View of Psychopathic behavior in children’s characters: a study of psychoanalysis in short story of Membuat Senang Seekor Gajah

(1)

Jurnal Disastri: Pendidikan Bahasa dan Sastra Indonesia Vol. 5, No.2, Agustus 2023

__________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________

Psychopathic Behavior in Children’s Characters … | 278

Jurnal Disastri:

Pendidikan Bahasa dan Sastra Indonesia Vol 5, No. 2, Agustus 2023

http://ejournal.unhasy.ac.id/index.php/disastri EISSN:2722-3329, PISSN:2716-411X

Psychopathic behavior in children’s characters: a study of psychoanalysis in short story of Membuat Senang Seekor Gajah

1Novia Adibatus Shofah

1Universitas Islam Negeri Sunan Ampel Surabaya, Indonesia Corresponding Author: [email protected]

Abstract

The child character after doing the murder is seen to have no guilt but looks satisfied, happy, and proud. This study aims to analyze the psychopathic behaviour of the children characters in a short story, Membuat Senang Seekor Gajah, by Eka Kurniawan. In the analysis, the researcher uses Sigmund Freud's psychoanalytic theory and the concept of psychopathy to discuss psychopathic problems in children characters. Researcher uses a pragmatic approach to find the meaning of psychopath in a short story. The results of this study indicate that the children characters experience an imbalance of id and ego, so they experience personality disorders, namely psychopaths. Children characters with psychopathic personalities cannot feel remorse, sadness, and fear of the sadism committed against the Elephant and are manipulative. Furthermore, the children characters enjoy mutilating animals to achieve personal satisfaction. Then, based on a pragmatic approach, depicting psychopaths in children is a contemporary criticism that describes a child's personality disorder due to unequal physical and mental health control.

Keywords: psychopath, personality disorder, psychoanalysis, short story

INTRODUCTION

The existence of various characteristics of figures in a literary work can make readers interested because the stories that are present can amaze the readers themselves. Literary works, concise short stories, often come with amazing endings that make the reader unable to stop imagining them and even still remembering or being amazed at every character presented. Generally, a short story comes with one character as its main, if not as a protagonist, then an antagonist (Alfin, 2014). The antagonist's central character also tends to give the reader an unforgettable ending; for example, in a short story entitled Membuat Senang Seekor Gajah by Eka Kurniawan, the ending story is about the happiness of siblings after killing an elephant.

The short story comes with one main character, the central antagonist, played by two siblings in a family. In the beginning, the short story tells of an elephant who feels

Article history Received:

17-06-2023 Revised:

28-6-2023 Accepted:

23-07-2023 Published:

27-08-2023

(2)

__________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________

Psychopathic Behavior in Children’s Characters … | 279 hot and wants to go into the refrigerator to cool off his body. Then, the Elephant came to a house, and the siblings consisting of a girl and a boy, allowed the Elephant to enter the house. After the elephant told the purpose of his arrival, the siblings agreed to allow the elephant's request to enter the refrigerator. The elephant's body was too big for the size of a refrigerator, so the siblings thought hard about how to fit the elephant's entire body into the refrigerator. Finally, the girl conveys her idea of cutting the elephant's body into several parts because she remembers her mother cutting meat and fruit to keep in the refrigerator. The siblings cut the elephant's body into legs, trunk, ears, and stomach.

Even so, the siblings still had trouble putting the elephant's body parts in because it was too big to put into the refrigerator. So the siblings cut the elephant's body into smaller pieces to fit every space and box in the refrigerator. However, several pieces of the elephant's body still could not fit into the refrigerator, so the elephant's meat and blood were scattered on the floor. Instantly, the girl realized that she had killed the elephant.

This makes the girl shows a sad face. On the other hand, the boy said that he had made the Elephant happy because he had allowed the Elephant to cool off in the refrigerator by cutting the Elephant's body. Realizing this, the siblings became even happier and said that day was the best because they had made the Elephant happy. The decision they made was the best decision of all time.

