Main capsule with a posterior notch, about as deep as the length of the coronary (median epicranial) suture. There are several bristles on most of the dorsal sclerites of the abdomen (body with alternating longitudinal black and yellow bands). Galerucella, group B (G.
AKT. 2 BEETLE LAEVAE OF GALERUCINAE BOVING 11 mandible immediately behind the teeth projecting into an obtuse
Tenth abdominal segment (fig. 60).-^With six pear-shaped lobes radiating from the anus I'm the middle of the suction surface. Eusternal asperate sclerite compound and of the same shape and size as in mesothorax and metathorax.
AHT. 2 BEETLE LAEVAE OF GALERUCINAE BOVING 19
Ventrally with a dark angular eusternal sclerite interlaced medially and almost fused with 3 pairs of dark, rounded, small sternelar sclerites, compound plate bearing two primary setae on each side. Inner scuto-scutellar sclerite similar to inner prescutal sclerite but somewhat smaller, light colored, each side armed with about four setae; outer scuto-scutellar sclerite large, round, dark-colored, with about eight setae. First to seventh abdominal segments (fig. Inner prescutal sclerite fused at midline, light colored, with about four setae on each side; outer prescutal sclerite distinct, dark.
Inner scuto-scutellar sclerites fused, pale, with about four setae on each side; outer scuto-scutellar sclerite distinct, dark colored, armed with about three setae. Parascutal area with a distinct but small anterior sclerite and a rather large posterior sclerite; both dark, anteriorly armed with two setae, posteriorly with about five. Eusternal sclerites fused or nearly fused in the sagittal line, on each side about three setae.
Prothorax (fig. 23).—The prothoracic shield on each side having a large, flat pit with half a dozen round pits at the bottom;. Prescutal area with internal sclerite complex bearing a seta on each side; outer sclerite distinct, one seta. Scuto-scutellar area with internal sclerite composition almost identical to that of prescutal internal, one seta on each side; outer scuto-scutellar sclerite almost twice as long as outer prescutal one, one seta present.
ABT. 2 BEETLE LAHVAE OF GALERUCINAE BOVING 23
Setae (fig. 30).—Moderately long, about half as long as a body segment, moderately strong, creamy yellow and capitate; present in limited numbers on the back of the larva and each placed on top of a small, dark, tubercle-shaped cup. Mandible (fig. 29).—^With five teeth; interior behind last tooth projecting into a thin blade with front obtusely rounded; first tooth relatively strong, with tip reaching approximately to base of second tooth; second and third teeth the larger, claw-shaped and slender; fourth and fifth small, of the same size,. Penicillus well developed; two setae located externally, and one seta in the middle of the dorsal side.
Maxilla. With lacinia distally bearing a single row of equally long, well-developed, distally pointed bristles; galea with half a dozen spiny bristles, as many small bristles, and a cone-shaped palpable. Prothorax (fig. 24). - Prothoracic shield on each side with an irregular depression with six deep, circular pits in the base, a transverse, shallow groove connecting the depressions of the two sides. Prehypopleura and posthypopleural clerites (= episternum and epimeron) approximately the same size; each with one seta.
In some specimens of this species, the cream color of the skin has changed to a darker color against which the whitish chitinizations are in strong contrast, giving these specimens a general appearance strikingly similar to the larvae of Monoxia puncticollis (Say).
ART. 2 BEETLE LARVAE OF GALERUCINAE — BOVINQ 25
On hatching, the larva eats away the small, upper, free end of the egg, leaving the large portion of the shell attached to the leaf (from Dimmock's notes); (2) newly hatched larvae; (3) full grown larvae. Setae (fig. 41) rather short, varying from about one-eighth the length of a normal body segment to about a quarter of its length;. The shape of the head capsule, of labrum, mandible and other mouthparts (fig. 39, G8), the development of the thoracic and pygidial shields and of the sclerites, the arrangement and shape of the fetae completely corresponding to the corresponding parts in the larvae of Galerucella notata and Galerucella cr'ibrata^ except in unimportant slight variations in the number of setae on some of the sclerites.
Taxonomic coirwrtents.— The propriety of establishing the genus Monoxia as distinct from the genus Galerucella is not justified by the characters observed in the larva of the type species of Monoxia. 24, that some specimens of the larvae of Galerucella cribrata^ preserved in the United States National Museum have a coloration of the skin varying from somewhat more greyish than the normal creamy yellow larva to a dark olive green as in Monoxia 'puncticolis. This larva of the species Monoxia con^puta is completely different from this larva of Monoxia puncticolis, it certainly cannot be placed in the same genus with it, and it will probably be necessary to create a new genus for it.
It burrows in a simple excavated cell in the soil, differing from Galerucella notata and G. cribrata, which form a reticulated cocoon above ground. No other larval material of this species is preserved in the museum, but Mr. Hubbard's veell .. the known reluctance to name a larva unless it has been reared or fairly well associated with the imago, warrants the probable correctness of the designation. Prothorax (Fig. 9).—The prothoracic shield is rather convex and divided by a median transverse groove into two slightly chitinized parts; a few short or moderately long pointed setae on anterior and posterior margins.
