View of Reading Culture in Building Human Development Index: Analysis in Serdang Bedagai District

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This work is licensed under aCreative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

PERSPEKTIF

Available online http://ojs.uma.ac.id/index.php/perspective

Reading Culture in Building Human Development Index:

Analysis in Serdang Bedagai District

Muhammad Arief Adillah¹*, Khasan Effendy², Ismiyarto², & Ella Wargadinata²

1Doctoral Program, Government Science study program, Institut Pendidikan Dalam Negeri, Indonesia

2Government Science study program, Institut Pendidikan Dalam Negeri, Indonesia

Received: May 8, 2022; Reviewed: May 28, 2022; Accepted: August 31, 2022

Abstract

The culture of reading is something that Indonesia has been striving for until now because it is not only a big achievement for future generations but also has an impact on the Human Development Index, which has so far been lagging behind other countries. This research was conducted using the Systematic Literature Review (SLR) method with a database that the researchers had previously determined. As for the formulation of the problem in this study is how the culture of reading in building the human development index: analysis in Serdang Bedagai District. The results of the study show that 2 points can be an option for a reading culture in Serdang Bedagai Regency, namely the use of pedagogic methods and also the encouragement of students' motivation towards a reading culture.

Keywords: Reading Culture; Young Generation; Human Development Index; Human Resources

How to Cite: Adillah, MA Effendy, K. Ismiyarto. & Wargadinata, E. (2023). Reading CultureIn Building the Human Development Index: Analysis in Serdang Bedagai District. PERSPEKTIF, 12(3): 759-769

*Corresponding author:

E-mail: [email protected] ISSN2085-0328(Print)

ISSN 2541-5913 (Online)

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Muhammad Arief Adillah, Khasan Effendy, Ismiyarto, & Ella Wargadinata, Reading Culture in Building the Human Development Index: Analysis in Serdang Bedagai Regency

760 INTRODUCTION

Literacy or reading is an activity that is very important and needed in creating quality young people (Fisher, 2019; Li, 2022). Literacy habits in society will certainly become a reading culture based on these habits, which is part of increasing human resources for literacy and is part of human rights. This was also conveyed byUNESCO in 1975which is one of the United Nations (UN) Agencies through the Persepolis Declaration which states that literacy is a human right and is not a goal to be achieved by anyone (Wagner, 2011). In addition, in Indonesia when referring to lawAs stated in Article 5, at least there is a statement that every citizen, without exception, has the right to get proper and quality education, especially for remote and isolated areas, they also have the right to get the same educational opportunities.

According toMunirah’s reading culture is one of the indicators for assessing the human development index and this is in line with presidential(RPJM) with a global target in 2030 to guarantee that Indonesia's human resources are literate or able to read. Apart from that, the movement of the Indonesian government in succeeding this agenda is by issuingRegulation of the Minister of Education and Culture Number 23 of 2015 concerning the Growth of Characterwhich contains a declaration on reading literacy activities as part of the improvement and growth of character. The results of these activities are the presence of several programs to improve reading literacy in the community, for example the national literacy movement, the school literacy movement, the community literacy movement, and the family literacy movement (Hayun &

Haryati, 2020; Hidayah, 2019; Sanusi &

Prasetyo, 2019).

Research conducted byJustice (2020)that one of the regions in Indonesia that implements reading literacy is Serdang Bedagai District located in North Sumatra Province, where in 2015 it officially declared a reading culture movement activity with the agenda of conducting book reviews and silent reading which involved 10,610 students and recorded it as a national achievement for the most book review activities in Indonesia in that year. In addition, for ongoing activities a certificate is issuedRegional Regulation Number 7 of 2016 concerning the Implementation of Educationin Serdang Bedagai District, thenDecree of the Serdang Bedagai Regent Number 287/420/2016 concerning the Establishment

of the Reading Culture Program Implementation Teamas well asRegent Decree Number 216/18-30/2018 Regarding Determination of Assisted Librariesin Serdang Bedagai Regency as an effort to improve existing libraries in remote areas of the district.