Through the story of Membuat Senang Seekor Gajah, it can be seen that the characters of children show certain personality disorders. Personality disorders are clearly presented throughout the story. One is when the child feels happy after killing and mutilating the elephant. However, the act of killing is an act to hurt and end the life of a person or animal. If someone is said to have a normal personality, then killing is a heinous act and creates unhappiness. However, in the case of someone with a certain personality disorder, actions that have an unhappy effect, such as hurting oneself and others, anxiety, fear of the opposite sex, and other crimes, can be one of the triggers for the emergence of personality disorders (Freud, 1962). One of the personality disorders is called a psychopath.

The short story's psychopathic problem can be examined using Sigmund Freud's psychoanalytic theory and psychopathic concept. Another reason for using this theory is that in psychoanalysis, researcher can examine psychological problems in characters in literary works (Darma, 2019). Moreover, the greatest psychoanalyst, Sigmund Freud, also developed his research on a person's personality through literary studies (Ahmadi, 2015). This is because literary works imply the author's creative process (Nisa’ & Sari, 2022), including psychological elements, so literary works can be analyzed using literary psychology or psychoanalysis (Ahmadi et al., 2019).

Along with the development of science, various psychoanalysts focus on personality disorders, one of which is a psychopath. Studied Freud's latest concept, which states that the id, ego, and superego play a role in forming a person's personality;

if there is an imbalance in the three aspects of personality fo rmation, personality disorders will exist (Freud, 1960). Psychopaths or a type of personality disorder have characteristics including failure to conform to social norms; deceitfulness or manipulativeness; impulsivity; irritability or aggressiveness; reckless disregard for the safety of self or others; consistent irresponsibility, and; lack of remorse after having hurt, mistreated, or stolen from another person (Fallon, 2013; Hare, 1993; Stout, 2006).

Several studies on portraying psychopaths in literature have also been carried out. Previous research on the novel Catharsis by Anastasia Aemilia described psychopathic behavior using Sigmund Freud's theory of psychopathic personality

(3)

__________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________

Psychopathic Behavior in Children’s Characters … | 280 disorder. Through its analysis, the research shows various forms of behavior that lead to psychopathic characteristics, such as anti-social, manipulator, aggressive, sadistic, have no feelings of guilt and regret. At the same time, the causative factors are biological and environmental (Rozali et al., 2018). Furthermore, the drama text titled Mirror by Nano Riantiarno also describes psychopathic behavior using a literary psychology approach and Sigmund Freud's theory of psychopathic personality. The analysis results are in the form of several psychopathic characteristics and their causal factors, namely biology and the environment (Zahidi & Qur’ani, 2021). The literature review shows that the analysis of literary works containing problems with psychopathic symptoms was carried out using the study of literary psychology or Sigmund Freud's psychoanalysis. In drama texts, novels, and short stories, it can also examine how the psychopathic phenomenon is presented in short stories. Meanwhile, this study is more inclined toward the analysis of short stories which reveal psychopathic behavior in the children's characters in short stories and the purpose or function of describing psychopaths for their readers. So it looks novelty in the study of literature from psychoanalysis's perspective.

However, several previous studies have discussed problems in Eka Kurniawan's short stories. The research was conducted by discussing the dreams in Eka Kurniawan's short story entitled Perempuan Patah Hati Yang Kembali Menemukan Cinta Melalui Mimpi as object of the research. The research aimed to discover how the manifest content and Al-Ru'ya condense the dream of the main character, Maya. The technical analysis used Sigmund Freud's psychoanalytic theory, which focused on dream interpretation. The results of the research were that psychic products affected the content of dreams, and dreams were believed to be the realization of desires, feelings, and beliefs, and magical instructions (Shofah et al., 2023). Furthermore, Eka Kurniawan's work entitled Seperti Dendam, Rindu Harus Dibayar Tuntas also revealed how the behavior and personality of the main character, Ajo Kawir, were discussed. The research has used the psychology of literature to describe Ajo Kawir's conscious and unconscious behavior. Ajo Kawir's personality type was extroverted, and the factors influencing his personality were endogenous and exogenous (Maulinda & Pratama, 2020). The literature review shows that Eka Kurniawan's short story, Membuat Senang Seekor Gajah, which focuses on discussing psychopathy in children's characters, has not been carried out by previous researchers. Thus, the researcher in this study analyzes the psychopathic issue presented to the child character by using Freud's psychoanalytic theory and psychopathic concept in a pragmatic/reader approach.