ABT. 2 BEETLE LARVAE OF GALEKUCINAE BOVING 29
Epipleural sclerite large, with two setae. episternum and epimeron) well developed and of the same size. Mesothorax and metathorax (fig. 10).—Internal prescutal sclerite distinct, not fused with the corresponding sclerite of the opposite side of the body, projecting into a well-developed conical tubercle. Setae numerous, arranged in a single anterior. row of two setae on each side and a regular iri*double row on free margin of 8 to 10 setae on each side; setae generally nearly as long as sagittal length of shield.
34 PEOCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vol.75. segment-bearing single, transverse, elongated sclerite with five setae on each side. Inner scutellar sclerite fused with the inner sclerite on the other side into a median, transverse, compound sclerite, in size. Eusternum with a large, oval, median, unpaired sclerite with three or four setae on each side, and also with an accessory sclerite at each end of the median sclerite; accessory sclerite without setae.
Five setae on each side in a single row along the posterior margin, two identical setae in the central part of the carapace. Setae arranged in a single row anteriorly, but without order in the rest of the marginal area; two or three small setae on each side in the disc portion. J/esothorax atid nietatliorax (Fig. 15).—Inner prescutal sclerite almost fused with the corresponding sclerite on the opposite side, sagittal light line very distinct, two setae on each side; outer precutal sclerite small, with two or three setae.
Ninth dbdom^inal segment. — Pygidial shield transverse, elliptic, small, about one-third as wide as long and about half as wide as eighth abdominal segment; a dozen setae on each side at the margin, and a few setae in the central part of the shield. Henriksen's description agrees with the figures and description of the larva in the present paper.
TAXONOMY OF GALBRUCINAE LARVAE AND THEIR RELATION TO HALTICINAE AND CHRYSOMELINAE LARVAE
Larvae of Galerucinae (== Galerucae, Cat.. Galerucini, Henriksen) have an antenna with one joint and provided with a joint-like tactile papilla, one ocellus on each side and a distinct coronal (= medianepicranial) suture. Larvae of Halticinae (=Halticae, Cat.. Halticini, Henriksen) have an antenna with one or two joints, one eye on each side or no eye, and the coronal (= middle epicranial) suture is absent. Among the larvae of Galerucinae, Monocesta coryli represents an isolated species, which is characterized by an unusual shape of the labrum and mandible and a unique development of the middle dorsal set of abdominal sclerites (Fig.
The presence of three transverse tergal areas and intersegmental bands may indicate more generalized morphological conditions of the abdominal segments than the presence of only two transverse areas and no intersegmental band, so while the presence of the glands in Agelastica indicates some connection with the specialized chrysomeline larvae emerge, is the development of the abdominal areas. more in accordance with the development of the same features in various primitive larvae, including in particular the larvae of Phyllohrotica and Diajjrotka. The common Galerucinae type with united scutals and scutellars. areas and no intersegmental bands come close in many respects to the larva of the tribe Halticini so well interpreted by Woods and Kemner. From this general Galerucinaeiy\)Q the larva of Monoxiaconsputa seems to deviate very much, but in fact represents merely a biological adaptation of the type to a mining life in soft plant tissues rather -- The larvae of t'ie Eumpolpinao, to which genus Bromius belongs, liavo no one ocelli- and jointedlabial palpus.
The large triangular posterior extensions of the epicranium, the highly chitinized frontal margin and median carina of the head capsule, the soft bulging body with minute bristles and the sparsely chitinized flexible pygidia carapace are features commonly found in mining larvae, for example in the Halticinae in Diholia, Mantura, Argopistes, and Sphaeroderjna. Among the larvae of the common Galerucinae type, the larvae of Trirhahda and Galeruca form well-defined genera, the former being characterized mainly by the abdominal spiracles being housed in large posterior parascutal sclerites and the latter being characterized by the conical sclerites from which well-developed setae in all radiate directions. - ties. In the notata group the difference from the vihurrd group is expressed by the complete absence of the anterior parascutal sclerite, and thus the species of the notata group possess two prescutal, two scuto-scutellar, but only one parascutal sclerite on each side.
ART. 2 BEETLE LARVAE OF GALERUCINAE — BOVING 43
EXPLANATION OF PLATES
Monocesta coryli Say - Labium with ligula, hyi>*jpharjTix, buccal side of lacinia and galea, maxillary palpus and palpiger (note that the two muscles of the proximal end of the first joint of the maxillary palpus extend through palpiger and attach at the stipes, and that palpiger has no muscles extending from the proximal end). Monoxia consputa LeCoute -Maxillae aud hypoijharynx (note that the maxillary palpus consists of three joints, while the second and third joints are fused).