The sustainability of reading literacy activities in Serdang Bedagai Regency is not only on the side of rules but also by creating innovations in schools from the sub-district to the village level to provide reading facilities including reading books, libraries, mobile libraries for areas with minimal facilities.

Reading literacy activities really involve community participation in paying attention to reading activities, as well as school officials from school committees, student guardians, community organizations, as well as state- owned and private companies and there are several community volunteers who care about literacy to become drivers of reading literacy.

An assessment conducted by the Ministry of Education and Culture in 2017 awarded 19 districts/cities for success in increasing reading activities while Serdang Bedagai district ranked first with a literacy development index of 0.8521 and entered category A, followed below by Lumajang District, East Java Province. , West Bandung Regency, West Java Province, Sedenreng Rappang Regency, South Sulawesi Province, and the last is Tasikmalaya Regency, which is in West Java Province.

However, through data released by BPS (Central Bureau of Statistics) North Sumatra Province in 2018related to the Human Development Index in Serdang Bedagai Regency ranked 22 out of 33 Regencies/Cities and ranked 27 out of 33 Regencies/cities in the category of long school expectancy in North Sumatra Province. Meanwhile throughBPS of the Republic of Indonesia in 2022for the National Human Development Index in 2022, Serdang Bedagai Regency is ranked 215 out of 514 Regencies/Cities. When referring to the results of research byBe fair 2020who conducted research in Serdang Bedagai Regency regarding reading culture for available supporting facilities until 2016 only had 10 reading gardens in 9 sub-districts, 9 smart stalls without any increase until 2020. In addition it was stated that community participation had decreased to visit the library where in 2019 there were at least 104,677 people while in 2020 there were only 22,066 people. As for library visitors who came from students and

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students in 2019 there were 50,097 students while in 2020 there were only 10,286 students.

Seeing these problems the researcher wants to conduct an in-depth analysis of reading literacy in Serdang Bedagai Regency which has no impact on the Human Development Index. Through an in-depth study of available government policies, it is certainly hoped that they will have a broad impact on the community but have not been fully felt by the community. Researchers used qualitative research methods with a literature review approach with a predetermined method to obtain in-depth analysis in answering the problem formulation. So that the results of the researcher's analysis will be able to become input and opinion from the academic side in answering problems where reading literacy activities in Serdang Bedagai Regency are not directly proportional to the Human Development Index.

RESEARCH METHODS

The research method in the literature review will use steps that refer to the PRISMA

guidelines: Systematic Literature Review.

Systematic Literature Review (SLR) is a method in qualitative research that emphasizes searching articles using certain methods (Kitchenham et al., 2010; Kitchenham &

Charters, 2007). One of the methods used in this research is the PRISMA method(Page et al., 2021)which aims to obtain a mapping of reading culture as one of the improvements in the Human Development Index (IPM) in Serdang Bedagai District.

1. first step on SLR (identification)

The first step of the researcher will use the keywords namely reading culture and Human Development Index. The use of the database as an article search will use the ScienceDirect database which has credibility in providing international quality journals and is recognized by academics(Norris et al., 2008).

The year limit will be used, namely the period 2012-2022 in order to get articles that are relevant to current contemporary issues. So that the novelty of the issue is also a special attraction for researchers.

Diagram 1. Flow of PRISMA guidelines Source: data processed by researchers

ScienceDirect Database

Total after early stage elimination (n= 1,389)

Article sorting (n = 217)

Total articles that were tested for due diligence (n =

150)

Articles screened at the last stage (n= 100)

Relevant articles in this research (n= 25)

Inadequate article ( n = 1.172 ) Articles are not eligible for certain reasons (n =

67) Identificatio

n

Selection

Appropriate ness

Relevant/

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1547 2. Second Step on SLR (screening)

Limitations in searching for articles are carried out in accordance with PRISMA Guidelines in SLR research including filtering articles using only open access articles, the results of field research (field research) are then used to obtain complete and relevant information with the specified keywords and in terms of research titles which includes the word reading culture or the human development index. Screening only articles that use publications in English, articles in the form of Scientific Journals and International Proceedings results, then there is a more in- depth article elimination to obtain quality reading articles and articles in the form of book reviews, book chapters, and ensure the eligibility of articles for use. Furthermore, 3. Third Step on SLR (Eligibility)

In this step, a total check will be carried out regarding the findings of articles that are relevant and in line with the keywords. Then feasibility (Eligibility) of the article must be able to explain the culture of reading and the human development index, especially on the research

ideas listed in the abstract, discussion or in the conclusions of the article.