Research on psychopaths in short stories is important because the function of literary works is not only as entertainment but should provide certain value. One of the values that the reader can obtain is the meaning implied in the story's contents.

Therefore, this research used a pragmatic or reader approach to understand the depiction of a psychopathic character in the short story of Membuat Senang Seekor Gajah by Eka Kurniawan. By using the theory of psychoanalysis initiated by Sigmund Freud and the concept of psychopathy, this study can describe psychopathic behaviors in children characters.

METHOD

The research design in this research was literary research with qualitative methods. Qualitative method with a literary context interprets literary texts so that researcher can describe research data through written words (Ahmadi, 2019; Santosa, 2015). The pragmatic approach applied in this study aims to understand the results'

(4)

__________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________

Psychopathic Behavior in Children’s Characters … | 281 meaning and research discussion. Pragmatics saw literary texts as works that were composed to obtain certain effects from the reader, both various kinds of emotions that portray after reading the text and the reader's interpretive responses (Abrams, 1999).

The data source for this research was a short story by Eka Kurniawan entitled Membuat Senang Seekor Gajah which was published in 2015 in the form of a book collection of short stories entitled Perempuan Patah Hati Yang Kembali Menemukan Cinta Melalui Mimpi. The data of this study were the words, phrases, and sentences in the short story, which showed psychopathic behaviors in the child characters. The data collection technique used was note-taking. The researcher read the data source repeatedly and highlighted sentences showing psychopathic symptoms in children. In the analysis technique, the researcher described the relevant data by utilizing Sigmund Freud's psychoanalytic theory to analyze the imbalances of the child's id and ego. Then, the researcher described the data by utilizing the concept of psychopathy by some psychoanalyst such as Hare and Stout. By describing the data through these theories and concepts, researcher can investigate the intended meaning behind depicting psychopathic symptoms of children in literary works.

DISCUSSION

The researcher analyzes the psychopathic behaviors in the child characters or siblings (a boy and a girl) in the short story of Membuat Senang Seekor Gajah by Eka Kurniawan through Sigmund Freud's psychoanalytic theory and the concept of psychopathy by some psychoanalyst such as Hare and Stout. To Freud's psychoanalysis, the personality disorder seen in the child character is caused by an imbalance between the id and ego, resulting in deviant behaviors and showing psychopathic symptoms (Freud, 1960, 2019). Psychopathic symptoms that appear in characters are when they show criminal behavior, loss of empathy, loss of feelings of regret and guilt, loss of feelings of fear, manipulation, and impulsivity (Hart et al., 2003; Stout, 2006). Even though the child character does not show all of the psychopathic characteristics, several items show that the children character have psychopathic symptoms. The main thing is the crime committed. An assumption says that a psychopath and a criminal are indeed different, but the two are interrelated, giving a reason that a psychopath always has criminal behavior (Hart et al., 2003). In addition, depicting psychopaths in children in literary texts is an alarm for parents to seriously control the development of the child's personality since childhood.

1. Imbalance between Id and Ego

Generally, a kid behaves based on his instincts and tends to put aside the good and wrong of an action. The Id is the first basis for forming one's personality, and the Ego is the second basic form. The Id is an instinct that kids own, and because the outside world influences it, it metamorphoses into an Ego. The outside world is the sensations and emotions from within when instinctively changed unconsciously to form an Ego. The Ego is what appears or is stated as behavior (Freud, 2019).

