Reproductive Performance of Peanut Goats in Abeli, Nambo and Poasia Districts, Kendari City
Kadek Rai Sudianto, Nur Santy Asminaya*, Achmad Selamet Aku Faculty of Animal Science, Halu Oleo University
Jl. H. E.A. Mokodompit Campus Hijau Bumi Tridharma Andonohu, Kendari, Southeast Sulawesi, 93232, Indonesia
Correspondence email: [email protected] ABSTRACT
This research aims to evaluate the performance of the breeding and reproductive aspects of peanut goats in Kendari City. This research was carried out in three Districts (Abeli, Nambo and Poasia) in Kendari city. Determining the research location was carried out using purposive sampling, namely by direct selection based on the criteria of the largest population of Peanut goats in Kendari city, Southeast Sulawesi. This research used the quantitative descriptive method to description data collection and results. The research variables observed were Age at first oestrus, Age at first calving, Re-mating time periode, calving interval (CI), mortality, Litter size, Kidding interval (KI). Research result showed that the goat mating technique used by breeders is natural mating. Methods for selecting livestock vary from not selecting them at all, selecting by considering the health of the livestock and selecting based on the livestock's body posture. The reproductive performance of local goats includes age at first heat, age at first birth, mating distance after calving, CI, KI, litter size, mortality and kid crop, respectively, 7.5 – 8 months; 12-18 months; 2 – 2.33 months; 7.5 – 8 months; 8 months;
1.33 – 2 tails; 2% and 200.00 – 225.00%.
Keyword : Reproduction, Peanut Goats, Breeding INTRODUCTION
The population growth of Southeast Sulawesi, especially in Kendari City, always increases quite rapidly every year. The population of Kendari City in 2020 was 345,110 people and experienced an increase of 350,267 people in 2021 (BPS 2022). This large increase in population has an impact on the high number of people's demand to fulfill basic living needs, especially food sourced from livestock products. Animal food in the form of meat can be supplied from goat meat. Goat meat is popular with many people because it has a distinctive taste. Apart from that, goat farming is also used as part of religious rituals such as aqikah, sacrifices and other cultural traditional events in Kendari City. Kendari City is one of the largest goat producers in Southeast Sulawesi. The goat population continues to increase from 2017 to 2021, namely 4,153 to 4,560 (BPS, 2022). However, increasing the livestock population must continue considering that the need for livestock products in the form of meat continues to increase every year. Increasing the goat population can be done by improving supporting aspects of its productivity.
One aspect that plays an important role in increasing the livestock population is breeding.
Quality seeds will produce quality products, so selecting superior seeds is very necessary to produce quality livestock. Apart from that, another aspect that also really determines the productivity of goats is the reproduction of female goats. The female's reproductive condition will greatly determine the rate of population increase. Therefore, management of goat breeding and reproduction is very important in order to obtain good goat productivity.
The type of goat that is generally kept by breeders in Kendari City is peanut goat. Peanut goats are a type of goat that can live in hot areas (Pamungkas et al., 2009) and are often found in rural areas (Mbana and Kaka, 2022). In Kendari City, information regarding the technical aspects of breeding and reproduction of peanut goats is inadequate, even though this information is really needed in order to improve the genetic quality and productivity of peanut goat livestock in Kendari City. This research aims to evaluate the performance of the breeding and reproductive aspects of peanut goats in Kendari City.
MATERIALS AND METHODS Location
This research was carried out in three Districts, namely Abeli, Nambo and Poasia Districts, Kendari city. Determining the research location was carried out using purposive sampling, namely by direct selection based on the criteria of the largest population of Peanut goats in Kendari city, Southeast Sulawesi.
Research Procedure
This research uses primary data and secondary data. Primary data includes data obtained through observation, interviews and direct measurements. Secondary data was obtained from related agencies such as the Animal Husbandry Service, the Central Statistics Agency of Southeast Sulawesi and the District Office.
Research Variable 1. Breeding Aspect
The breeding aspects observed include: mating methods and types of selection in goats.
