Recorded variables from each individual study with references

Supplemental Digital Content 2: Recorded variables from each individual study with references

First Author Publication year First Author

Institution Country Age

groups^a WASI

Edition Variables matched for

control group Recruitment

Bansal¹ 2018 University of

Maryland United

States Adult WASI-II Age, Sex, Parental education Advertisement on Internet, local libraries, and businesses

Beauchamp² 2013 University of

Montreal Canada Pediatric WASI Unclear Random sampling of regular schools from various socioeconomic backgrounds

Black³ 2012 University of

Iowa United

States Adult WASI Not matched Advertisement and word of mouth

Brady⁴ 2017 University of

Calgary Canada Pediatric

and Adult WASI Age, Sex

Advertisements in local papers and community newsletters, posters in community centers, and on the University of Calgary campus

Buchy⁵ 2015 University of

Calgary

Canada and USA

Pediatric

and Adult WASI Age, Sex, Parental

socioeconomic status Recruited from North American Prodrome Longitudinal Study

Chang⁶ 2016

University of California, San Francisco

United

States Adult WASI Unclear From general population –

recruitment method unclear

Coplan⁷ 2006 Columbia

University United

States Adult WASI Age, Sex, Handedness Unclear Da Costa⁸ 2015 University of

Toronto Canada Adult WASI Unclear Recruited through flyers and

advertisements in the community

del Re⁹ 2020 Harvard

Medical School

United

States Adult WASI Age, Sex, Handedness Internet advertisements in the general community

Del Valle

Rubido¹⁰ 2020 Roche

Innovation Center Basel

United

States Adult WASI-II Age Patients from prior study:

NCT01669889

Didehbani¹¹ 2012 University of Texas at Dallas

United

States Adult WASI Unclear Unclear

Fine¹² 2014 Michigan

State University

United States and Canada

Pediatric WASI Unclear Unclear

Grove¹³ 2007 University of Wisconsin- Madison

United

States Pediatric WASI Age Partnerships with a local school system and University hospital tertiary care facility

Han¹⁴ 2012 University of

Minnesota United

States Pediatric WASI Age, Sex Inpatient and outpatient clinics and community postings

Hartman¹⁵ 2019 York

University Canada Adult WASI Unclear

Newspaper and online advertisements, employment centers,

neighborhood organizations

Jalal¹⁶ 2021 Loma Linda

University United States

Pediatric

and Adult WASI-II Unclear

Provider referrals, voluntary response sampling through posting of recruitment flyers at UCLA psychiatric and genetic clinics;

outreach at public events in Southern California Johnson¹⁷ 2013 University of

Maryland United

States Adult WASI Parental education Random digit dialing in local zip codes; word of mouth among friends

King¹⁸ 2019 Georgia State

University United

States Adult WASI Age, Sex Institutional psychological research participant pool and community fliers

Lande¹⁹ 2017 University of

Rochester United

States Pediatric WASI Sex, Parental education,

Proportion with obesity General pediatrics and family medicine practices

Martin²⁰ 2021 Indiana

University United

States Adult WASI Unclear Local advertisements and word of mouth

McCrimmon²¹ 2016 University of

Calgary Canada Pediatric WASI Age, Sex

Educational organizations for children with exceptional learning needs, community-based medical offices

McCunn²² 2021

The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto

Canada Adult WASI Unclear Civilian controls recruited with flyers posted at the Hospital for Sick Children

Nadig²³ 2015 McGill

University United

States Pediatric WASI Unclear Unclear

Piper²⁴ 2011

Oregon Health and Science University

United

States Pediatric WASI Age, Household income during pregnancy

Flyers at university and Portland metro area; Online advertisements on university recruitment website, Craigslist, and on Post-Adoption

Resource Center of Oregon website

Pishdadian²⁵ 2020 York

University Canada Adult WASI-II Unclear Community advertisement and online methods; hospitals, clinics Rosenbloom²⁶ 2007 Stanford

