CHAPTER 1
Introduction
Studies on the composition of fish carcasses are very important in the selection of fish, especially tilapia species in the future, as consumers are aware of cost and quality. The protein and amino acid requirements of fish have been reviewed by Wilson and Moreau (1996), Apines et al.
Contribution Of Feeding Towards The Development
Each tissue also has a different composition of protein-end lipid (Salhi et al., 2004) and essential elements (Sherear, 1994). Yamada et al.(1981) observed good growth of the fish fed diets containing large amounts of free amino acids.
CHAPTER 2
Literature Review
Carcass chemical composition was independent of fish feed Ca:P levels consistent with similar experiments (Refstie et al., 2001; Opstvedt et al., 2003). This higher value of carcass characteristics is probably caused by higher fat content (Aknes et al., 1997).
Major Component of Feedstuff
CHAPTER 3
Quality of Carcass Composistin
Tan (1971) reported that a higher concentration of fat accumulates in muscle compared to intestine. Each tissue also has different compositions of proteins and lipids (Oikawa and Itazawa, 1984) and essential elements (Sherear, 1994).
Major of Nutrient Carcass Composition
In one study, minerals can be obtained from natural food, manure, lime and water (Dato-Cajegas et al., 1996). An excess of Ca relative to P has been shown to increase mortality and reduce growth in Penaeus Vanamei (Davis et al., 1993). There are many studies addressing the protein requirements of fish (Li and Lovell, 1992; Nnematipouretb al., 1993).
On the other hand, protein has been reported to increase along with moisture (De Silva and Perera, 1995; Salhi et al., 2004), ie. protein decreases as fat increases. These results differed slightly from the study by Edwin et al. (1987) who observed that growth did not differ on diets containing 0.7-1.00% dietary calcium. These studies on the effect of calcium phosphate levels were slightly different from Cho et al. 1979), where calcium and phosphorus are often considered closely related because of their shared role in bone mineralization.
CHAPTER 4
Increase Carsass
Effects of protein-energy ratios on growth and body composition of young Japanese sea bass, Lateolabrax japonicas. Effect of dietary protein-energy ratios on growth, survival and body composition of juvenile Asian sea bass, Lates calcarifer. Yield and nutrient composition of culture Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) and channel catfish (Ictalurus puntatus) Aquaculture.
The effects of varying dietary protein levels on growth, food conversion, protein utilization and body composition of juvenile tilapia (Sarotherodon mosambicus) aquaculture. Effect of dietary protein and energy level on growth, protein utilization and carcass composition of rabbitfish, Signanus guttatus. Effects of dietary protein and lipid levels on growth and body composition of cage-reared sunfish (Morone chrysops x M.saxatilis).
CHAPTER 5
Measurement of Carcass Composition
The samples were then dried in the oven at 100oC for 1 to 2 days and then analyzed for moisture content.
Percentage of Net Carcass
Percentage of Moisture
Percentage of Fat Content
Percentage of Crude Protein Content
When the tubes were cooled, 75 mL of distilled water was added and the tubes were titrated on an autoanalyzer.
Percentage of Ash Content
While the composition of carcass minerals such as calcium, phosphorus, iron, magnesium, manganese, zinc, copper, potassium, sodium in muscles, bones, scales and gills of fish can be seen in Table 4. Results of carcass composition study according to size, food composition and feed quality and quantity, because each tissue has a different composition of proteins and lipids (Oikawa and Itazawa, 1984) and essential elements (Shearer, 1994). The composition of amino acids such as histidine, isoleucine, lysine, leucine, arginine, phenylalanine and valine in tilapia species did not significantly differ in value between the levels of the protein diet, which and the control diet C.
However, the composition of zinc, copper, iron, and sodium was not significantly different between the and control diets, except for ash, calcium, phosphorus, manganese, potassium, and sodium, which were different among all treatments in the diets. Growth, feed utilization and body composition of black catfish, Rhamdia quelen, and fingerling feeds containing different protein and energy levels. Aquaculture. Effects of dietary lipids on growth, feed lipid conversion and fatty acid composition of channel catfish.
CHAPTER 6
Amino acids contents
Amino acid content of muscle tissue was determined with samples given 10% trichloroacetic acid (TCA) treatment and hydrolyzed using 4N methanesulfonic acid (MSA) containing 0.2% tryptamine as an internal indicator (Lee and Drescher, 1978; Teshima et al., 1985). , The amino acid composition of each sample was determined with a high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) system, Shimadzu HPLC LC-4A, using ortho-phthaldialdehyde and 2 mercaptoethanol (OPA/2ME) reagent (Teshima et al., 1985 ).
Carcass composition
Viola and Arieli (1983) found that tilapia did not show any systematic variation due to seasonal changes, fluctuations in the chemical composition of the fish were mainly due to the quality and/or quantity of feed intake. Bone, whole-body, and scale carcass mineral studies in these studies support the finding of Robinson et al. 1987) who observed results induced by dietary calcium containing 0.5% and 30% crude protein compared with 1.0% calcium and 30% crude protein. Robinson et al (1987) also studied the effect of different diets, however the diet containing 30% crude protein and 1.00% calcium phosphate was found to produce 12.0%.
