The main island of the Philippine group, Luzon, was known to the Chinese, long before the Spanish conquest, under his birthplace. After some comments about the native tribes of the island, the report goes on to say.
258 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS [VOL. 50 Some of the older Spanish authors also entertained the view that
ILAUFER] RELATIONS OF CHINESE TO THE PHILIPPINES 259 and his people, and took their country, the name of which was
This event was recorded at length by the Augustinian monk Fray Gaspar, in his "Conquista de las islas Filipinas," which appeared in Madrid in 1698.1 The "Ming see" alludes to Lin-fung only once, in the passage. cited above; but the Chinese annals of the province of Fuhkien, the Chronicle of Changchou, and the "Hai kuo t'u chi"2 give fuller accounts of his piratical enterprises. The Spanish embassy mentioned in the "Ming see" as arriving after the expulsion of the corsair is confirmed by Spanish documents of the time. Limahon, who was fascinated by the chivalry and generosity of the Spaniards, offered to take the Spanish envoys to China on his ship.
He declared to the Viceroy of Fuhkien that the Spaniards were impressed with a desire to live on friendly terms with the Chinese Empire, and that. Sande's pride was greatly hurt by this little incident, and from that day he showed such intolerance towards all things Chinese, that by his narrow-minded policy towards China he endangered the interests of the Spanish crown. The Chinese had humor enough to relieve this priestly ballast at Bolinao, soon after setting sail from Manila.
The first great political event related in the "Ming shih" is the rebellion of the Chinese P'an Ho-zvu in 1593, who stabbed the then Spanish governor, or, as the Annals call him, the high priest, Don Perez.
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LAUFER] RELATIONS OF CHINESE TO THE PHILIPPINES 263 ing the usual guards in the midship gangway and in the bows and stern. The
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LAUFER] CHINESE RELATIONS WITH THE PHILIPPINES 265 Chinese Embassy which is credited with the plan of taking Manilais, of course, identical with the peaceful envoy of the " Ming see," whose duty it was to return his countrymen to China. In this, as in subsequent cases, we find the Spaniards, in their dealings with the Chinese, misinterpreting their motives of action, and consequently doing them injury and injustice. This was mainly due to their ignorance of the language and the lack of well-trained interpreters.
His murder is ascertained by the Spanish chroniclers to have taken place on the night of October, which corresponds exactly with the statement of the "Ming shih;" also the facts told about the mission of Luis das Marinas to China to ask for indemnity for his murdered father are confirmed by the Spanish writers. He returned without accomplishing his purpose; but the Portuguese gobernador of Malacca sent some of the murderers caught there to Manila, where they were executed. It will be observed that the plain reports of the Chinese are not worthless, either in corroborating or in supplementing the Spanish records, and a great many inserted.
Speaking of the governor's death, he says that the Chinese split his head in two with their alfanges.
266 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS [VOL. 50 important factors in the long line of relations between China and
LAUIER] RELATIONS OF CHINESE TO THE PHILIPPINES 267 Antonio de Morga, an eye-witness, gives an interesting and
LAUIER] RELATIONS OF CHINESE WITH THE PHILIPPINES 267 Antonio de Morga, an eyewitness, gives an interesting and. The Governor and the Supreme Court felt that they should be vigilant in guarding the city, and that these mandarins should be treated with care, but that they should not leave the city nor be allowed to administer justice (as they began to do among the Sangley1 men), for which they felt some regret: they were required to settle their affairs and then return to China shortly, without giving the Spaniards the impression that they were aware or suspicious of something different from what the mandarins handed out. The mandarins replied that they understood well what the governor explained to them, but that their king had requested them to come, and that they were obliged to obey him and give him an answer, and so on.
They asked him different questions, and he always gave the same answers, and everything was recorded in writing, in the presence of some Spanish captains who were there with private interpreters; and when the mandarins had given orders to dig up a basket full of earth and bring it to the king of China; and after they had eaten and rested, they returned to Manila the same day with the prisoner. The interpreters said that this prisoner, when pressed by the mandarins to answer the questions they put to them, for the purpose of answering them, said that what he wanted to say to the King of China was that there was much gold and wealth was in prison. possession of the Spaniards and the people of Manila, and that if he were given a fleet and men, he presented himself as a man who had been in Luzon and knew the history. It was the principle of the Spaniards not to interfere with the internal affairs of the parian; the capitan represented the mediator between the Spanish authorities and the Chinese population.
