Nevertheless, weeds have become a major challenge in rice production due to the change in cultural practices in paddy fields (Karim et al., 2004). Vincent (2016) investigated weed diversity in rice fields in Kirinyaga District, Kenya. Halogenated compounds are toxic and persistent in the environment, which is why they cause environmental pollution and human health problems (Ismail et al., 2018a, b).
Methods of weed control
A recent study was also conducted by Wei et al. 2019) to investigate the integration of the rice-duck farming system in the rice fields. The decreasing levels of the soil seed bank and weed density observed in the integrated rice-duck farming method indicate the high efficiency of this system as a biological agent for weed control (Wei et al., 2019). In general, the combined application of jellyfish chips and rice bran can be used as an innovative organic method in rice cultivation (Sugimoto et al., 2019).
In saline rice fields with artificially released snails, a higher rice yield was also observed compared to the control plot (no snails) (Jong-Song et al., 2018). In a recent study, Ratnayake et al. 2018) introduced an alternative technology to farmers to improve rice grain production. Similar study on the allelopathic potential of the plant was also reported earlier by Lin et al. 2004), but they used a different type of plant.
This finding of Lin et al. 2007), showed that the allelopathic potential of plant can be a natural rice field herbicide. Allelopathic potential of plant Tagetes minuta Batish et al. 2007) Allelopathic potential of plant Dwarf lilyturf (Ophiopogonjaponicus Ker-.
Conclusion and recommendations
Awan TH, Saleem MU, Hussain S, Ahmed S and Ali HH (2019) Integrated weed management in dry seeded basmati rice. Baki BB, Chin DV, Mortimer M (eds) Wild and weedy rice in rice ecosystems in Asia: a review. Chauhan BS and Johnson DE (2011 ) Row spacing and weed control timing affect yield of aerobic rice.
Karim RSM, Man AB and Sahid IB (2004) Weed problems and their management in rice fields in Malaysia: a review. Khanh TD, Elzaawely AA, Chung IM, Tawata S and Xuan TD (2007) Role of allelochemicals for weed control in rice. Li M, Li R, Zhang J, Liu S, Hei Z and Qiu S (2019) Combination of mixed cropping of rice variety and duck co-culture suppressed weeds and pests in rice fields. 2004) Potential biological control of weeds in rice fields by allelopathy of dwarf lily plants.
Moody K and De Datta SK (1982) Integration of weed control practices of rice in tropical Asia. The effect of different weed management strategies on the growth and yield of direct seed dry rice (Oryza sativa). 2017) Weedy rice in sustainable rice production. Nagargade M, Singh MK and Tyagi V (2018) Ecologically sustainable integrated weed management in dry and irrigated direct seeded rice.
Smith RJ (1983) Weeds of major economic importance in rice and yield losses due to weed competition.
ABSTRACT
Keywords
Introduction
For example, the irrigated 'sawah' accounted for 58% of the total cultivated area in 1987, while rainfed 'sawah' accounted for 20%, and load, also known as dryland cultivation, together with marshland or tidal cultivation accounted for the remaining 22 % of rice crop land (Venkatesh, 2016). It was estimated that the average Indonesian consumed around 114.6 kg of rice in 2017, thus accounting for the total rice consumption reaching 33.5 m tonnes in that year alone. It is clear that the excessive use of chemicals to control the weed population has adverse effects on human health and the global environment (Adhikari et al., 2019).
It was recently reported that in dry-seeded rice (DSR) systems, co-growth of rice seedlings and weeds under alternating wet and dry field conditions promoted high weed infestation (Awan et al., 2019). In a study by Sugimoto et al. 2019), the authors observed an increasing number of jellyfish in the waters surrounding Japan in recent years, and stated that this observation had a negative impact on the environment and caused serious damage to coastal areas and fisheries. The authors also developed a bioherbicide derived from jellyfish chips (salted, dried, or sliced jellyfish) that not only acts as an organic fertilizer, but also as a bioherbicide that could be used in rice fields.
On the other hand, another study by Paiman et al. 2020) observed that tillage can induce germination of weed spread and thus be used to control soil insolation before germination. A small number of studies have investigated the negative effects of weeds that ultimately lead to reduced rice productivity.
Types of weeds found in rice fields
Weeds have existed since ancient times and are defined as non-crop plants or unwanted plants growing in the same field as the crop plants. Weeds not only grow together with the main crops, but also compete with the main crops for basic needs such as food, sunlight, space, nutrients and many more, resulting in a significant loss of agricultural production (Das described weeds as plants that grow in places where they are unwanted and considered undesirable plants.Weedy rice, also called "red rice", consolidates all unfortunate weed populations of the genus Oryza that develop in and above rice fields (Nadir et al., 2017).
