS HARWOOD 15 from the middle of the pharynx to the height of the intestinal fork. This seems to me to be a logical application of the priority rule and I will accept the later name Pnenmonoccccs.
AKT. 17 PARASITES OF AMPHIBIA AND EEPTILIA HAEWOOD 17 The esophagus in properly expanded specimens is somewhat longer
The ovary is a spherical structure, lying on the left side. dorsal to the caudal half of the acetabulum. In my material the genital pore is located on the right side, at the level of the pharynx.
ACT. 17 PARASITES OF AMPHIBIA AND REPTILIA HARWOOD 27
The cuticular spines at the anterior end are very fine, barely noticeable even with the aid of an oil immersion objective; there are fewer lines than. The ascending and descending gyri of the uterus do not cross, but often overlap the intestinal cecum. Their most distant anterior side is the level of the anterior margin of the ovary.
Their furthest caudal extent is usually about the diameter of the anterior testis, cephalad to that organ. The esophagus is less than half as long as in Stunkard's species, the testicles.
ABT. 17 PAEASITES OF AMPHIBIA AND EEPTILIA HABWOOD 29 esophagus is less than half as long as in Stunkard's species, the testes
Curiously, the pharynx of one specimen appears to be completely normal, while the pharynx of the other appears to be divided into quadrants, as described by Barker and Covey. The intestinal caeca terminates in the posttesticular region near the caudal end of the body. We filled the upper part of the uterus and the proximal part of Laurer's canal, v.
The uterus extends caudad in undulating spirals on the left side of the body to the testes, then turns cephalad and returns on the right side of the body. Their most cephalic extent is slightly more than the width of the ovary posterior to this structure, and the most caudal extent is slightly more than the long diameter of the testis cephalic to the anterior testis.
ART. 17 PARASITES OF AMPHIBIA AND KEPTILIA HARWOOD 31
Hannum mentions that the cap gland is represented only by a few unicellular glands, which are grouped round the caudal part of the ootype, while in all my material a well-developed cap gland, practically enveloping the coils of the oviduct, is always present. I have, however, noticed in other closely related forms that the shell gland soon loses its property of retaining stains, and therefore a portion of it may easily be overlooked in a specimen which has been kept for some time in a preservative. Variations in my material, which are noticeably greater than those recorded in the original description, are as follows: The testes vary from 98 to 190 to the segment; the main excretory ducts regularly run through the middle of the testicular field; the vagina usually opens anterior to the cirrus, but it may open next to or behind the cirrus; and the specimen of Rana catesbeiana is only 22 cm.
The genital pore is usually further anterior than Hannum describes, and often lies between the caudal borders of the. The snake had been run over by a car when it was found and a section of the intestine was badly mutilated.
ART. 17 PARASITES OF AMPHIBIA AND EEPTILIA HARWOOD 33
The uterus extends from the ovary to the midline to the cephalic border of the segment. The genital pore lies at the caudal border of the first fourth of the proglottid or slightly posterior to that level. The testes lie in the caudal portions of the proglottid, but extend cephalad to or slightly beyond the caudal border of the ovary.
There are structural differences in the distribution of the testicles, the size of the cirrus sac, and other minor features. The genital pore is located close to the caudal end of the first quarter of the proglottid.
AET. 17 PARASITES OF AMPHIBIA AND REPTILIA HARWOOD 37
The ovary is a bilobed structure located in the caudal part of the first half of the segment. There are also differences in the size of the cirrus sac and the location of the genitalia. Segmentation becomes evident about 2 mm from the scolex; and almost immediately the rudiments of the genital organs appear.
The genital pore lies between the end of the first fifth and the end of the first third of the lateral margin. It is initially much coiled, but becomes straight before reaching the level of the ovary.
AET. 17 PARASITES OF AMPHIBIA AND EEPTILIA HAEWOOD 41 The ripe segments are four to six times as long as broad, and the
17 PARASITES OF AMPHIBA AND EEPTYLIA HAEWOOD 41 Ripe segments four to six times as long as wide and. It was found lying free in the body cavity or entangled in the mesentery; in all three cases it is. This type of larval form corresponds to the group of cysticercoids that Villot (1883) characterized by.
Known members of this group include the larval forms of certain species of Anomotaenia. The presence of members of this genus in the lungs of the North American frog has long been known, but until recently they were believed to be specifically identical to R.