2. Animal Reproductive Performance a. Age at first oestrus
The age of first oestrus was obtained by recording the age of first oestrus detection in peanut goats.
b. Age at first calving
The age at first calving was obtained by adding up the age at which pregnancy occurred and the length of pregnancy in the goat
c. Re-mating time periode
Remarriage after giving birth is calculated by knowing the time interval between giving birth and re-pregnancy of the goat.
d. Calving Interval
Calving interval is the time interval from calving to the next calving (days). Calving interval is calculated using the formula:
CI = waktu kelahiran ke I – waktu kelahiran ke i-1 (Kristahun et al. 2020).
e. Mortility
Mortality is the number of goat kids that die before being weaned from the mother, it can be calculated using the formula: (Basman et al. 2015)
f. Litter Size
Litter size is calculated using the following formula (Basman et al. 2015):
g. Kidding Interval
Kidding interval is obtained by recording and calculating the time interval between one birth and the next (Basman et al. 2015).
Data Analysis
The data obtained from the observations were then tabulated using Ms Excel and presented descriptively.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 1. Breeding Aspect
a. Mating Methods
How to breed goats in Abeli, Nambo and Poasia Districts, Kendari City can be seen in Table 1 below:
Table 1. Mating Methods and Types of Peanut Goat Breeding Selection in Abeli, Nambo and Poasia Districts, Kendari City
District Responden Peanut Goat (head) Mating Jenis Seleksi
Abeli 1 4 Nature livestock health
Nambo
1 12 Nature Not selecterd
2 6 Nature Not selecterd
3 10 Nature livestock posture
Poasia
1 32 Nature livestock health
2 8 Nature Not selecterd
3 12 Nature Not selecterd
4 6 Nature Not selecterd
5 16 Nature Not selecterd
In Table 1, it can be seen that the method of mating for peanut goats in three sub-districts (Abeli, Nambo and Poasia) in Kendari City is natural mating. This happens because the goat rearing pattern in the three sub-districts uses a semi-intensive rearing pattern, namely releasing the goats to find their own food during the day and keeping them in cages at night, so that livestock mating is allowed to occur naturally. According to Sudirman (2016), natural mating in livestock has disadvantages, namely that it produces low pregnancy rates due to various reasons, including lack of control over estrus management, an unbalanced ratio of male and female livestock, some female livestock are unable to become pregnant and so on. other. On the other hand, Utomo (2013) explains that natural mating has almost 100% success when compared to artificial insemination.
b. Selection Type
The selection of peanut goats carried out by breeders in three sub-districts in Kendari City is different (Table 1). In Abeli District, the type of selection is carried out based on the health of the Kacang goats. In Nambo District, during the selection process for peanut goats, there are 2 breeders who do not select their livestock and there is 1 breeder who selects peanut goats based on the animal's body posture. In Poasia District there are 4 breeders who do not select their livestock and 1 breeder who selects them based on livestock health. Selection of livestock needs to be done if you want to produce livestock with good performance and productivity. According to Krishaditersanto (2019) livestock selection should be done based on the livestock's pedigree and body posture. However, livestock selection based on these two methods requires more complete livestock recording to ensure that the good traits found in both mothers and bulls can be passed on to their offspring. On the other hand, livestock health is also a consideration to ensure that the livestock selected as seeds are healthy livestock so that they can show good productivity.
2. Reproductive Performance of Goats a. Age at First Oestrus
The first age of estrus for Kacang goats in three sub-districts (Abeli, Nambo and Poasia) in Kendari City can be seen in table 2 below:
Table 2. Age at First Oestrus, age at birth, re-mating time periode, calving interval and kidding interval for Peanut Goats in Abeli, Nambo and Poasia Districts, Kendari City
District Responden
Number of female
(head)
Age at First Oestrus (month)
Age at First Calving (month)
Re- mating
time period (month)
Calving interval (month)
Kidding Interval (month)
Abeli 1 3 7,50 12,00 2,00 8,00 8,00
Average 7,50 12,00 2,00 8,00 8,00
Nambo
1 9 8,00 18,00 3,00 7,50 8,00
2 4 7,00 18,00 2,00 8,00 8,00
3 4 8,00 18,00 2,00 8,00 8,00
Average 7,60 18,00 2,33 7,83 8,00
Poasia
1 26 8,00 18,00 2,50 7,00 8,00
2 4 8,00 18,00 2,00 8,00 8,00
3 6 8,00 18,00 2,00 8,00 8,00
4 2 8,00 18,00 2,00 8,00 8,00
5 10 8,00 13,00 2,00 6,00 8,00
Average 8,00 17,00 2,08 7,50 8,00
The results of the observations showed that the first age of oestrus for peanut goats in Abeli, Nambo and Poasia Districts was 7.5 months respectively; 7.6 months and 8 months (Table 2). The average age at first oestrus for peanut goats in this study was 7.5 - 8 months. The first age of oestrus for peanut goats in this study was in accordance with Zakiya et al. (2021) who reported that the first age of oestrus for Peanut Goats ranges from 8-12 months. Adhianto et al.