4. Fourth Step on SLR (included)

After going through a series of PRISMA research guidelines as one of the conditions in the researchliterature reviewsthen the results of the articles that are considered relevant are used as a discussion in answering the problem formulation. The formulation of the problem is how the culture of reading in building the human development index, the results of the analysis of which can be a positive input and contribution of researchers to the regions in Serdang Bedagai Regency.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The results of an article search using keywords and year restrictions as well as steps in the PRISMA Guidelines method found at least 25 scientific articles in international journals and proceedings relevant to this research.

Furthermore, to get the mapping related to the results of the article along with the description in table 2.

Table 2. Description of scientific articles

No Description Writer Amount

1 Parental intervention to improve reading culture

(Genlott & Grönlund, 2016),(Thomson et al., 2020),(Rege et al., 2018),(Bouhlila, 2017), 4 2 Pedagogic education as a reference

in developing a reading culture

(Javorský & Horváth, 2014),(Kumnuansin &

Khlaisang, 2015),(Rajchert et al., 2014),(Chacón et al., 2015),(Laurens et al., 2020),(Hennessy et al., 2016),(Ahmad et al., 2013),(Udompong &

Wongwanich, 2014),(Chang et al., 2019),(Delgoshaei et al., 2012),

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3 Motivate each student about a reading culture

(Walgermo et al., 2018),(Prohorets &

Plekhanova, 2015),(Luna et al., 2014),(Lundetræ et al., 2017),(Meyer et al., 2019),(Smith- Greenaway, 2015),

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4 Supporting teachers as a driving force for improving a reading culture

(Baron et al., 2020),(Omland & Rødnes, 2020),(Marmoah & Poerwanti, Suharno, 2022), 3 5 Government intervention through

the application of technology to assess students' reading culture

(Harvey & Brazier, 2022),(Martínez- Domínguez & Fierros-González, 2022), 2 Source: data processed by researchers

Based on (table 2) there are several descriptions that have been analyzed by researchers that at least there are several important points regarding a reading culture in increasing the Human Development Index. The researchers will present some of these points in the discussion below with some in-depth analysis and use several other sources of

articles that are relevant and relevant to the context of this research. Here's the review below:

Pedagogic Education

Pedagogic education is one of the concepts in the development of education that emphasizes character understanding and the

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764 provision of interesting learning to its participants, so that the applied education will be dynamic and able to answer all the problems that exist in the learning participants. This is also explained by (AlMarwani, 2020)which explains that the pedagogical method is one of the methods in developing learning that is not boring. Besides that, it refers to the results of the review of(Bremner et al., 2022)that the concentration will focus on learning participants while the teacher is only a message giver and is passive or only directs.

Explanations regarding pedagogy have also returned to being a major effort from various studies in developing attractive education and learning that will not be boring, of course, providing opportunities for learning participants to read more things that they did not know before (Psomos & Kordaki, 2012).

The results of the analysis of the descriptions of the articles found certainly explain that the pedagogic method is a means of developing an interest in reading so that the achievement of a reading culture in increasing the Human Development Index can be achieved. This is when reviewing the research conducted by (Javorský & Horváth, 2014;

Kumnuansin & Khlaisang, 2015; Rajchert et al., 2014) There are many ways to do a reading culture, one of which is by developing digital- based infrastructure so that there will be many benefits if the infrastructure network has been built first by the government.