If there is an imbalance between the Id and the outside world, then the Ego is shown to be immoral or changed to a personality disorder. The main focus of the Id is the achievement of desires and satisfaction with something in the form of the Ego (Lapsley &

Stey, 2011). In the short story of Membuat Senang Seekor Gajah, the child character's Id appears happy because he gets a new friend, the Elephant. Instinctively, kids will be happy when they have new friends. The short story begins with the visit of the Elephant at the kid's house.

(5)

__________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________

…., untuk sejenak si Gajah agak ragu untuk berbicara kepada kedua anak kecil tersebut. Namun, rupanya mereka dengan senang hati menerima kunjungannya.

…., for a moment the Elephant hesitated to speak to the two kids. However, apparently they were happy to receive his visit.

The girl and boy open the door of their house when the Elephant knocks on them.

Even though they had never met, the child allowed the Elephant into the house. Feelings of happiness and joy are shown in front of the Elephant, instantly warming the atmosphere. When the Elephant and the children were talking in the house, the Elephant began to tell the purpose of his arrival. The Elephant said that his arrival was to cool himself in the refrigerator because it was very hot outside the house. The children immediately responded well. The children replied to the Elephant's words that they often cooled himself in the refrigerator.

“Aku juga sering memasukkan kepala atau tanganku ke lemari itu. Memang segar. Apa salahnya kita memasukkan si Gajah sebentar saja?”

“I often keep in my head or my hand in that refrigerator too. Indeed, it is fresh. What's wrong with us taking the Elephant in for a bit?”

A child's Id instinct is seen when his body feels hot and needs cold temperatures to comfort body. What the child does, of course, is to put his body in the refrigerator, even if only on the head or hands. The child's Id is seen when there is a body response to wanting cool air, so to make it happen, the children obey their Ego to cool their body in the refrigerator.

This then triggers criminal behavior that the children will do to the Elephant. The children only pay attention to the Id's demands, so it is unconsciously done and manifests as an Ego. However, because of the imbalance between the Id and the outside world (inner sensations and emotions), the Ego appears to be immoral (Freud, 2019). This causes the children to behave immorally or show personality disorder symptoms. In this case, the child's personality disorder classifies into psychopathic behavior.

2. Psychopathic Symptoms of Child Characters 2.1 Association with Criminality

The imbalance of Id and Ego in the children's characters in the short story of Membuat Senang Seekor Gajah seems to cause abnormal behavior, that is when the child's character commits a crime against an animal. Motives of psychopathic symptoms are acts of hurting and harming others, even murdering. When referring to murder, it consists of several ways, one of which is mutilation. The crime committed by the children character aims to satisfy the perpetrator's motive, which are a pride and pleasure due to murdering.

Pertama mereka mencopot dan membagi-bagi keempat kakinya, lalu ekornya, lalu kepalanya, lalu telinganya yang lebar dan belalainya yang panjang. Perutnya masih terlalu besar juga, mereka terpaksa membaginya sebanyak dua puluh bagian.

First, they stripped and divided the four legs, the tail, the head, the wide ears, and the long trunk. His stomach was still too big, they had to divide it

(6)

__________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________

Psychopathic Behavior in Children’s Characters … | 283 by twenty portions.

The data shows that the children mutilated the elephant because they could not put the elephant in the refrigerator even though all the items had been removed. The children cut the elephant's body into several parts, including the legs, tail, head, ears, trunk, and stomach. All parts of the elephant's body were cut off so the children could put the elephant in the fridge. Based on the concept of psychopaths, psychopaths are closely related to criminality. It turns out that the pleasure between psychopathic symptoms and criminality is in the satisfaction of the perpetrator because of doing a murder.

2.2 Lack of Regret and Guilt

The absence of regret and guilt also marks the next psychopathic symptom. Regret and guilt after doing a murder are normal emotions in a person with a normal personality.

If a person does not have feelings of regret or guilt after killing, then the person has a personality disorder, a type of psychopath.

