FAKULTAS PERTANIAN UNIVERSITAS MURIA KUDUS
FAZAT FAIRUZIA
2023
Definisi
1 2
3
4 5
Pembentukan Bunga
Penyerbukan Pembentukan Biji
Pembentukan Buah
DEFINITION: Generative Growth
The growth related to flower, fruit, &
seed development
FLOWER PARTS
Pembentukan Bunga
2
4
5 1
3 Penyerbukan
Pembentukan Biji
Pembentukan Buah
Definisi
Flower Formation
Pengangkuta n hara, air, &
makanan ke bunga meningkat Respirasi &
asimilasi meningkat Meristem
generative Pembelahan
sel (meiosis) sel ranting &
dahan Hormon & zat
pembungaan u/
(florigen)
1) Florigen, or flowering hormone, is thought to be a protein insulin particle that controls or enhances the flower initiation process in plants.
2) These florigens are made in the leaf and are found in the bud's stem and root apical meristems and growing tips.
3) In other words, they are believed to be involved in the apical meristems' system-wide boosting of flowering and growth amplification in other vegetative meristematic.
4) Discovered In 1865 a German scientist named Julius von Sachs
Proses diferensiasi meristem vegetative ke generatif
• A. Pucuk; B. Meristem pucuk menjadi datar;
C. Inisiasi dari bagian bunga; D. Inisiasi dari petal; E. Inisiasi
(lanjutan); F.
diferensiasi sempurna dari kuncup bunga
(Darmawan &
Baharsjah. (2010).
Dasar-Dasar Fisiologi Tanaman. Jakarta:
SITC.)
Flower Initiation & Organogenesis
Dubois, Annick;
Remay, Arnaud;
Raymond, Olivier;
Balzergue, Sandrine;
Chauvet, Aurélie;
Maene, Marion; et al.
(2015). Rose flower development stages..
PLOS ONE. Figure.
https://doi.org/10.
1371/journal.pone.0 028455.g001
Cruz-Valderrama, J. E., Bernal-Gallardo, J. J., Herrera-Ubaldo, H., & de Folter, S. (2021). Building a Flower:
The Influence of Cell Wall Composition on Flower Development and Reproduction. Genes, 12(7), 978.
MDPI AG. Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes12070978
Genes responsible for flowering
Guo, S., Sun, B., Looi, L., Xu, Y., Gan, E., Huang, J., & Ito, T. (2015). Co-ordination of Flower
Development Through Epigenetic Regulation in Two Model Species: Rice and Arabidopsis. Plant & cell physiology, 56 5, 830-42 .
Penyerbukan
3 4
5
1 2
Pembentukan Biji
Pembentukan Buah Definisi
Pembentukan Bunga
Fertilization process
Amasino, R. M., Cheung, A. Y., Dresselhaus, T., & Kuhlemeier, C. (2017). Focus on Flowering and Reproduction. Plant physiology, 173(1), 1–4. https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.16.01867
Jenis penyerbukan pada tanaman
PENYER BUKAN
JENIS BIJI
ASAL POLLEN
FAKTOR PEMBANTU
ANGIOSPERMAE GIMNOSPERMAE
AUTOGAMI
GEINOTOGAMI ALOGAMI/
XENOGAMI HIBRIDOGAMI
HIDROGAMI ANEMOGAMI
ZOIDIOGAMI
Entemogami
Malakoogami
Antripogami
Kiroptegami
Dasar penyerbukan tanaman
plant with hermaphrodite
flowers
monoecious plant dioecious plant
JENIS BIJI
1. Tumbuhan biji terbuka
(gymnospermae): penyerbukannya menghasilkan pembuahan tunggal karena langsung menempelkan
serbuk sari ke mikrofil. ex: bunga melinjo, pinus, damar, pakis haji, dan cycas.
2. Tumbuhan biji tertutup
(angiospermae): penyerbukannya menghasilkan pembuahan ganda karena serbuk sari menempel ke kepala putik lebih dulu, baru
berjalan ke mikrofil.