SALTS] RELATIONS OF THE CHINESE TO THE PHILIPPINES 269 the country, to take it and bring back the ships loaded with gold and riches.
SALTER] RELATIONS OF CHINESE TO THE PHILIPPINES 269 country, to take it, and bring back the ships laden with gold and riches
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The following year, rumors spread that the troops would take the country in detail. The governor issued an order to register the names of the Chinese and divided them into groups of three hundred men, each group to reside in one building. As the troops of the savages met with some resistance in the battle, the governor relented and sent an envoy to confer peace with them.
The governor, Hsu Hsio-ch'ii, at once informed the emperor of the revolt, who, horrified and grieved, issued a decree that justice should be meted out to the instigators. The officials accordingly passed sentence on the criminal, and made known the imperial will to the governor, Hsio-ch'ii, who, in reply, sent an official despatch to Manila, denouncing the authors of the great massacre, and ordering the burial of the dead, and the return of their wives and children. We notice that there is not the slightest mention in it of an intended invasion of the Philippines, which existed merely in the imagination of the frightened Spaniards.
Even enlightened Spanish writers admit that the rebellion of the Chinese must be attributed to panic on the part of the Spanish, which drove the Chinese into rebellion.
LAUFER] RELATIONS OF CHINESE TO THE PHILIPPINES 2/3 may now be briefly outlined. 1 In 1639 there was another great
It is said there that it was conquered in Ming times by the Franks, but the name has remained unchanged. The articles they use for eating and drinking are identical with those of the Dutch. The corpse of the king of the padres (perhaps the bishop) is fried and turned into fat.
After the oath, the priest takes the holy water from the corpse and pours it over his head. There is also an announcement, especially for the administration of funds with which the needs of the country can be covered. 1In Luzon, according to the view of the Chinese writer, there are three lakes—an outer, a middle, and an inner.
The people of Luzon benefit from the sextant, which reflects the surface of the water, shallow rocks and deep rocks.
LAUFER] RELATIONS OF CHINESE TO THE PHILIPPINES 277 They have long petticoats, underneath which they wear a sort of round frame-
LAUFER] RELATIONS OF THE CHINESE TO THE PHILIPPINES 277They have long petticoats, under which they wear a sort of round frame-. 50exclusively on the Chinese trade.1 Despised, hated and feared exclusively on the Chinese trade.1 Despised, hated and feared as the Chinese were, but they were indispensable to the Islands and were practically their masters and rulers from an economic point of view aspect. It is true that the city can neither continue nor maintain itself without these Chinese, because they are laborers in all employments.
De Morga gives a very extensive account of the mode of Chinese trade, of the articles traded, of their transshipment to America, and of the living conditions of the Chinese in the Philippines. Entering into a discussion of this topic is beyond the scope of this paper; but I cannot refrain from relating a humorous incident which occurred in the history of the early Spanish-Chinese trade. A report on the Chinese trade to the Governor-General and Councilors of the United East India Company, written in 1628, aptly remarked: "It is truly certain that the trade with China is the only support of the Spaniards and Portuguese in India. n.
Wm. Campbell, Formosa under the Dutch [London, . l9°3]y P- 53)- About the same time the merchants of Amoy complained to the authorities, complaining that the Dutch, by their constant attacks on ships trading with the Spaniards, had completely destroyed the profitable trade which had previously was between Amoy and Manila. (James W.
LAUFER] RELATIONS OF CHINESE TO THE PHILIPPINES 279 ing year. A Spaniard who had lost his nose got a Chinaman to make
Tai-mei Kiang penetrates the structure of the land with serpentine twists and is therefore called Turtle Bay (tai-mei wan). There are three anthropological issues that must be taken into account when considering the relations of the Chinese with the Philippines. Intermarriage of Chinese with Malay women created a class of half-breeds whom the Spanish call Mestizos de Sangley or Mestizos chinos.
They are described as being of large stature, of sturdy build, intelligent and possessed of the keen commercial abilities of their fathers. The country's retail trade and small banking are largely in their hands. From a cursory inspection of the Philippine materials in the American Museum of Natural History in New York, it seems so.
It would also be to the advantage of the Indians in Peru to be able to buy linen from the Philippines at five pence instead of being forced to buy linen from Rouen.
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APPENDIX
LAUFER] RELATIONS OF CHINESE TO THE PHILIPPINES 283 the great zeal of these authors in collecting the material in question,
284 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS [VOL. 5°