“Ya, ia pasti senang. Paling tidak sebagian tubuhnya senang. “ Tiba-tiba si anak perempuan tak lagi merasa sedih.

"Yes, he must be pleased. At least part of her body was happy. “Suddenly the girl no longer felt sad.

Two children's characters in the short story of Membuat Senang Seekor Gajah are a girl and a boy. While the two of them were busy putting the elephant's body in the refrigerator, the girl was surprised and realized about what she had done. It turns out a sadness for the girl. In the other hand, the boy made the girl realize that what they had done was an act that needed to be appreciated. A murdering act by succeeding in putting the elephant's body in the fridge should make them happy even though only parts of elephant’s body fit into the refrigerator. They had granted the Elephant's wish to cool himself in the refrigerator, even it is only partially. After that, the girl was no longer sad.

They are fully happy. Feeling happy because they has committed a criminal act of murder and it was one of the symptoms of psychopathy. It is caused by an imbalance between the Id and the Ego, so the murdering happens. The id, which is influenced by external circumstances, that are the desire to please the elephant, leads it not to be a crime of murder. People with a normal personality always pay attention and consider morals to release their Ego.

2.3 Irresponsible

One of the main symptoms that are very close to the characteristics of a psychopath is the crime committed by the perpetrator. The perpetrator will not fear committing a crime because the perpetrator focuses on achieving the motive, that is satisfaction of desires in the human Id. In the story, the children suddenly remember when their mother cutting vegetables and meat into small pieces to put in the fridge.

Those memories call action for the children.

Si anak perempuan terdiam sejenak, kemudian muncul dengan satu gagasan,

“Mungkin kita harus memotong-motongnya. Potong kecil-kecil sehingga bisa masuk ke lemari”

The girl was silent for a moment, then came up with an idea, “Maybe we

(7)

__________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________

Psychopathic Behavior in Children’s Characters … | 284 should dismember it. Cut it into small pieces so they can fit in the cupboard”

The memories of their childhood will instinctively be their ideas to do mutilating.

As we know, the children tend to imitate the behavior of their mom and crudely imitate them. The girl who realized that the Elephant's body was too big to put in the fridge immediately had the idea to cut the body parts into small cubes/pieces. She did this because she was inspired by her mother when slicing meat, fruit, and vegetables.

After being satisfied with cutting the elephant's body parts into smaller pieces, the children felt satisfied and proud. For them, the act of mutilation should be appreciated because it granted the elephant's request to enter the refrigerator. The children even declared that that is the happiest day because they had served an elephant.

Bahkan hari itu kemudian akan selalu mereka anggap sebagai hari paling menyenangkan dalam hidup mereka sebab mereka berhasil membuat si Gajah senang. Membuat senang sebagian tubuh si Gajah, paling tidak.

Even that day later they will always think of as the happiest day of their life because they managed to make the elephant happy. Makes part of the Elephant's body happy, at least.

The feeling of joy and feeling not afraid of the mutilation are irresponsible action from people with psychopathy symptoms. The children are still happy and proud because they can keep part of the elephant's body into the refrigerator. The children think that the Elephant was finally happy and feeling fresh in the fridge. This is an ironic that the murdering becomes a factor of the best moment in their life. This proves that the children have a psychopathic personality disorder.

2.4 Manipulation

One of the characteristics of the psychopathic symptoms that appear in the children of short story of Membuat Senang Seekor Gajah is a manipulative act to convince his sister that his criminal act was a good thing. This is shown in the following data. The boy noticed that the girl felt uncomfortable seeing the blood on the floor after mutilating the Elephant. After that, the boy persuaded her that their mission had been successful, and indeed the Elephant was satisfied instead of sad. The boy acted manipulatively by saying that the Elephant must be happy because they put part of the Elephant's body in the fridge.