ASAL SERBUK SARI (POLLEN)
1. Penyerbukan sendiri (Autogami)/ penyerbukan sebunga : proses menempelnya serbuk sari dari bunga tersebut langsung ke putik di bunga itu juga. Penyerbukan terjadi pada satu bunga yang sama. Contoh : tanaman mangga, jambu, rambutan, dan bunga telang.
2. Penyerbukan tetangga (geitonogami)/ penyerbukan serumah: proses penyerbukan antar bunga di satu tanaman atau pohon yang sama. Serbuk sari dari bunga satu
menempel ke putik dari bunga yang lain di satu pohon yang sama. Contoh: tanaman jagung, padi, dan kelapa sawit.
3. Penyerbukan silang (alogami/Xenogami): proses penyerbukan antara bunga yang satu dengan bunga lainnya dari pohon yang berbeda, namun masih satu jenis tanaman.
Contoh: tanaman bunga mawar merah dan bunga mawar putih.
4. Penyerbukan bastar (hibridogami) : proses penyerbukan antara bunga yang satu dengan bunga lainnya namun berbeda jenis tanaman. Contoh: antara tanaman jambu batu
merah dengan jambu batu putih. Lalu, bunga lili kuning dengan bunga lili merah.
FAKTOR PEMBANTU
1. Penyerbukan dengan bantuan angin (anemogami): Angin menerbangkan serbuk sari dari bunga yang satu. Lalu, serbuk sari terjatuh ke putik bunga lain. Contoh: tanaman padi, jagung, dan rumput-rumputan.
2. Penyerbukan dengan bantuan air (hidrogami) : Air membawa serbuk sari kemudian mengalirkannya ke putik. Contoh: tanaman eceng gondok dan teratai.
3. Penyerbukan dengan bantuan hewan (zoidiogami) seperti serangga, siput, sampai kelelawar. Hewan-hewan ini membawa serbuk sari dari bunga yang satu, kemudian mereka hinggap ke bunga yang lain dan menjatuhkan serbuk sari ke putik. Contoh:
pada pohon jambu, mangga, jeruk, hingga pepaya. Jenis penyerbukan zoidiogami:
a. Entomogami: Penyerbukan yang dibantu oleh serangga, misalnya lalat, kumbang, dan lebah.
b. Malakogami: Penyerbukan yang dibantu oleh siput atau bekicot.
c. Kiropterogami: Penyerbukan yang dibantu kelelawar.
d. Antripogami: Penyerbukan yang dibantu oleh manusia, seperti pada pohon vanili dan anggrek
Pembentukan Biji
4 5
1
2 3
Pembentukan Buah
Definisi
Pembentukan Bunga
Penyerbukan
Pembentukan Biji
• OVUL MENJADI BIJI
• OVARY MENJADI BUAH
Anther
Pollen grain
Pistil
(Female organ)
ovul & ovary
Pembentukan Biji
https://blogs.biomedcentral.com/on- biology/2016/05/18/plant-parenthood/
1. Kepala putik (stigma ) yang telah masak mengeluarkan lendir yang mengandung larutan gula dan zat-zat lain (protein, mis a group of cysteine-rich peptides, called
LUREs) yang diperlukan untuk perkecambahan polen.