(2019). Goats that are in heat show characteristics including; looks restless and restless, often makes noises, often wags tail, if the tail is held it will be lifted upwards, appetite decreases drastically, approaches a male goat, vulva experiences edema, redness and mucus often comes out, genitals feel warm to the touch , always restless and rub their butts or climb on other animals (Zakiya et al. 2019).
b. Age at First Calving
The age at first birth for peanut goats in three sub-districts (Abeli, Nambo and Poasia) in Kendari City can be seen in Table 2. The age at first birth for peanut goats in Abeli, Nambo and Poasia Districts is 12 months, 18 months and 17 months respectively. The difference in age at first giving birth to Kacang goats in each sub-district is probably caused by the rearing system carried out by breeders, namely semi-intensive rearing. Ashari et al. (2018) stated that semi- intensive livestock rearing can result in livestock receiving less guaranteed feed, thereby disrupting the reproductive process in the mother, which in turn delays the appearance of the first estrus in the livestock.
The average age at first giving birth to peanut goats in this study ranged from 12-17 months. The results obtained in this study at the age of first calving of peanut goats are in accordance with Aprilinda et al. (2016) who reported that the age of first oestrus in peanut goats in Samarinda City was 14.25 months. The difference in age at birth in goats is caused by the condition of the female goat, age at first estrus and age at first mating. According to Hasri et al.
(2018), the difference in age at first birth in goats is due to differences in the time when the mother is pregnant and when she gives birth, and the readiness of the female reproductive organs. Female goats that are mated at a young age produce a single cempe because the female goat's reproductive organs have not yet reached sexual maturity and the size of the mother at the time of first birth is still small.
c. Re-mating Time Period
and Poasia) is 2 months respectively; 2.33 months and 2.08 months. The mating distance after giving birth for peanut goats in each sub-district does not differ much and tends to have the same time span, namely 2 months. The average mating distance after giving birth to peanut goats ranges from 2 – 2.33 months. The results obtained in this study show that the mating distance after giving birth in peanut goats tends to be higher than the research results of Aprilinda et al.
(2016) namely 1.50 months. According to Setiawan et al. (2021) the distance between mating after calving is determined by several factors including livestock management, nutrient-deficient feed and different average weaning ages for cempe.
d. Calving Interval (CI)
The calving interval (CI) of peanut goats in Abeli, Nambo and Poasia Districts is shown in Table 2, respectively, namely 8 months; 7.83 months and 7.5 months. The average CI for peanut goats in this study ranged from 7.5 - 8 months. The CI of peanut goats obtained in this study was higher than that of Aprilinda et al. (2016) namely 6.50 months. The high CI in peanut goats as a result of this study is likely caused by semi-intensive goat rearing which results in a lack of sufficient feed obtained by the goats. Harahap et al. (2021) stated that feed plays a very important role in influencing the appearance of the first heat in goats, which ultimately influences the length of time CI maintenance takes place. According to Adhianto et al. (2019) CI length is greatly influenced by several factors, namely the appearance of oestrus symptoms after the first calving, mating after calving, service per conception, and the level of livestock endurance due to stress.
e. Kidding Interval (KI)
Kidding interval for peanut goats in Abeli, Nambo and Poasia Districts can be seen in 2.