In the current study of carcass minerals such as in muscle, gills, bones and shell, higher values were observed for 30% compared to 29%, 31% and control Diet C. whole that reported by Robinson et al. 1987) containing the carcass mineral of Oreochromisaureus showed and. Thus, higher levels of protein sources resulted in greater composition of body fish such as minerals, as higher protein levels normally result from energy storage through fat deposition. Relationship between weight and primate Composition of juvenile striped bass and hybrid striped bass and hybrid striped bass.
CHAPTER 7
Effect of carcass composition in Tilapia sp
Overall carcass composition was higher in protein at 30% compared to other proteins, also depending on the weight of the fish. Carcass protein was found to be the highest in protein that carcass protein increased with moisture, but carcass fat was found to increase when the protein carcass decreased.
Composition of Amino Acid
These results were calculated separately from their body as whole body, bone, gill and scale when fish fed different levels of protein diet and control diet C. Carcass minerals from part of the fish body were overall highest in fish fed 30% compared to fish fed with different diet. and the control diet was equivalent to a value of 0.01% respectively. compared to 31% and the control diet was the lowest with values of 0.01% respectively. Whole body composition was leaner than normal, suggesting a subclinical elemental deficiency (Babbitt et al., 1994; Kelly and Karpinshi, 1994; Lovell, 1998) when the previous study on information on mineral requirements for farmed fish was presented. in summary of ADCP (1983). This is also consistent with the results of Refstie et al. 2004), who found that the protein requirement for fish is between 30 and 38% and a corresponding 45-75% gross energy content, but in contrast to Opstvedt et al. 2003) reported results using a mixture of different plants as dietary protein sources.
In the present study, amino acids on carcasses were shown to be highest in 30% compared to 29%, 31% and control diet C. These studies were different from the study of Viola et al. 1986), who found that tilapia showed no systematic changes due to seasonal changes, so fluctuations in the carcass composition of fish were mainly due to fish weight. Although the information for all elements of minerals was very limited, this study nevertheless suggested a better future experiment when the elements of minerals must also be taken into account when interpreting the direct effect of a diet on the whole body concentration of a single element, since a subnormal level of one element may be the result of insufficient retention of another element (Hilton, 1989; Porn-Ngam et al., 1993; Sugiura et al., 1998; Vielma et al., 2002).
CHAPTER 8
Carcass minerals in body parts of Fish
The total carcass mineral in scale was higher in 30%. copper and iron were almost equal. compared to control, the diet was the lowest with a value of 0.18%. Ash, calcium, phosphorus, magnesium and potassium were highest in 30% compared to other diets, except magnesium, zinc, copper, iron and sodium were almost equal between diets. was lowest with a value of 4.79% respectively. compared to control, the diet was the lowest with a value of 1.59%. Carcass manganese, zinc, copper, iron and sodium potassium showed almost the same with values of 0.01% for all diets.
Carcass bone mineral was highest in 30% compared to other diet. except magnesium, zinc, copper and iron. However, slaughter ash in bones was found to be highest in 30% with a value of and the control diet was similarly lowest with a value of 7.75%. and the control diet was similarly lowest with values of 0.15%. However, for this study, dietary crude protein and calcium were different compared to studies by Abdelghany (2003).
Carcass Composition
Oreochromicsniloticus was found to have 2.7% calcium in whole body, 16.1% calcium in scale and 10.0% calcium in bone when subjected to diet containing 30% crude protein and 0.5% calcium phosphate. However, the values of carcass lysine and leucine were not found similar by DeSilva's, which may be related to the fact that there was less error involved in the measurement of very small weight Tan (1971) reported that smaller fish had slightly higher content of chemical ingredients except fat. Some studies on tilapia have shown significant changes in whole body composition due to age, dietary feeding frequency, ration, season, sex, starvation and temperature (Jauncey, 1982;.
Research on carcass scales and bones shows that calcium is an important mineral of other physiological processes, but phosphorus is the main mineral required by fish for bones and scales (Lovell, 1998). These studies found the highest calcium and phosphorus content in bones and scale in diet P2 compared to other diets with values of 13.09% for calcium and 0.63% phosphorus for scales, 12.84% calcium and 0.42% phosphorus in the bone. In general, phosphorus and calcium were more efficiently conserved throughout the body and both calcium and phosphorus should be provided in the fish diet.
Conclusion
Effect of dietary protein level and amount of plant component (phaseolus aureus) incorporated in diets on consumption, growth performance and carcass composition in Oreochromis niloticus (L), fry aquaculture. Interactions of different dietary protein and lipid levels in juvenile red tilapia: evidence of protein sparing. Effect of dietary protein level on growth feed conversion and protein utilization in juvenile tilapia nilotica in the Trans Am salinities.
Fatty Acid Metabolism in Fish 1 1 1 Combined Effect of Environmental Temperature and Diet Formulation on Diet and Fatty Acid Deposition in Carp. Martinez and B.Garcia, 2001 Effects of commercial diets with different P/E ratios on the growth and nutrient utilization of sharpie (Diplodus Puntazzo). Effects of water temperature on growth and nutrient utilization of sun bass (Morone chrysops x Morone saxatilis) fed diets containing different energy/protein ratios.
2 Effect of adding pineapple extract to fish feed on the growth of catfish (Clarias batrachus). 5 Effect of brahmin (Bos indicus) testis mixed with commercial feed and different timing for male and female genitalia in tilapia (Oreocrimis niloticus).