2. Polen normal menyerap cairan di kepala putik , menggembung dan berkecambah 3. dinding luar poleh pecah, serbuk polen
terus mengembang , isi polen (protoplasma + 2 inti sel) , 1 inti sel menjadi tabung polen dan inti lain menjadi sel generatif yg
membuahi SEL SINERGID di dalam ovul
megasporagenesis mIkrosporagenesis
MEGASPORAGENESIS &
MIKROSPORAGENESIS
Pembentukan biji
bagian kantung embrio yang telah
dibuahi
Proses pollen masuk ke
ovul
Pembentukan Biji Gymnospermae
Pembentukan Buah
5 1
2
3 4
Definisi
Penyerbukan
Pembentukan Bunga
Pembentukan Biji
PEMBENTUKAN BUAH:
1. perkembangan dan pembesaran dari pistil 2. pembungaan gagal: bunga gugur
3. pembungaan berhasil: auksin pada tepung sari diteruskan ke bakal buah u/
perkembangan buah
4. telur --> dibuahi --> embrio --> inti endosperma --> endosperma
5. selama perkembangan buah, pertumbuhan vegetatif terhambat (cadangan makanan di batang & akar minim)
6. buah ukuran optimal --> terbentuk gas etilen yg mempercepat proses pemasakan
FASE PEMBENTUKAN BUAH
Divided into four major phases,
• fruit set,
• rapid cell division,
• cell enlargement, and
• maturation and ripening
Jahed KR and Hirst PM (2023) Fruit growth and development in apple: a
molecular, genomics and epigenetics perspective. Front. Plant Sci. 14:1122397.
doi: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1122397
Example of fruit development
Ariizumi et. al. (2013). Genes that influence yield in tomato.
Breeding Science 63: 3–13. doi:10.1270/jsbbs.63.3 Vignati, E., Lipska, M., Dunwell, J. M., Caccamo, M., & Simkin, A. J.
(2022). Fruit Development in Sweet Cherry. Plants, 11(12), 1531. MDPI AG. Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants11121531
FRUIT SET
• Fruit set involves the decision whether to abort the ovary or proceed with fruit development. Fruit set is normally dependent on pollination. Pollen triggers fruit development indicating that positive signals are generated during pollination. In the absence of these signals, the flowers abscise.
• Growing pollen produces GA and application of GA can induce parthenocarpic fruit, therefore it is believed that GA is a triggering signal. Lagging slightly behind the growing pollen tube is a wave of increased auxin production by the style and then the ovary.
• Auxin application can also induce parthenocarpy and so it is thought that GA acts by inducing auxin production.
• An ovary must be stimulated in some way for fruit growth to occur; this is normally by pollination and fertilisation.
• This important principle was established as early that gibberellins and auxins are involved in the pollination stimulus. Subsequent hormone production by the fertilised ovary is critical to
stimulating fruit development (Nitsch, 1970).
• By implication, a suitable balance of growth regulators applied to unpollinated fruitlets can result in fruit set, and in practice gibberellins GA4 and GA7 are very effective in setting parthenocarpic (seedless) apple fruit (Dennis 1986).
• Such results confirm that growth regulators " alone or in combination " can trigger cell division in ovaries or related tissues that ultimately become fruits.
•
FRUIT SET occurs after pollen is released from male flower parts
(anthers), lands on receptive female flower parts (stigmas), produces a tube that grows to the ovules, and fertilizes eggs contained in them.
•
Fertilized eggs form seeds, which
induce surrounding (pericarp) tissues to grow and form a fruit.
•
The final form of the fruit is
dependent upon the contributing
number and type of floral organ
components, the position of the
contributing organs, and how the
different tissues within them grow
and differentiate.
Cell division
• During the first one to four weeks, flesh volume increases rapidly and embryo volume remains small.
• Growth at this time is mainly the result of cell division. In many commercial fruits (e.g. apple, kiwifruit, tomato and peach), cell division may cease a few weeks after anthesis, and fruit
growth slows down, reflected as an inflection in the growth curve, and signaling an end to the first sigmoid phase.
• A second phase begins where the pericarp resumes growth and continues to enlarge until slowing for a second time as fruit mature.
• The phase of rapid cell division involves all growing parts of the fruit. This is thought to be controlled by the developing seeds.
• The number of fertilized ovules in a fruit is correlated with both the initial cell division rate and the final size of the fruit.
• Also, fruits with an uneven distribution of seeds are often lopsided. There is a correlation between cytokinin levels in developing embryos and cell division in surrounding tissues but there is no direct evidence that embryo cytokinin in fact regulates fruit cell division.