The research results show that the KI for peanut goats in three sub-districts (Abeli, Nambo and Poasia) in Kendari City is 8 months. The results obtained were lower when compared to Wati (2014) who reported that peanut goats had a KI ranging from 8.56 – 8.68 months. Utomo (2013) stated that the low KI value was probably caused by the service period and length of pregnancy for each animal. The service period is influenced by the goat's fertility and the breeder's breeding management. Several factors cause differences in KI, namely livestock genetics, environment, maintenance management, lust after giving birth, service per conception, and duration of pregnancy. Elieser et al. (2012) added that KI is also influenced by the level of livestock endurance due to the influence of hot air temperature stress in tropical climate areas.
f. Litter Size
Litter size of peanut goats in three sub-districts (Abeli, Nambo and Poasia) in Kendari City can be seen in Table 3 below:
Table 3. Litter size, number of cempe, mortality and kid crop of Peanut Goats in Abeli, Nambo and Poasia Districts, Kendari City
District Responden Nannies (head)
Litter size (ekor)
Number of kid (head)
Mortality (head)
Kid crop
%
Abeli 1 2,00 2,00 3,00 1,00 225,00
Average 2,00 3,00 1,00 225,00
Nambo
1 3,00 1,33 4,00 0 200,00
2 1,00 1,00 1,00 0 150,00
3 3,00 1,67 5,00 0 250,00
Average 1,33 3,33 0 200,00
Poasia
1 8,00 1,50 12,00 0 225,00
2 2,00 1,50 3,00 0 225,00
3 7,00 1,14 8,00 0 171,43
4 2,00 1,50 3,00 0 225,00
5 9,00 1,22 11,00 0 183,33
Average 1,37 7,40 0 205,95
In Table 3, it can be seen that the litter size of the peanut goats in Abeli, Nambo and Poasia Districts respectively is 2; 1.33 tails and 1.37 tails. The average litter size of peanut goats in Kendari City ranges from 1.33 – 2 heads. Litter size of peanut goats in this study is in accordance with Basman et al. (2015) namely 1.53 individuals. Kaunang et al. (2013) stated that the number of litter sizes is greatly influenced by genetic, environmental factors and increasing parity which have an important role in determining the number of children born at birth.
g. Mortility
The mortality rate for peanut goats in Abeli District was 30%, while in Nambo and Poasia Districts there were no dead cempe (Table 3). In general, mortality of peanut goats in Kendari City is 2%. The mortality of peanut goats in this study was lower compared to Wati et al. (2014) in Siompu and Lapandewa respectively were 22.61% and 11.76%. The high and low percentage of goat mortality rates is greatly influenced by several factors including cold weather, hot weather and diseases such as skin diseases and diarrhea, the form and nutrient content of the feed, litter size values. Apart from that, the lack of mother's milk production has resulted in competition between cempe so that there are cempe that do not get optimal mother's milk and grow slowly and then die.
h. Kid crop
The kid crop of peanut goats in three sub-districts (Abeli, Nambo and Poasia) in Kendari City can be seen in Table 3. The kid crop value of peanut goats in Abeli, Nambo and Poasia districts respectively is 225.00%; 200.00% and 205.95%. In general, the kid crop of peanut goats in these three sub-districts is 200.00 – 225.00%. The results obtained were higher compared to Wati et al. (2014) in North Konawe Regency ranged from 163.97 – 200.93%. The high kid crop of peanut goats in this study was probably due to the high birth rate of cempe and the low death rate of cempe. Wati et al. (2014) stated that the kid crop value is greatly influenced by litter size, the number of cempe births and the cempe mortality rate. The lower the death percentage and the higher the birth rate and litter size of the litter, the higher the kid crop value will be. Another factor that causes the high kid crop is the availability of adequate feed. Feed that has good nutrition will ensure livestock productivity is guaranteed.
CONCLUSION
The goat mating technique used by breeders is natural mating. Methods for selecting livestock vary from not selecting them at all, selecting by considering the health of the livestock and selecting based on the livestock's body posture. The reproductive performance of local goats includes age at first heat, age at first birth, mating distance after calving, CI, KI, litter size, mortality and kid crop, respectively, 7.5 – 8 months; 12-18 months; 2 – 2.33 months; 7.5 – 8 months; 8 months; 1.33 – 2 tails; 2% and 200.00 – 225.00%.
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
There is no conflict of interest with any party related to the material discussed in the manuscript.
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