University United

States Adult WASI Age, Sex Internet posting, newspaper advertisements, flyers and word of mouth

Ruocco²⁷ 2009 University of

Chicago United

States Adult WASI Unclear Unclear

Schweitzer²⁸ 2015 University of California Davis

United

States Pediatric WASI Age, Hospital of birth Born in the same university hospital serving an inner-city population

Surgent²⁹ 2021 University of Wisconsin- Madison

United

States Pediatric WASI-II Age, Sex Unclear

Sweigert³⁰ 2020 University of

Washington United

States Pediatric WASI Age, Sex

Flyers in community spaces, advertising on laboratory website, postings in online forums for parents, and University of Washington research registry

Tomarken³¹ 2015 Vanderbilt

University United

States Pediatric WASI Unclear

Flyers and established recruitment systems at clinics, resource centers, support groups, school, and recreational facilities

a Pediatric: less than or equal to 18 years old; Adult: greater than 18 years old

IQ = Intelligence Quotient; FSIQ = Full-Scale IQ; VIQ = Verbal IQ; PIQ = Performance IQ; ADHD = Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder; ASD = Autism Spectrum Disorder; GAD = Generalized Anxiety Disorder; MDD = Major Depressive Disorder; PTSD = Post Traumatic Stress Disorder; TBI = Traumatic Brain Injury

Table Continues on Next Page

Supplemental Digital Content 3 (Continued)

First Author Healthy Control Group

Mean IQ (SD) Group(s) with Pathology Mean IQ (SD) Bansal¹ n = 34

FSIQ: 109.44 (11.23) Schizophrenia (n = 48) FSIQ: 92.54 (28.7)

Beauchamp² n = 66

FSIQ: 106 (12.8)

Mild TBI (n = 18) FSIQ: 99.83 (7.97) Moderate/severe TBI (n = 7) FSIQ: 98.5 (18.19) Black³ n = 32

FSIQ: (112.0) 12.0 Compulsive buying disorder (n = 26) FSIQ: 107.7 (12.1)

Brady⁴

n = 34

FSIQ: 110.44 (8.68) VIQ: 109.32 (11.02) PIQ: 109.03 (9.42)

ASD (n = 34)

FSIQ: 112.76 (10.73) VIQ: 114.29 (12.02) PIQ: 108.03 (11.06) Buchy⁵ n = 263

FSIQ: 109.5 (14.0) High risk for psychosis (n = 678) FSIQ: 104.5 (15.4)

Chang⁶ n = 28

VIQ: 101.9 (17.9) PIQ: 99.1 (15.3)

16p11.2 duplication carrier (n = 22) VIQ: 101.6 (12.2)

PIQ: 99.7 (13.8)

16p11.2 deletion carrier (n = 7) VIQ: 94.1 (14.8)

PIQ: 90.9 (10.0) Coplan⁷ n = 15

FSIQ: 108.33 (15.3) GAD (n = 15)

FSIQ: 119.53 (8.08) Da Costa⁸ n = 16

FSIQ: 114.7 (8.31) TBI (n = 16)

FSIQ: 106.7 (12.64) del Re⁹ n = 22

FSIQ: 118.3 (13.7) Early psychosis (n = 22) FSIQ: 107.7 (17.5) Del Valle

Rubido¹⁰

n = 19

FSIQ: 117.7 (9.7) VIQ: 117.6 (12.0) PIQ: 113.5 (11.0)

ASD (n = 38)

FSIQ: 101.1 (14.3) VIQ: 100.5 (16.1) PIQ: 100.6 (12.7) Didehbani¹¹ n = 21

FSIQ: 112.2 (10.22) Schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder (n = 19) FSIQ: 102.24 (14.81)

Fine¹²

n = 57

FSIQ: 112.56 (10.18) VIQ: 112.93 (12.66) PIQ: 109.66 (11.19)

ADHD – combined type (n = 25) FSIQ: 108.88 (7.35)

VIQ: 107.64 (10.03) PIQ: 108.2 (10.7)