ART. 17 PARASITES OF AMPHIBIA AND REPTILIA HAEWOOD 43 RHABDIAS VELLARDI Pcreira, 1928
These rows are very irregular and 44 papillae could be counted in one row but only 23 in the other. Polydel/pliis anoura is reported from several North American snakes, and by Baylis (1921) is doubtfully reported from the above host. Bounger (1923) redescribed it under the name Falcaustra chapini, but Chapin found it to be the only parasite present in the ceca of box turtles near Washington, D.
He further suggested that Falcaustra Lane should be treated as a synonym of Spironoura Leidy, but as Leidy's species is a gracile species and this form has not since been studied, it seems premature to remove the genus Falcaustra as syno-. This opinion is further supported by the observation of Walton (1927) on Leidy's extant collection of nematodes.
ART. 17 PARASITES OF AMPHIBIA AND REPTILIA HARWOOD 45
There are tAvo ventral pairs placed a little beyond the middle of the tail, and at. The vulva is 8.5 to 9 mm from the anterior end and is therefore close to the cephalic end of the caudal third of the body. The vulva is near the middle of the body, usually a trifle caudal of the middle in young worms and.
The excretory pores and the vulva are unusually posterior in position, and the plugs in the eggs are in the interior instead of the outer membrane. Specific diagnosis.- Pharyngodon: White, stout nematodes, usually showing marked transverse striations of the cuticle near the cephalic tip.
ART. 17 PARASITES OF AMPHIBIA AND REPTILIA HARWOOD 49
It is distinguished from Cosmocerca by the absence of true pletans and the presence of a ring of tubercles around the base of the large papillae. It is not mentioned in the description of the genus Oxysomatimn, yet this genus can be distinguished from Cosmocerxoides only by the presence in the latter of the aboA^e mentioned tubercles. However, until more knowledge is gained about their relationship to normal members of the species.
Holl's type material comes from Triturus viridescens, which does not occur in this vicinity; but I have found that the same type of parasite is very common in other hosts. Although it is a very variable form, there is no doubt that Holl and I described the same species and as Holl's.
ART. 17 PARASITES OF AMPHIBIA AND EEPTILIA HARWOOD 51 In the paper referred to (Harwood, 1930) I have recorded this
17 PARASITES OF AMPHIBIA AND EEPTILIA HARWOOD 51In the paper referred to (Harwood, 1930) I have recorded this. The following account contains the description of another species which is parasitic in the three-toed box turtle. There is a row of five papillae, placed close together on each side of the anus.
There may be four additional pairs of postanal papillae, but they are not always present. Possibly other investigators have encountered this same form and have disregarded it for the same reason.
ART. 17 PARASITES OF AMPHIBIA AND EEPTILIA HAEWOOD 53 Family DIAPHANOCEPHALIDAE Travassos, 1919
The common trunk of the dorsal ray usually bifurcates near its middle, and each branch almost immediately divides again. Inner rays again divided for one-half to one-third of their length.. base as wide as long. The uteri are divergent, and therefore this species falls into Ortlepp's group A. The rest of the female genital system is fairly typical for the gender.
The bursa is obliquely truncate and, with the exception of the dorsal ray, typical of the genus. The cervical papillae lie near the posterior end of the muscular esophagus, and the excretory pore is slightly more posterior.
ART. 17 PARASITES OF AMPHIBIA AND KEPTILIA HAEWOOD 59
Several species have been listed by Leidy, Magath, and MacCallum for these forms, but in the present state of our knowledge it seems best to include them all under one species. 17 PARASITES OP AMPHIBIA AND EEPTILIA HARWOOD 61ton (1927) has shown, however, that the supposed differences in ton (1927) has shown, however, that the supposed differences in the. However, since Cobb has stated that his material was both immature and poorly preserved, and since both batches of material are from the same host, it seems likely that this difference is due to the condition of the type material.
The genital system is of the usual type for the genus, with the vulva a short distance posterior to the posterior end of the esophagus. The inner one, which is much heavier, contains the usual plug at the end and appears to be slightly narrowed in the middle.
AUT. 17 PARASITES OF AMPHIBIA AND EEPTILIA HARWOOD 63
This genus is represented in North America by a number of species that are parasitic on fish and turtles. Often these worms were so numerous that they filled the lumen of the undistended intestine.
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LITERATURE CITED
S. NATIONAL MUSEUM
