QUALITY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
A. Understanding System
In terms of etymology, the word system actually comes from the Greek
"Systema", which in English is known as "SYSTEM", which has one meaning, namely a set of parts or components that are interconnected on a regular basis and constitute an inseparable whole. The following is the understanding of the system given by experts:
Buckley
“A whole that functions as a whole by virtue of the interdependence of its parts”
A system is a group of components consisting of humans and/or non-humans (non-humans) that are organized and arranged in such a way that these components can act as one unit in achieving goals, common goals or end results. This understanding implies the importance of regulating and organizing the components of a system to achieve common goals, because if there is no proper synchronization and coordination, then the activities of each component, sub-system or field within an organization will not support each other.
B.S. Blanchard (1990)
Engineering System is an effective application of science and engineering efforts in order to realize operational requirements into a specific configuration system, through interrelated processes in the form of definition of functional analysis requirements, synthesis, optimization, design, test and evaluation.
System usage can be broadly classified into 2 usage groups, namely:
1. Shows a physical form, a form of object, abstract or concrete, including a conception known as descriptive
2. Shows a method or procedures known as prescriptive
The system is most often used to indicate the notion of a method or method and a set of elements or components that are interconnected with each other to form a single unit.
B. Descriptive / Prescriptive
It's a car. This is a car that can provide economical transportation services. This is an investment program that will increase dividends. This is a safety device that will prevent accidents. The example above shows a form of goods or objects in a descriptive sense, which is different from objects used in a prescriptive sense, namely as a method or tool to achieve something.
The concept of understanding the system as a method is known in a general sense as a systems approach which is the application of the scientific method in solving a problem.
There are many causes for the occurrence of a problem. So the systems approach recognizes the complexity in most problems. For example, in the case of a car accident, we cannot assume that the accident occurred as a result of the car being driven at speed.
When examined more closely, there are many factors that can cause car accidents. In short it can be said that there are many benefits that we get by making systematic conclusions or decisions.
C. System Definition
Is a set of elements that carry out an activity or develop a scheme or procedure for carrying out a processing activity to achieve one or more goals, utilize or process or enforce product requirements, schedules, raw materials and electrical power that is converted into mechanical power to produce works, products and information that has been planned or determined when subscribers need it.
Management information System. A collection of people, a set of guidelines and data processing equipment selects, stores, processes and retrieves data (processes data and materials) to reduce uncertainty in decision making by producing or providing information for/to leaders when these leaders can use it as efficiently as possible .
Business Organization System. A group of people seeking and processing material and information sources to achieve a variety of common goals including economic benefits for the company by organizing spending or budgeting, designing, producing and marketing. in
order to produce the final product and successfully market it in a certain minimum amount per year.
If you pay attention to the three examples above, it appears that there is an element of definition that is always there, namely:
1. Set of Elements 2. System Purpose
3. Form of System Activity Results or Processes in the Time Period of the construction system
What about the notion of a system associated with construction, which is often written with a construction system. Actually the word construction according to Indonesian is closer to the word from the Dutch "Konstruktie", because the word construction meant here is the form of a building. So the word Construction must be a noun. So the construction here is not a direct translation from English, namely from the word
"construction", which means development. So that "Construction System" according to English is more precisely translated into a Development System which is close to the notion of "Construction Management". So what is meant by a Construction System here is a building system or types of buildings or in English it is actually more accurately called a
"Structural System".
By using the concept above, the Construction System can be interpreted as a group of people, a set of guidelines and regulations, facilities, data processing equipment carrying out activities or working to produce a certain amount and type of construction by utilizing or imposing technical requirements, natural resources, human resources in order to produce work and information that has been planned or determined when needed.
Furthermore, the Construction System in this case also implies a combination and cooperation of all Construction elements, so as to form a compact and integrated whole into a building for a certain benefit.
In the case of Civil Building Construction, especially Bridge Construction, what is meant by a Construction System is a construction that is composed by or consists of sub-systems, namely: Upper Bridge Buildings, Under Bridge Buildings, and Equipped with Bridge
Complementary Buildings. Furthermore, if we reduce the discussion of the analysis one level below, namely by detailing the sub-system elements of the Bridge Superstructure, we can explain further that the Superstructure is composed of Main Girder, Diaphragm, Floor- Bridge, Sidewalk, Railing-Post, and Handrail. Railings. Paying attention to the description above, we can conclude that each system can be described in the form of sub-systems at the level below it. And in general we can describe a system in the form of a hierarchy with various levels.