“Benar juga,” kata si anak lelaki. “Tapi paling tidak kita berhasil membuat sebagian tubuhnya masuk ke lemari pendingin. Itu pasti bikin si Gajah senang”

"That's true," said the boy. “But at least we managed to get some of his body into the freezer. That must make the Elephant happy”

In the short story, the boy persuades the girl that what they do is kindness to the Elephant. In the sentence below, the boy is still reassuring the girl that their main goal is to make the Elephant happy because the Elephant asked to enter the refrigerato r. Their main goal is only one: to grant the elephant's request and make him happy. It makes them believe that they do not do criminality at all.

(8)

__________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________

“Membuatnya senang kupikir hal yang lebih penting daripada apa pun,” kata si anak lelaki. “Percuma is hidup jika tidak senang.” Si anak perempuan mengangguk-angguk setuju dan tersenyum riang.

"Makes him happy I think more important than anything else," said the boy.

"It's useless to live if you are not happy." The girl nodded in agreement and smiled cheerfully.

The boy persuade the girl to believe and be happy. The girl agrees with the boy's mindset that the Elephant must be sad if he is still alive because he cannot enter the fridge.

Finally, the happy girl realized that she had made the Elephant happy.

3. A Disaster: Childhood Personality Disorder

Humans are often said to be healthy if they have a proportional body, are not physically ill, and are actively moving. However, society has forgotten that there is a soul in the human body. Mental health is just as important as physical health. Unfortunately, adults and parents tend to worry when they find themselves or their children experiencing physical pain, such as coughing, dizziness, vomiting, and others. On the other hand, when a person experiences an oddity in his personality or mentality, for example, someone becomes easily angry, cries easily, has difficulty distinguishing good or bad actions, cannot socialize, and even likes to commit acts of violence. That person tends to ignore it and perceive it as something harmless. Physically healthy measures make adults and parents only focus on ensuring their child's nutritional needs but ignore the child's personality growth and development.

This is illustrated through literary works as a picture of actual reality. In the short story of Membuat Senang Seekor Gajah, the children are described as unhealthy because of their personality. This is because an imbalance between the child's Id and Ego affects their social construction. Apart from the absurdity of an animal that can talk to humans, the short story of Membuat Senang Seekor Gajah makes researcher and bitter reader sees the reality in it. Children have psychiatric illnesses with several psychopathic symptoms, such as criminal behavior, loss of feelings of regret and guilt, loss of fear, manipulation, and irresponsible. The behavior that appears in the children in the short story describes a disaster in the child's growth and development that damages the child's personality, not physical. Through the depiction of child psychopaths, it can be seen that the damage to a child's personality is equally dangerous and frightening with physical illness. So, from now on, adults and parents should pay attention to children's health from two sides, both physically and personality.

CONCLUSION

The problem successfully analyzed in the short story of Membuat Senang Seekor Gajah is the psychopathic behaviour of the children characters. This study aims to determine the symptoms of psychopathy in children's characters and to find out the meaning of short stories through pragmatic reading. Through the results of the analysis, it is known that the children character show an imbalance between Id and Ego so that they have psychopathic symptoms such as criminal act by mutilating the Elephant, loss of guilt, regret, and fear when doing a crime, and the last is thinking manipulatively and irresponsible. From a pragmatic perspective, the symptoms of child psychopathy that appear in the short story are a criticism of the perception of children's health that is not balanced between physically and mentally. These two things must go balanced so that

(9)

__________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________

Psychopathic Behavior in Children’s Characters … | 286 children grow and develop normally and are healthy. Children's personality disorder is a disaster if parents do not immediately act on it. The existence of personality disorders in children will have an impact on unhealthy social relationships because children cannot show feelings of empathy and tend to interact negatively, as described in the short story. In order to enrich research on psychopathy in literature, the short story of Membuat Senang Seekor Gajah can be further studied using Hare's perspective on indicators of psychopathic acts.

REFERENCES

Abrams, M. H. (1999). A Glossary of Literary Terms (C. Brantley (ed.); 7th Editio). Earl McPeek Heinle & Heinle Thomson Learning.

Ahmadi, A. (2015). Psikologi Sastra. In Repository UNESA (Issue Maret).