As with research by(Hennessy et al., 2016)Pedagogic education can be carried out with dialogue in the classroom where research is carried out in classes in England and Mexico which of course differ between cultures and backgrounds. The assessment focuses on social and background differences so as to enable participants to be able to master classes with these differences in backgrounds. Other research that researchers consider relevant is from (Delgoshaei et al., 2012) Where is the previous explanation that background will affect attitudes and mastery of the class, there is also a cognitive assessment to measure the progress of the learning process that has been implemented. Thus, each process will be analyzed and monitored to obtain the extent of the learning progress of the participants themselves. Then the results of the analysis of articles by researchers from the research conducted (Ahmad et al., 2013) that learning outside the classroom will also foster interest in

reading, for example through exhibitions held by museums in nearby cities. Museums can be a means and a place to make participants read every object and history of past civilizations that were different from at that time.

Observing from every point of learning the researcher related it to the existing conditions in Serdang Bedagai Regency where the conditions in the district were through research conducted by (Marwan, 2019) Regarding Serdang Bedagai Regency as a literacy district, it still has various problems, one of which is the distribution of teachers in the regions. The proportion of teachers in the district is still concentrated in sub-district towns and remote areas. Even though there are teachers, the teacher-student ratio is still not ideal, so that achievement as a Literacy District is still not optimal. Another problem found in the case in Serdang Bedagai Regency was when there was a visit from representatives of the Ministry of Education and Culture of the Republic of Indonesia (Kemendikbud RI) where the regional head of Serdang Bedagai Regency revealed that there was a shortage of teachers and a low teacher ratio in the Regency (mind- rakyat.com, 2021). In addition, the management of School Operational Assistance (BOS) funds for reports for the 2021-2022 period has not been optimally implemented and the financial reports of BOS assistance during that period do not have legal legal aspects related to the process of using assistance which has also been included in the inspection agenda by the Examining Agency North Sumatra Province Finance (inisumut.com, 2023). Other research also strengthens the existing conditions in Serdang Bedagai Regency through research from (Sabrina, 2021) who conducted in-depth research on libraries in schools found the fact that the conditions in the library were minimal in books and the conditions were not suitable for reading or damaged, the library system was manual, the library conditions were uncomfortable and the interest from students was low to visit the library making this condition even worse. critical.

Another factor disclosed in the explanation regarding success in 2016 in Serdang Bedagai Regency is from research (Marwan et al., 2020) where his research corrected a number of policies from the regional head of Serdang Bedagai with his concern in providing progress through a

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reading culture in the area including by providing a large budget for the smooth running of the program, where his research stated that the 2015 budget for the program reached 266 million rupiah, then in 2016 as many as 180 million rupiah only for reference books and 229 million rupiah for the development of a reading culture and library and in 2017 2.91 billion rupiah for procuring school books and 229 million rupiah for developing interest in reading. Even though statistically when referring to 2022 there was an increase in the HDI of Serdang Bedagai Regency to 71.21, compared to 2021 which was only 70.55 and in 2020 it was 70.24 (BPS North Sumatra, 2023).

However, from these various efforts, researchers have not seen the sustainability and the large impact felt by the community regarding the Human Development Index in Serdang Bedagai Regency. The district is still far behind other districts in North Sumatra Province in terms of human resource development. Through this research, there are options regarding pedagogic education that can be integrated in Serdang Bedagai Regency in various ways as an effort to improve the quality of reading culture in society. Researchers have the view that first through students to increase reading interest and later it will spread to remote areas, and there must be hard and firm efforts and continuity from the government in achieving the Human Development Index from a reading culture in Serdang Bedagai Regency.

Student Motivation

Motivation in increasing interest in reading as a reading culture is very important, especially for students who are in elementary school, junior high school or senior high school.

In another article the researcher found to strengthen the argument that there are many ways to increase motivation to increase interest in reading, including creating a reading angle model, namely the availability of reading books that attract students' interest in reading and providing a short time of 15 minutes. before learning begins (Princess Pradana, 2020). Then research from (Noviandari & Gularso, 2022) that the provision of books and reading materials or supporting facilities will greatly affect the reading culture of students. However, there is an implication that the reading culture is also influenced by geographical factors and the conditions of the students themselves will

decline because the facilities and infrastructure are not available and even the words are minimal enough to be used as reading material.