Let's review the system of a tree, where each tree will consist of sub-systems below, namely: trunk, branches, twigs, leaves and fruit and roots. The elements of the tree work together to obtain certain benefits, among others, to sustain life and produce reproduction.
If one or more of the elements of the sub-system does not work or is missing, we cannot say that the combination of incomplete elements is a system.
In a more complex system such as Humans, we can see a hierarchy as follows: Humans as a whole and complete we can call level-1. Furthermore, the sub-system that is directly under it, namely at level-2, we can describe it into the Head, Body and Limbs.
Furthermore, if we examine further at the next sub-system level, namely at level-3, we can also describe the head further, namely consisting of eyes, ears, mouth, nose, and face. And so on at level-4 it can be further broken down, namely for the Ears it can be further broken down into: the auricles, the ear canals, the eustachian canal and the eardrums.
If we look at this system with its linkages to support from other units, then in structures that have the same system level, namely Construction Technology, Construction Expertise, construction business institutions and Construction services, we will find a collection of systems called the "CONSTRUCTION FIELD". Furthermore, if we look at a higher order which is known as the "Supra-System", then we will find a system that has a wider and more comprehensive scope, for example a certain road segment we can call a Supra-System of bridges located on these sections, then we can also name these roads as sub-systems of a wider road network system.
Furthermore, this road network system, we can also call it a sub-system of land transportation modes, where we can also state this land transportation mode as a sub- system of the national transportation system which includes all existing modes of transportation, namely land transportation, sea transportation , and air transportation.
D. Assessment of the System
We can say that a system is optimum if all the elements that support the system also reach an optimum value. Above we have discussed several elements that support the realization of an optimum system, namely:
1. Construction Technology 2. Construction Skills 3. Construction Institutions 4. Construction service
In addition to the four main elements mentioned above, there are several other elements that are no less important to take into consideration separately here, although we can also discuss some of these elements implicitly in each of these elements. The other important elements are as follows:
1. effective-Efficient 2. economical 3. financial-viable
4. durability, conformity with the age of the plan 5. the principle of Benefit, partiality to the Public
6. Integration system, against other systems in its environment 7. and others (environmental, etc.).
All of the above elements must be taken into consideration when evaluating a construction system, whether the system is optimal or not. What becomes a further problem is the weighting of each element. Are we going to give the same weight or with
different weights, according to common-sense the weights for each of these elements should not be the same, depending on the level of importance of each element being reviewed, so it really depends on the level of Intervention-Policy that we set.
E. Construction Technology
The definition of technology actually comes from the French word "La Teknique" which can be interpreted as "all processes carried out in an effort to realize something rationally". In this case what is meant by something can be in the form of an object or a concept, the limitation of ways, namely rationally, is very important to understand here so that the creation or realization of something can be carried out repeatedly (repetition). It's different when we talk about an art product where the manufacturing process is carried out intuitively so it's not rational, so that the work of art cannot be categorized as a product of technology. If the discussion of this discourse is developed further, the word technology usually has a popular word pair, namely science, which is the word pair science and technology. Actually the word Science is closer to the answer to the word "WHY", then the word Technology on the other hand is very close to the meaning of the word answer to
"HOW".
If we compare the mastery of steel construction technology with concrete construction in general, we can see that based on experience so far that the technology for making concrete construction is more controlled by our nation, when compared to steel technology, this is because all the elements of concrete-making materials are widely available. in Java Island, because of that, we set the rating value for concrete construction with a value of 5, while for steel construction we set it with a value of 3
Furthermore, if we give an assessment of construction expertise, then we can know clearly that the number of skilled workers and experts engaged in making concrete construction is more numerous and easier to find when compared to skilled workers and experts in the field of steel construction, so we can conclude here that the rating value for concrete construction is definitely higher when compared to steel construction, therefore we decide the value for concrete we take 5 and for steel construction we take a value of 3.