Ahmadi, A. (2019). Metode Penelitian Sastra Perspektif Monodisipliner dan Interdisipliner (N.

R. Hariyati (ed.); Cetakan pe). Graniti Anggota IKAPI.

Ahmadi, A., Ghazali, A. S., Dermawan, T., & Maryaeni. (2019). Ecopsychology and Psychology of Literature: Concretization of Human Biophilia That Loves the Environment in Two Indonesian Novels. The International Journal of Literary Humanities, 17(1), 47–59.

https://www.academia.edu/download/34753590/H13_45513_FINA.pdf

Alfin, J. (2014). Apresiasi Sastra Indonesia (A. Mansyuri (ed.); Cetakan pe). UIN Sunan Ampel Press.

Darma, B. (2019). Pengantar Teori Sastra. PT Kompas Media Nusantara.

Fallon, J. (2013). The Psychopath Inside: A Neuroscientist’s Personal Journey into the Dark Side of the Brain. Penguin Group.

Freud, S. (1960). The Ego and the Id (J. Strachey (ed.); Translated, Vol. 149, Issue 12).

W.W.Norton & Company. https://doi.org/10.1176/ajp.149.12.1734

Freud, S. (1962). Civilization and Its Discontents (J. Strachey (ed.); First Edit). W.W.Norton &

Company. https://doi.org/10.1080/07351690.2012.703896 Freud, S. (2019). Ego and The Id (Translated). Clydesdale Press.

Hare, R. D. (1993). Without Conscience- The Disturbing World of the Psychopaths Among Us.

The Guilford Press.

Hart, S. D., Cox, D. N., & Hare, R. D. (2003). Hare Psychopathy Checklist Screening Version (PCL:SV) (Printed). Multi-Health Systems Inc.

Lapsley, D. K., & Stey, P. C. (2011). Id, Ego, and Superego. Encyclopedia of Human Behavior, 2, 1–9.

Maulinda, R., & Pratama, W. A. (2020). Perilaku Abnormal Tokoh Ajo Kawir Pada Novel Seperti Dendam, Rindu Harus Dibayar Tuntas Karya Eka Kurniawan. Jurnal

Metamorfosa, 8(2), 245–255. https://doi.org/10.46244/metamorfosa.v8i2.1120 Nisa’, Z., & Sari, R. H. (2022). Characteristics Of The Main Characters Of “Alif” In The Five

Tower State Novel By Ahmad Fuadi (Review Of Literature Psychology). Jurnal DISASTRI (Pendidikan Bahasa Dan Sastra Indonesia), 4(1), 66–75.

Rozali, R., Mulyono, & IRP, M. I. A. (2018). Fenomena Perilaku Psikopat Dalam Novel

Katarsis Karya Anastasia Aemilia: Kajian Psikologi Sastra. Jurnal Sastra Indonesia, 7(3), 173–178. https://doi.org/10.15294/jsi.v7i3.29841

Santosa, P. (2015). Metodologi Penelitian Sastra Paradigma, Proposal, Pelaporan, dan Penerapan (D. P. Prabowo (ed.); Cetakan 1, Issue Juli). Azzagrafika.

Shofah, N. A., Shofiyuddin, H., & Pitaloka, D. (2023). The Manifest Content and Al- Ru’ya : Condensation of Dreams in the Short Story " Perempuan Patah Hati Yang Kembali

(10)

__________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________

Psychopathic Behavior in Children’s Characters … | 287 Menemukan Cinta Melalui Mimpi ". Jurnal Bahasa Dan Sastra, 11(1), 1–9.

https://doi.org/10.24036/jbs.v11i1.121947

Stout, M. (2006). The Sociopath Next Door. Three Rivers Press.

Zahidi, M. K., & Qur’ani, H. B. (2021). Citraan Psikopat pada Tokoh Utama dalam Naskah Drama “Cermin” Karya Nano Riantiarno. Deiksis, 13(2), 178.

https://doi.org/10.30998/deiksis.v13i2.6463