The community composition of these weed species varies based on several factors, which include crop establishment and cultural methods used, crop rotation, location, water and soil management, weed control methods weeds, climatic conditions and the existing population of weed flora in the area. The study was conducted at the Mwea Irrigation Scheme, the largest public irrigation settlement located in Kenya. Guinea savanna Andropogon spp., Pennisetum polystachion, Paspalum scrobiculatum, Rottboellia cochinchinensis, Wood growth, Hackelochloa granularis, Ipomoea spp., Spermacoce spp., Celosia trigyna, Digitariab.
Bimodale woud Chromolaena odorata, houtagtige hergroei, Triumfetta spp., Rottboellia cochinchinensis, Momordica charantia, Physalis angulate, Mariscus cylindristachyus, Scleria spp., Panicum laxum, Sorghum arundinaceum, Paspalatum arundum arundum scrobi, Paspalatum scrobi, Paspalatum scrobi. um. Monomodale woud Chromolaena odorata, Ipomoea spp., Triumfetta spp., Calopogonium mucunoides, Mariscus cylindristachyus, Crtoton hirsutus, Bosagtige hergroei, Sida spp., Physalis spp., Paspalum scrobiculatum, Cynodont dactylon.
Effects of weeds on rice
In recent decades, agricultural management, for example direct seeding, together with the mutual utilization of modern machinery has led to the rapid growth of weed-rich rice across several paddy fields in Malaysia (Sudianto et al., 2016). More importantly, it has been noted that the overwhelming reliance on these chemicals to manage the weed population in agricultural sector may lead to perpetual adverse impacts on the current environment (Ismail et al., 2016). Moreover, the pesticide residues from the agricultural sector that have contaminated the food or water lead to the illness of people who consume them (Rueda-Ayala et al., 2020).
Therefore, integrated control measures include indirect control (e.g., use of clean, weed-free seeds, tillage and land preparation, water management, cultivar selection and crop rotation) and direct control methods (e.g., manual weeding and chemical applications). ) have been enforced (Azmi et al., 2000). The use of transparent PE films and soil solarization for 30 days effectively reduced 77.8% of weed propagules in a soil depth of 0-3 cm (Paiman et al., 2020). After conducting experiments in two seasons, Li et al. 2019), found that the diversity and species richness of weed communities present in the mixed cropping system integrated with the rice-duck coculture system (MCDC) were significantly reduced compared with those present in the monocropping system.
This review highlights several weed management techniques that have been used in the rice fields. Furthermore, the excessive use of herbicides and pesticides in the agricultural industry has resulted in a significant decrease in biodiversity with negative environmental effects on rice fields and rice production (Li et al., 2019; Mardiana-Jansar et al. 2019; Rueda-Ayala et al., 2020) .
Acknowledgments
Previous literature studies have shown that it is beneficial to use biological-based method as opposed to the use of herbicide to control weed growth. The use of herbicides is difficult, expensive, time-consuming and harmful to both the soil and the environment. We believe that an integrated approach, including knowledge and adequate management, can promote the creation of new weed control strategies in rice cultivation.
Comprehensive studies should be conducted to investigate the use of low-cost and integrated weed management technologies that include dormant seedbed technique, suitable aerobic rice genotypes, various cultural, mechanical and physical methods such as and the use of low-dose herbicides for different ecosystems in different regions. It is proposed that the combination of graminicides and one type of herbicide for different types of weeds should be used because of the presence of different populations of weeds in the field. This method is thought to exert an additive, broad-spectrum effect on weed control to obtain better yields.
In addition, integrated weed control and management program using low amounts of herbicides and cultural practices to protect the environment and reduce herbicide resistance is recommended for future studies. In addition, the knowledge and understanding of weed biology will be useful for improving weed management strategies.
Chuhan BS and Abugho SB (2013) Fertilizer application affects weed growth and grain yield in dry-seeded rice (Oryza sativa L.) system. Das TK and Yaduraju NT (2008) Effect of soil solarization and crop breeding practices on competition and weed species dynamics in soybean wheat cropping system. Ismail SNF, Wahab RA and Huyop F (2016) Isolation and identification of bacteria isolated from ruminant animal waste capable of degrading 2,2-dichloropropionic acid (2,2-DCP).
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