In addition, student motivation must be grown considering the analysis of the journals found (table 2) shows that the determinants of children's motivation to read include the economic conditions of the internal families of the students themselves.(Walgermo et al., 2018), parents will keep their children busy to earn money to fulfill their basic needs compared to prioritizing education and a culture of reading will be hampered.

Meanwhile, from research (Meyer et al., 2019;

Prohorets & Plekhanova, 2015) prioritize the closeness and influence of the environment in which these students are. The culture of reading will have a very broad impact on society when there are areas that provide the application of study hours at certain times and all people without exception will learn and read even with all the limitations. This is also confirmed by (Luna et al., 2014) that the cooperation of all parties in building a reading culture can be started from the students by giving directions from the teacher, then of course it will have an impact when these students will read more often than other activities that do not have a positive impact on the development of children's abilities.

Efforts to increase motivation to read when referring to conditions in Serdang Bedagai Regency. Research from(Ramadhani, 2020)who have conducted research, especially for librarians at the Regional Library and Archives Service to increase visitors just to read by making applications that are easily accessible with mobile devices, so that they can be accessed not only at school but also at home.

However, the obstacles faced are that Serdang Bedagai Regency is still limited in terms of internet and there is no vigorous promotion by the Regional Library and Archives Service, Serdang Bedagai Regency.

Whereas in other studies that have relevance to this study is from (Siregar, 2022)who conducted research on the condition of public education in Serdang Bedagai Regency which is still far behind, where in his research there were many cases of school dropouts suspected of having school facilities and teachers who were not literate in technology.

So that the vision towards a reading culture has not been implemented properly and is exacerbated by minimal support from parents.

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766 The other factors that trigger the condition of children dropping out of school are the government's inability to provide scholarships or free schooling, the inability of schools to find sponsors to provide assistance and the low management of education in Serdang Bedagai Regency so that structural officials who apply the concept of the marital system and the right man in the right place.

Apart from that, another condition explaining the situation in Serdang Bedagai Regency is the economic situation which continues to decline due to the inability of the local government to provide appropriate alternative solutions. Research conducted by (Harahap et al., 2022) who examined economic conditions in the 2010-2020 period showed positive numbers meaning that the majority of the population in Serdang Bedagai Regency experienced a low economy) which is expected through the North Sumatra Provincial government program will have an impact on the welfare of its people.

Based on this analysis, conditions in Serdang Bedagai Regency have not been fully able to carry out a reading culture including encouraging efforts to motivate students to love reading which will become a culture for various reasons including from family economic factors which do not guarantee the child's future. Thus, the absence of the government's role in this matter becomes a reading culture only as one of the activities that is not sustainable and tends to only be momentary, and after the activity ends there is no significant continuity.

CONCLUSION

The conclusion in this study regarding the culture of reading on the Human Development Index in Serdang Bedagai Regency can be concluded that it is not optimal. Through the SLR research that the researchers carried out, there were 2 important points that could be input to the government, including if they wanted to create a reading culture, namely pedagogic methods and increasing students' motivation for a reading culture. In the pedagogic method itself, the researcher saw that there were many deficiencies on almost all sides based on the analysis of other articles, especially those in Serdang Bedagai Regency, so that these deficiencies became a real obstacle.

Meanwhile, on the points of motivation of students in Serdang Bedagai Regency, it has not

been optimally carried out due to various factors, both internal and external, even from a low economic side of the community. The future impact will be a reading culture which in 2015 by Serdang Bedagai Regency did not show sustainability and from various data presented that the Human Development Index for Serdang Bedagai Regency until 2022 shows a low value compared to other districts in North Sumatra Province.

The researcher suggests to the Government of Serdang Bedagai Regency to immediately review education with pedagogic methods and motivate students to love reading and later it can become a good reading culture.

In addition, the limitations of this research are only using research using the SLR method which is not in the field and suggests that in the future researchers in the future will be able to combine field research with theories and even the concept of reading culture or from the side of collaboration with other parties to foster a reading culture that has not been analyzed in this research.

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