F. Construction service
Assessment of the system when viewed from the perspective of Construction Services, of course, will involve assessing whether the implementation of Construction Services in Indonesia already has a strong legal basis, as well as whether the implementation of construction services here is based on Market-Oriented principles. So the free competition system has been implemented in such a way that security guarantees for the implementation of construction services can develop based on the principles of free competition, which enables the business world in the construction services sector to truly live and develop in a healthy manner based on the above principles and supported by the development of professionalism.
In terms of comparison of Steel Construction Systems, when we compare it with concrete construction systems, conclusions can be drawn based on the facts that the implementation of concrete construction will be easier and more preferable than the implementation of Steel Construction, because of that the determination of the rating value taken is parallel to this. above, namely a value of 5 for concrete construction and a value of 3 for steel construction. The next assessment will be aimed at external values, namely effectiveness, economy, durability, benefits, integration with other systems and the level of disruption to the environment.
G. The Importance of a Quality Management System
The wave of economic globalization due to AFTA, GATTS, APEC, WTO, and so on, has created an increasingly free and tight competition arena. The protection that previously served as a stronghold for domestic goods and services will be lost due to liberalization.
Foreign goods and services will freely enter the domestic market. Facing a situation like this, there are two choices for construction service and consulting services businesses, namely entering the competition arena or leaving the competition arena. Both decisions have the same serious consequences. Entering the competitive arena without strength and strategy is tantamount to suicide. Leaving the competitive arena does not mean that you have escaped the waves of globalization, in fact, the impact may even be more devastating than
participating in the competition era. The most reliable competitive strategy by construction and consulting services businesses is the “quality strategy”. Therefore, construction and consulting service business actors must continue to strive to develop quality conceptions and technologies, in line with the trend of globalization. Among the alternative options available, it seems that the ISO9000 quality management system and Total Quality Management (TQM) are the right and effective choices for construction and consulting services businesses. TQM develops the concept of quality from the point of view of users of construction services and consulting services which defines quality as <!–[endif]–>
conformity. If an infrastructure or infrastructure construction is built, financed and used or utilized by service users (government and society) in accordance with the requirements, then it can be said to be of high quality. The intended requirements are in accordance with the needs and desires of service users. Therefore, in the TQM concept, service users are not only defined as building buyers, but are also interpreted as the next process and the party that determines the requirements. At first, efforts to improve and control quality were only within the scope of service providers and service users. So an independent third party is needed. The presence of a third party is considered more objective and acceptable to both parties. So that led to accreditation agencies in several countries using standard products such as: ASTM, JIS, BS and so on. To provide guarantees to all parties involved in global trade (including construction/consulting services) for service users, an independent third party is needed and acceptable to all parties. This is a brief description of the relationship between globalization, construction services, consultancy and quality management.
H. Quality Management System Based on ISO 9000
The ISO 9000 series is a quality management standard that was formed based on the convention ISO/TC 176 (ISO Technical Committee 176) in 1979. ISO-9000 was formed as the basis of a standard quality management series, which was fully compiled in 1982 and introduced to the public in 1983. The ISO 9000 series of standards introduces important requirements that companies need to ensure consistent production and timely delivery of goods and services to the market.
These requirements can be met by establishing standards that are structured as a quality management system. Consistency with all consumer needs and requirements at all times is very important to maintain customer satisfaction and loyalty. If our company does not do this, it will make the market and customers turn away from us and move to our competitors.
ISO-9000 series is able to provide advantages in quality management for all organizations, both large and small organizations, public or private organizations without getting too involved in how the organization should run.
ISO-9000 explains what requirements must be met, not how to fulfill these requirements.
This allows for the existence of equal standards for all organizations or companies but provides an opportunity for these organizations to adjust their organization according to the needs and interests of these organizations which are different from other organizations.
By implementing ISO-9000 correctly, the organization will be able to build its company so that it has the ability to provide goods and services according to the wishes and needs. This will make the company more attractive to existing and new customers and increase their confidence that the company is capable of meeting their expectations or demands.
Please note that ISO-9000 is a quality management standard, not a product standard, so companies that have received ISO 9000 certificates cannot publish or advertise that their products meet international standards.
In addition to ensuring that ISO 9000 can adapt to the times, every 6 years a review and revision of ISO standards will be held. Currently ISO 9000-2000 is the latest with revisions and reductions at several points. The ISO 9000 series has 3 standards namely: ISO 9001, ISO 9002 and ISO 9003.
