PREVALENCE OF CERVICAL CANCER IN ENDEMIC AREA (RED LIGHT DISTRICT) OF PARUNG – WEST JAVA AND THEIR
CHARACTERIZATION OF ISOLATED HUMAN PAPILLOMA VIRUS (HPV) FROM INFECTED HUMAN
By
Kumandasari Yulinintan
A Thesis submitted to the Faculty of LIFE SCIENCES
Department of
BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING
In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for BACHELOR OF SCIENCES
WITH A MAJOR IN BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING
Swiss German University EduTown BSDCity
Tangerang 15339 INDONESIA Telp. +62 21 3045 0045
Fax. +62 21 3045 0001 E-mail: [email protected]
www.sgu.ac.id
July 2011
STATEMENT BY THE AUTHOR
I hereby declare that this submission is my own work and to the best of my knowledge, contains no material previously published or written by another person, nor material which to a substantial extent has been accepted for the award of any other degree or diploma at any educational institution, except where due acknowledgement is made in the thesis.
_______________________________________ ________________
Kumandasari Yulinintan Date
Approved by:
________________________________________ __________________
Dr.rer.nat Maruli Pandjaitan Date
________________________________________ __________________
Dr. Sugiarto, Sp.PA Date
______________________________________ _________________
Chairman of the Examination Steering Committee Date
ABSTRACT
PREVALENCE OF CERVICAL CANCER IN ENDEMIC AREA (RED LIGHT DISTRICT) OF PARUNG – WEST JAVA AND THEIR CHARACTERIZATION
OF ISOLATED HUMAN PAPILLOMA VIRUS (HPV) FROM INFECTED HUMAN
By
Kumandasari Yulinintan
SWISS GERMAN UNIVERISTY Bumi Serpong Damai
Dr. rer. nat Maruli Pandjaitan, Advisor Dr. Sugiarto, Sp.PA, co-Advisor
Cervical cancer is the second most common cancer that affects women in worldwide.
High risk type of Human Papilloma Virus is the primary cause of the cervical cancer.
The most common HPV types that caused cervical cancer are type 16 and 18. Propose of this study is to obtain the prevalence of cervical cancer in red light district of Parung. Pap smear sample collection, cells staining, DNA extraction, Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) gel electrophoresis, and nucleotide sequencing were used as methodology in this study. A total 71 women were participated in this study. The result of the study concluded that the prevalence of cervical cancer in red light district of Parung is 0 % with incidence rate also 0% (1 ASC-US, 1 AG-US, and 0 cervical cancers). Location of the red light district of Parung considered as one of the factors that caused 0% of the prevalence of red light district in this study.
Keywords : cervical cancer, HPV, prevalence, red light district, Parung, Indonesia
DEDICATION
I dedicate this thesis to Lim Seulong
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Firstly, the author would like to say her gratitude to Allah SWT, for His blessings and giving me strength to complete this thesis.
With this opportunity the author also would like to say her gratitude to a lot of people who have contribution in this author’s thesis. The gratitude to:
1. Dr.rer.nat. Maruli Pandjaitan as author’s advisor for his support, guidance, and encouragement.
2. Dr. Sugiarto, Sp.PA as author’s co-advisor and the pathologist for his help, advice, and time.
3. Mrs. Nani Pasaribu, for her help, advice, guidance, and time.
4. Dr. Unang and his staff at Puskesmas Parung for their help and kindness during the Pap smear sample collection.
5. My Parents Sumarsono and Martanti, my sister Ariezky, my grandmother, and my family members who always support and pray for the author.
6. The Kapputs or Biomedical Engineering 2011 for bad time good time during this 4 years.
7. Lucky Larasati, Wanodya Wira Sasmi, Sheilla, Prisna Maharani, Anna Soraya, and Nuraini for all support and love that they gave to author during this thesis writing.
8. Andira Yuko Saputri and Jeni Estari for support and sweet escape every time the author had bored in writing this thesis.
9. Nadia Putri Utami Dikti for her time, support, and perfect hug.
10. Rizal Bimanto
11. Last but not least, for all members of Korean’s boybands: Super Junior, 2AM, 2PM, Beast, Big Bang, etc for great music and for always accompany me in writing this thesis.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
STATEMENT BY THE AUTHOR ... 2
ABSTRACT ... 3
DEDICATION ... 4
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ... 5
CHAPTER 1 – INTRODUCTION ... 12
1.1 Background ... 12
1.2 Objective ... 13
1.3 Significance of Study ... 13
1.4 Scope and Limitation ... 14
1.5 Methodology ... 14
1.6 Organizational of Thesis ... 14
CHAPTER 2 – LITERATURE REVIEW ... 15
2.1 Cervical Cancer ... 15
2.2 Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) ... 16
2.3 The Risk Factor of Cervical Cancer ... 18
2.4 Staging ... 19
2.5 Prevalence and Incidence of Cervical Cancer ... 21
2.6 Endemic Area ... 23
2.7 Pap Smear ... 24
2.8 Papinicolaou Staining ... 28
2.9 Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) ... 29
2.10 Gel Electrophoresis ... 32
2.11 DNA Sequencing ... 33
CHAPTER 3 – METHODOLOGY ... 35
3.1 Overall Procedure ... 35
3.2 Survey Area ... 36
3.3 Pap Smear Sample Collection ... 37
3.4 Cells Staining ... 40
3.5 Data Analysis ... 42
3.6 Extraction of sample by using Qiagen DNA Extraction Kit ... 42
3.7 Amplification of sample by using PCR ... 43
3.8 Visualization of PCR product by Gel Electrophoresis ... 44
3.9 Purification from gel by using MinElute Gel Extraction Kit ... 45
3.10 Nucleotide sequencing by DNA Sequencer ... 46
3.11 Nucleotide Sequencing and Analysis ... 46
CHAPTER 4 – RESULT & DISCUSSION... 47
4.1 Demographic Data ... 48
4.2 Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis of the Prevalence of Cervical Cancer in Red Light District ... 60
CHAPTER 5 – CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION ... 64
GLOSSARY ... 65
REFERENCES ... 70