ADHD – predominately inattentive type (n = 23) FSIQ: 103.9 (12.9)

VIQ: 103.87 (14.5) PIQ: 105.22 (11.0)

High-functioning ASD (n = 23) FSIQ: 107.26 (17.1)

VIQ: 110.96 (15.18) PIQ: 102.96 (19.11)

Nonverbal learning disability (n = 19) FSIQ: 115.74 (13.6)

VIQ: 117.47 (13.02) PIQ: 97.32 (14.99) Grove¹³ n = 14

VIQ: 124.4 (16.8) Developmental coordination disorder (n =16) VIQ: 123.1 (16.8)

Han¹⁴ n = 30

FSIQ: 115.37 (9.93) MDD (n = 31)

FSIQ: 108.63 (13.92)

Hartman¹⁵ n = 62

FSIQ: 101.56 (20.33)

Schizophrenia (n = 44) FSIQ: 93.59 (21.18)

Schizoaffective disorder (n = 29) FSIQ: 100.72 (20.77)

Jalal¹⁶ n = 102

FSIQ: 110.4 (15.27)

22q11.2 deletion (n = 50) FSIQ: 74.49 (13.89)

First episode psychosis (n = 49) FSIQ: 98.48 (15.49)

High risk for psychosis (n = 48) FSIQ: 108.58 (15.62)

ASD (n = 24)

FSIQ: 110.17 (16.41) Johnson¹⁷ n = 77

FSIQ: 113.86 (10.77) Schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder (n = 99) FSIQ: 97.08 (14.39)

King¹⁸ n = 57

FSIQ: 109.82 (9.5) Childhood brain tumor survivor (n = 57) FSIQ: 94.42 (18.68)

Lande¹⁹ n = 75

FSIQ: 101.0 (12.4) Primary hypertension (n = 75) FSIQ: 97.4 (11.0)

Martin²⁰ n = 40

FSIQ: 114.7 (10.3) Cannabis use (n = 40) FSIQ: 109.9 (8.9)

McCrimmon²¹

n = 20

FSIQ: 116.55 (9.77) VIQ: 116.2 (12.97) PIQ: 114.25 (11.85)

High-functioning ASD (n = 20) FSIQ: 120.3 (12.73)

VIQ: 115.9 (12.04) PIQ: 120.4 (14.39)

McCunn²² n = 13

FSIQ: 115.8 (7.8)

Trauma exposure (n = 25) FSIQ: 117.6 (13.9) PTSD (n = 23) FSIQ: 109.2 (13.5)

Nadig²³ n = 11

PIQ: 116.0 (13.0) High-functioning ASD (n = 15) PIQ: 111.0 (17.0)

Piper²⁴ n = 35

FSIQ: 104.5 (3.7) Methamphetamine/polysubstance use disorder (n = 31) FSIQ: 95.1 (3.5)

Pishdadian²⁵ n = 32

FSIQ: 105.75 (14.26) Schizophrenia (n = 25) FSIQ: 98.44 (16.56)

Rosenbloom²⁶

n = 26

FSIQ: 118.7 (13.6) VIQ: 114.5 (12.0) PIQ: 118.3 (13.7)

Alcohol dependence (n = 15) FSIQ: 109.4 (13.2) VIQ: 107.5 (14.6) PIQ: 109.5 (11.3)

Ruocco²⁷ n = 61

FSIQ: 108.5 (16.3)

Cluster B personality disorders (n = 56) FSIQ: 117.2 (13.1)

Cluster C personality disorders (n = 19) FSIQ: 107.0 (15.2)

Schweitzer²⁸ n = 20

FSIQ: 91.8 (13.25) Intrauterine cocaine exposure (n = 27) FSIQ: 88.0 (12.37)

Surgent²⁹ n = 36

FSIQ: 112.0 (12.0) ASD (n = 42)

FSIQ: 102.0 (17.0)