• It is difficult to reconcile the complete development of parthenocarpic fruit with the
requirement of embryos for cell division except to say that parthenocarpy represents an abnormal situation.
Cell differentiation
• Patterns of cell growth and differentiation in cell layers can influence the quality of mature fruit.
• As cell size increases during development, other accompanying characteristics also change, such as cell wall thickness, differentiation of specific cell types (e.g.
sclereids) and formation of cell inclusions (oil, raphides).
• Extent and distribution of airspaces are particularly important, affecting both
fruit texture and physiological properties.
Cell expansion (2nd phase)
• mainly accomplished by cell expansion in longitudinal, radial and angential planes. Longitudinal growth, where cells enlarge parallel to the long axis of the fruit, will often be a big factor for development of elongate fruits such as cucumber and marrow.
• Radial growth increases diameter as in some pumpkins. Increases in cell volume during fruit growth can be considerable. Mature
watermelons end up with some of the largest parenchyma cells in the Plant Kingdom, about 0.7 mm in diameter (Bollard 1970).
• Cell enlargement is not a uniform process. Cells in various regions of a fruit often enlarge at different rates and in different planes, so that
many mature fruit show strong gradients in cell size from their surface to the centre. The seeds developing inside the ovary wall produce
hormones.
Cell expansion (2nd phase)
• At first they produce cytokinins which are hormones that are exported from the seed and cause cell division in the ovary wall. This, of course, adds some thickness to the wall of the growing fruit. Next, the developing seeds produce gibberellic
acid which is exported to the wall of the ovary and causes rapid expansion of each of the cells.
• The rate and duration of cell division varies among fruits and also among tissues within a fruit. Tissues made up of many small cells at maturity continue dividing while tissues composed of large cells have begun expanding. Cell expansion
accounts for the largest increase in fruit volume, often contributing in excess of a 100 fold size increase.
• Gibberellins are also associated with fruit expansion and removal of the seeds from pea pods inhibited GA biosynthesis in the pericarp. Many believe that auxins from seeds regulate cell expansion of the pericarp, but auxin application does not
always compensate for seed removal, and in an auxin insensitive tomato mutant,
fruit growth is normal
Seed development and Fruit growth
•
Such interdependence between seed development and fruit growth shows up in final size, and apple seed numbers frequently correlate with fruit growth or with shape and size of fruit.
•
As a case in point, inadequate pollination of kiwifruit results in distortion, and a curvilinear relationship emerges between seed number and fruit weight.
•
A similar response is obtained when young seeds are surgically removed from
immature strawberry fruits, causing a corresponding distortion in flesh development.
•
Despite ample evidence that natural control of fruit shape is primarily exerted by plant hormones originating from seeds and stimulating growth to varying degrees, this is not true for all fruit.
•
In banana, fertile seeds actually suppress development of the fleshy pulp. In this anomalous case, fertilisation failure allows an ovary to grow.
•
In marrow, tomato and kiwifruit, ovary shape dictates spatial distribution of seeds.
They in turn influence pericarp growth, so that fruit size and shape then become a
function of initial ovary shape plus subsequent fertilisation and seed development.
Faktor yang berpengaruh pada pembungaan
•
Intensitas cahaya matahari: meningkatkan cadangan makanan/ energi u/ pembungan
•
Kualitas cahaya: bagian sinar jingga dan merah sangat penting u/ pembungaan,
•
Panjang hari (fotoperiodisitas): ada tanaman yang dirangsang oleh hari pendek dan hari panjang
•
Suhu: berpengaruh pada pembentukan zat tumbuh & pengaruh fotoperiodisitas, terutama oada reaksi biokimia
•
Metabolisme karbohidrat dan nitrogen: meski pembungaan dirangsang oleh hormon, rasio C/N juga penting. C/N rendah merangsang pertumbuhan vegetatif, & nisbah rasio c/N tinggi merangsang pembungaan.
•