Sweigert³⁰

n = 46

FSIQ: 119.35 (11.06) VIQ: 119.11 (11.19) PIQ: 115.28 (13.12)

Sensory processing disorder (n = 44) FSIQ: 115.64 (18.12)

VIQ: 114.75 (18.07) PIQ: 113.02 (16.8) ASD (n = 43)

FSIQ: 112.33 (17.9) VIQ: 107.33 (21.21) PIQ: 114.91 (14.33)

Tomarken³¹

n = 27

FSIQ: 120.45 (13.97) VIQ: 123.59 (14.62) PIQ: 113.1 (14.34)

ASD (n = 36)

FSIQ: 104.42 (25.45) VIQ: 101.18 (24.07) PIQ: 101.18 (19.1)

IQ = Intelligence Quotient; FSIQ = Full-Scale IQ; VIQ = Verbal IQ; PIQ = Performance IQ; ADHD = Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder; ASD = Autism Spectrum Disorder; GAD = Generalized Anxiety Disorder; MDD = Major Depressive Disorder; PTSD = Post Traumatic Stress Disorder; TBI = Traumatic Brain Injury

Supplementary Table References

1. Bansal S, Robinson BM, Geng JJ, et al. The impact of reward on attention in schizophrenia. Schizophr Res Cogn. 2018;12:66-73.

2. Beauchamp MH, Dooley JJ, Anderson V. A preliminary investigation of moral reasoning and empathy after traumatic brain injury in adolescents. Brain Injury. 2013;27(7-8):896-902.

3. Black DW, Shaw M, McCormick B, Bayless JD, Allen J. Neuropsychological performance, impulsivity, ADHD symptoms, and novelty seeking in compulsive buying disorder. Psychiatry Research. 2012;200(2-3):581-587.

4. Brady DI, Saklofske DH, Schwean VL, Montgomery JM, Thorne KJ, McCrimmon AW. Executive Functions in Young Adults with Autism Spectrum Disorder. Focus Autism Other Dev Disabil. 2017;32(1):31-43.

5. Buchy L, Seidman LJ, Cadenhead KS, et al. Evaluating the relationship between cannabis use and IQ in youth and young adults at clinical high risk of psychosis. Psychiatry Research. 2015;230(3):878-884.

6. Chang YS, Owen JP, Pojman NJ, et al. Reciprocal white matter alterations due to 16p11.2 chromosomal deletions versus duplications. Hum Brain Mapp. 2016;37(8):2833-2848.

7. Coplan JD, Mathew SJ, Mao X, et al. Decreased choline and creatine concentrations in centrum semiovale in patients with generalized anxiety disorder: Relationship to IQ and early trauma. Psychiatry Research - Neuroimaging. 2006;147(1):27-39.

8. Da Costa L, Robertson A, Bethune A, et al. Delayed and disorganised brain activation detected with magnetoencephalography after mild traumatic brain injury. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry. 2015;86(9):1008-1015.

9. del Re EC, Maekawa T, Mesholam-Gately RI, et al. Abnormal Frequency Mismatch Negativity in Early Psychosis Outpatient Subjects. Clin EEG Neurosci. 2020;51(4):207-214.

10. Del Valle Rubido M, Hollander E, McCracken JT, et al. Exploring Social Biomarkers in High-Functioning Adults with Autism and Asperger’s Versus Healthy Controls: A Cross-Sectional Analysis. J Autism Dev Disord. 2020;50(12):4412-4430.

11. Didehbani N, Shad MU, Tamminga CA, et al. Insight and empathy in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research. 2012;142(1-3):246-247.

12. Fine JG, Musielak KA, Semrud-Clikeman M. Smaller splenium in children with nonverbal learning disability compared to controls, high- functioning autism and ADHD. Child Neuropsychology. 2014;20(6):641-661.

13. Grove CR, Lazarus JAC. Impaired re-weighting of sensory feedback for maintenance of postural control in children with developmental coordination disorder. Human Movement Science. 2007;26(3):457-476.

14. Han G, Klimes-Dougan B, Jepsen S, et al. Selective neurocognitive impairments in adolescents with major depressive disorder. Journal of Adolescence. 2012;35(1):11-20.

15. Hartman LI, Heinrichs RW, Mashhadi F. The continuing story of schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder: One condition or two?

Schizophr Res Cogn. 2019;16:36-42.

16. Jalal R, Nair A, Lin A, et al. Social cognition in 22q11.2 deletion syndrome and idiopathic developmental neuropsychiatric disorders. J Neurodevelopmental Disord. 2021;13(1).

17. Johnson M, McMahon RP, Robinson BM, et al. The relationship between working memory capacity and broad measures of cognitive ability in healthy adults and people with schizophrenia. Neuropsychology. 2013;27(2):220-229.

18. King TZ, Ailion AS, Fox ME, Hufstetler SM. Neurodevelopmental model of long-term outcomes of adult survivors of childhood brain tumors. Child Neuropsychol. 2019;25(1):1-21.

19. Lande MB, Batisky DL, Kupferman JC, et al. Neurocognitive Function in Children with Primary Hypertension. J Pediatr. 2017;180:148-

155.e141.

20. Martin AMS, D'Souza DC, Newman SD, Hetrick WP, O'Donnell BF. Differential Cognitive Performance in Females and Males with Regular Cannabis Use. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society. 2021;27(6):570-580.

21. McCrimmon AW, Matchullis RL, Altomare AA. Resilience and emotional intelligence in children with high-functioning autism spectrum disorder. Dev Neurorehabilitation. 2016;19(3):154-161.

22. McCunn P, Richardson JD, Jetly R, Dunkley B. Diffusion Tensor Imaging Reveals White Matter Differences in Military Personnel Exposed to Trauma with and without Post-traumatic Stress Disorder. Psychiatry Res. 2021;298.

23. Nadig A, Shaw H. Acoustic marking of prominence: how do preadolescent speakers with and without high-functioning autism mark contrast in an interactive task? Language, Cognition and Neuroscience. 2015;30(1-2):32-47.

24. Piper BJ, Acevedo SF, Kolchugina GK, et al. Abnormalities in parentally rated executive function in methamphetamine/polysubstance exposed children. Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior. 2011;98(3):432-439.

25. Pishdadian S, Parlar ME, Heinrichs RW, McDermid Vaz S. An ecologically sensitive measure of executive cognition (the Breakfast Task) improves prediction of functional outcome in schizophrenia. Appl Neuropsychol Adult. 2020.

26. Rosenbloom MJ, Rohlfing T, O'Reilly AW, Sassoon SA, Pfefferbaum A, Sullivan EV. Improvement in memory and static balance with abstinence in alcoholic men and women: Selective relations with change in brain structure. Psychiatry Research - Neuroimaging.

2007;155(2):91-102.

27. Ruocco AC, McCloskey MS, Lee R, Coccaro EF. Indices of orbitofrontal and prefrontal function in Cluster B and Cluster C personality disorders. Psychiatry Research. 2009;170(2-3):282-285.

28. Schweitzer JB, Riggins T, Liang X, et al. Prenatal drug exposure to illicit drugs alters working memory-related brain activity and underlying network properties in adolescence. Neurotoxicology and Teratology. 2015;48:69-77.

29. Surgent OJ, Walczak M, Zarzycki O, Ausderau K, Travers BG. IQ and Sensory Symptom Severity Best Predict Motor Ability in Children With and Without Autism Spectrum Disorder. J Autism Dev Disord. 2021;51(1):243-254.

30. Sweigert JR, St. John T, Begay KK, et al. Characterizing olfactory function in children with autism spectrum disorder and children with sensory processing dysfunction. Brain Sci. 2020;10(6):1-17.

31. Tomarken AJ, Han GT, Corbett BA. Temporal patterns, heterogeneity, and stability of diurnal cortisol rhythms in children with autism

spectrum disorder. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2015;62:217-226.